Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol.

20, 191205, 2011

CAUSTIC REGION FIELDS OF A 3D CASSEGRAIN
SYSTEM PLACED IN BI-ISOTROPIC HOMOGENEOUS
CHIRAL MEDIUM
Arshad, M. Q. Mehmood
*
, and M . J. Mughal
Faculty of Electronic Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering
Sciences and Technology, Topi, Swabi 23640, KPK, Pakistan
AbstractThis paper presents the electromagnetic eld expressions
for 3D cassegrain system embedded in a bi-isotropic chiral medium.
Mathematical formulation of Maslov is used to nd the eld expressions
in the focal region. Eect of chirality (both the week and strong)
on focal region elds is analyzed. It is seen that when the chirality
eect is weak (i.e., < 1), chiral medium will support positive phase
velocity (PPV) for both the left circularly polarized (LCP) and the
right circularly polarized (RCP) modes. However for strong chiral
medium (i.e., > 1), one mode travels with PPV and the other mode
travels with negative phase velocity (NPV). The line plots are given to
show the behavior of elds in the focal plane of 3D cassegrain system
by changing the chirality parameter ().
1. INTRODUCTION
An object is chiral if it can not be superimposed on its mirror image
neither by translation nor by rotation. A chiral object has the property
of handedness, it must be either left or right handed object. Interaction
between the electromagnetic wave and the chiral objects results in
rotation of the polarization of wave to the right or left depending on
handedness of the object. Uniform distribution and random orientation
of such handed objects form a homogeneous composite medium, which
is known as a chiral medium [1]. Dierent reectors are placed in chiral
medium due to its unique characteristics over an ordinary medium like
polarization control, impedance matching and cross coupling of electric
and magnetic elds. Desirable values of the wave impedance and the
propagation constants can be obtained by changing the permittivity
Received 8 August 2011, Accepted 25 August 2011, Scheduled 2 September 2011
* Corresponding author: Muhammad Qasim Mehmood (qasim145ps@gmail.com).
192 Arshad, Mehmood, and Mughal
(), permeability () and chirality parameter () of the chiral media.
Hence, a chiral medium gives more freedom to adjust (decrease or
increase) the reection and transmission, because it can be controlled
by variation of three parameters (, and ) instead of two parameters
( and ) as in the case of achiral medium [24]. Moreover, a
negative refractive index can be realized in a magnetoelectrically chiral
medium with few restrictions. When the chirality parameter is greater
than the square root of the product of permittivity and permeability,
the backward wave will occur at one of the two circularly polarized
eigenwaves [5, 6]. Realizing the unique characteristics of chiral medium,
we have embedded the 3D Cassegrain system in chiral medium in this
problem. Two dierent cases are considered depending upon the eect
of chirality parameter on the wave propagation in chiral media. In the
rst case, chiral medium supports PPV for both the LCP and RCP
modes. In the second case, chiral medium supporting PPV for one
mode and NPV for the other mode is taken into account. Maslovs
method is used to study the elds in the focal region. It combines the
simplicity of asymptotic ray theory and the generality of the Fourier
transform method [7, 8]. Maslovs method has been utilized by many
authors to study dierent focusing systems in the caustic region [10
19]. Focusing system in this problem is three dimensional Cassegrain
system which is embedded inside a chiral medium. Division of the
present paper is as under:
In Section 2, reection of plane wave from perfect electric conductor
(PEC) placed in chiral medium is discussed. Section 3 is about the
receiving characteristics of three dimensional Cassegrain system placed
in chiral medium for both < 1 and > 1. In Section 4, results and
discussions are given and Section 5 is about the conclusion.
2. REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVE FROM PERFECT
ELECTRIC CONDUCTOR (PEC) PLACED IN CHIRAL
MEDIUM
Reection phenomena of plane waves from PEC plane placed in chiral
medium is discussed in [9]. We recapitulate it here to present it in
a form suitable for our present work. Consider reection of RCP
wave from PEC plane lying along xz-plane as shown in Figure 1. An
RCP wave traveling with phase velocity /kn
2
and unit amplitude
is incident on the plane making angle with z-axis. Reected
wave is composed of two waves with opposite handedness. An LCP
wave is reected making an angle
1
= [sin
1
(n
2
/n
1
sin )] and with
amplitude 2 cos /(cos + cos
1
). The phase velocity of LCP wave
is /kn
1
. An RCP wave is reected making angle and amplitude
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 2011 193
Figure 1. Reection of RCP wave from PEC plane [3].
Figure 2. Reection of LCP wave from PEC plane [3].
(cos cos
1
)/(cos + cos
1
). If we take < 1, then n
1
> n
2
and
1
< , i.e., LCP wave bends towards normal, because it is
traveling slower than RCP wave. For > 1,
1
is negative and
the wave is reected in the wrong way, it may be called negative
reection(shown as gray in Figure 1). This means that for > 1,
LCP reected wave sees the chiral medium as NPV medium. Similarly
when an LCP wave with unit amplitude is incident on PEC plane
making angle with z-axis, as shown in Figure 2, we get two reected
waves of opposite handedness. An RCP wave is reected at angle

2
= [sin
1
(n
1
/n
2
sin )] with amplitude 2 cos /(cos + cos
2
) and
an LCP wave at angle and amplitude (cos cos
2
)/(cos +cos
2
).
If we take < 1, then n
1
> n
2
and
2
> . If = 0 then only normal
reection take place, and if increases the dierence between the angle
and
1
,
2
increases. For > 1, we have negative reection for RCP
reected wave (shown as gray in Figure 2) [17].
3. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS FIELDS OF THREE
DIMENSIONAL CASSEGRAIN SYSTEM PLACED IN
CHIRAL MEDIUM
Cassegrain system consists of two reectors, one is paraboloidal main
reector and other is hyperboloidal subreector as shown in Figure 3.
194 Arshad, Mehmood, and Mughal
In this problem we are considering the receiving characteristics of 3D
Cassegrain system. When both RCP and LCP waves are incident on
the main paraboloidal reector, it cause four reected waves designated
as LL, RR, LR and RL [17]. These four waves are then incident on
the secondary hyperboloidal subreector and will cause eight reected
waves designated as LLL, RRR, LLR, RRL, RLR, RLL, LRR and LRL.
Only four waves(LLL, RRR, LLR, RRL) will converge in the focal
region while other four waves (RLR, RLL, LRR, LRL) will diverge. In
this paper we are considering only four converging rays after reection
from hyperboloidal subreector as shown in Figure 4. For > 1,
n
1
=
1
1
< 0 and n
2
=
1
1+
> 0, so LCP wave travels with NPV
and RCP wave with PPV. For < 1 RCP wave travels with NPV
and LCP wave with PPV. We have depicted here the case of > 1
only because for < 1, we can get the solutions from > 1 by
interchanging the role of LCP and RCP modes [18]. Cassegrain system
for > 1 is shown in Figure 5. LLL and RRR rays are reected at the
same angle while RRL and LLR rays have dierent response. It can be
seen that only two rays (LLL and RRR) are contributing to the focus,
while RRL and LLR rays are divergent. Equations for paraboloidal
and hyperboloidal reector of Cassegrain system are given by

1
=

2
1
4f
f + c,
2
=
a
b
_

2
2
+ b
2

1/2
, c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
(1)
where
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
,
2
1
=
2
1
+
2
1
,
2
2
=
2
2
+
2
2
, aR
2
= c
2
a
2
(2)
Figure 3. Three dimensional Cassegrain system.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 2011 195
Figure 4. 3D Cassegrain system in chiral medium for < 1.
Figure 5. 3D cassegrain system in chiral medium for > 1.
and (
1
,
1
,
1
) and (
2
,
2
,
2
) are the cartesian coordinates of the
points on the paraboloidal and hyperboloidal reectors, respectively.
Unit vectors normal to the paraboloidal and hyperboloidal surfaces are
as following, respectively
N
1
= sin cos a
x
+ sinsin a
y
cos a
z
(3a)
N
2
= sin cos a
x
sin sina
y
+ cos a
z
(3b)
196 Arshad, Mehmood, and Mughal
where
sin =

1
_

2
1
+ 4f
2
, cos =
2f
_

2
1
+ 4f
2
, tan =

1

1
(4a)
sin =
a
2
b

R
1
R
2
, cos =
b
2
a

R
1
R
2
, tan =

2

2
(4b)
while R
1
and R
2
are the distances from the point (
2
,
2
,
2
) on the
hyperboloidal reector to the caustic points z = c and z = c,
respectively. Incident waves on main paraboloidal reector having unit
amplitude are given by.
Q
L
= exp(jkn
1
z), Q
R
= exp(jkn
2
z) (5)
Consider the case of normal incidence such that these waves are
incident at an angle with surface normal N
1
as shown in Figure 3
to Figure 5. The reected wave vectors will be LL, RR, RL and LR as
given in [12]. We will take two, RR and LL, waves that will incident on
hyperboloidal subreector and converge as well after reection. The
wave vectors of these (LLL, RRR, RRL and LLR) reected waves by
the hyperboloidal subreector are given as
p
LLL
= n
1
sin(2 2) cos a
x
n
1
sin(2 2) sin a
y
n
1
cos(2 2)a
z
(6a)
p
RRR
= n
2
sin(2 2) cos a
x
n
2
sin(2 2) sin a
y
n
2
cos(2 2)a
z
(6b)
p
RRL
= n
1
sin(
1
) cos a
x
n
1
sin(
1
) sin a
y
n
1
cos(
1
)a
z
(6c)
p
LLR
= n
2
sin(
2
) cos a
x
n
2
sin(
2
) sin a
y
n
2
cos(
2
)a
z
(6d)
The initial amplitudes for these four reected rays are
A
0LLL
=
_
cos cos
2
cos + cos
2
__
cos cos
2
cos + cos
2
_
(7a)
A
0RRR
=
_
cos cos
1
cos + cos
1
__
cos cos
1
cos + cos
1
_
(7b)
A
0RRL
=
_
cos cos
1
cos + cos
1
__
2 cos
cos + cos
1
_
(7c)
A
0LLR
=
_
cos cos
2
cos + cos
2
__
2 cos
cos + cos
2
_
(7d)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 2011 197
And the corresponding initial phases are
S
0LLL
= n
1

1
= n
1
_
2f
cos 2
1 + cos 2
c
_
(8a)
S
0RRR
= n
2

1
= n
2
_
2f
cos 2
1 + cos 2
c
_
(8b)
S
0RRL
= n
2

1
= n
2
_
2f
cos 2
1 + cos 2
c
_
(8c)
S
0LLR
= n
1

1
= n
1
_
2f
cos 2
1 + cos 2
c
_
(8d)
In the above equations R
1
and R
2
are the distances from the
point (
2
,
2
,
2
) to the focal points z = c and z = c, respectively
with c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
. The cartesian coordinates of the rays reected by
the hyperboloidal subreector are given by.
x
LLL
=
2
+ P
xLLL
t, x
RRR
=
2
+ P
xRRR
t (9a)
x
RRL
=
2
+ P
xRRL
t, x
LLR
=
2
+ P
xLLR
t (9b)
y
LLL
=
2
+ P
yLLL
t, y
RRR
=
2
+ P
yRRR
t (9c)
y
RRL
=
2
+ P
yRRL
t, y
LLR
=
2
+ P
yLLR
t (9d)
z
LLL
=
2
+ P
zLLL
t, z
RRR
=
2
+ P
zRRR
t (9e)
z
RRL
=
2
+ P
zRRL
t, z
LLR
=
2
+ P
zLLR
t (9f)
where
t
1
=
_
(
2

1
)
2
+ (
2

1
)
2
+ (
2

1
)
2
(10a)
t =
_
(x
2
)
2
+ (y
2
)
2
+ (z
2
)
2
(10b)
The Jacobian transformation of reected rays can be found using
_
J(t) =
D(t)
D(0
_
. The GO eld for each ray can now be written as
U(r)
LLL
= A
0LLL
[J
LLL
]
1/2
exp
_
jk
_
S
0LLL
+ n
2
1
t + n
1
t
1
_
(11a)
U(r)
RRR
= A
0RRR
[J
RRR
]
1/2
exp
_
jk
_
S
0RRR
+ n
2
2
t + n
2
t
1
_
(11b)
U(r)
RRL
= A
0RRL
[J
RRL
]
1/2
exp
_
jk
_
S
0RRL
+ n
2
1
t + n
1
t
1
_
(11c)
U(r)
LLR
= A
0LLR
[J
LLR
]
1/2
exp
_
jk
_
S
0LLR
+ n
2
2
t + n
2
t
1
_
(11d)
198 Arshad, Mehmood, and Mughal
where A
0
and S
0
are the initial amplitudes and phases respectively.
Their expressions are given in Eqs. (7)(14). The phase functions are
given by
S
LLL
= S
0LLL
+ n
1
t
1
+ n
2
1
t x
LLL
P
xLLL
y
LLL
P
yLLL
+ xP
xLLL
+ yP
yLLL
(12a)
S
RRR
= S
0RRR
+ n
2
t
1
+ n
2
2
t x
RRR
P
xRRR
y
RRR
P
yRRR
+ xP
xRRR
+ yP
yRRR
(12b)
S
RRL
= S
0RRL
+ n
1
t
1
+ n
2
1
t x
RRL
P
xRRL
y
RRL
P
yRRL
+ xP
xRRL
+ yP
yRRL
(12c)
S
LLR
= S
0LLR
+ n
2
t
1
+ n
2
2
t x
LLR
P
xLLR
y
LLR
P
yLLR
+ xP
xLLR
+ yP
yLLR
(12d)
In these phase functions S
0
and t
1
are given above. While the extra
terms are given by
S
exLLL
= n
2
1
t x
LLL
P
xLLL
y
LLL
P
yLLL
+ xP
xLLL
+ yP
yLLL
= n
2
1
t (
2
+ P
xLLL
t)P
xLLL
+ (
2
+ P
yLLL
t)P
yLLL
+xP
xLLL
+ yP
yLLL
= (P
zLLL
)
2
t + (x
2
)P
xLLL
+ (y
2
)P
yLLL
= (x
2
)P
xLLL
+ (y
2
)P
yLLL
+ (z
2
)P
zLLL
= n
1
xsin(2 2) cos n
1
y sin(2 2) sin
n
1
z cos(2 2) + n
1

2
sin(2 2) cos
+n
1

2
sin(2 2) sin + n
1

2
cos(2 2) (13)
Similarly
S
exRRR
= n
2
xsin(2 2) cos n
2
y sin(2 2) sin
n
2
z cos(2 2) + n
2

2
sin(2 2) cos
+n
2

2
sin(2 2) sin + n
2

2
cos(2 2) (14)
S
exRRL
= n
1
xsin(
1
) cos n
1
y sin(
1
) sin
n
1
z cos(
1
) + n
1

2
sin(
1
) cos
+n
1

2
sin(
1
) sin + n
1

2
cos(
1
) (15)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 2011 199
S
exLLR
= n
2
xsin(
2
) cos n
2
y sin(
2
) sin
n
2
z cos(
2
) + n
2

2
sin(
2
) cos
+n
2

2
sin(
2
) sin +
2
cos(
2
) (16)
Since GO becomes innite at caustic region, so we found approximate
eld at the caustic by Maslovs method. To calculate the eld at caustic
region we need expression
_
J(t)
(P
x
,P
y
)
(x,y)
_
for all four rays, reected from
hyperboloidal subreector, which are given below.
_
J(t)
LLL
(P
xLLL
, P
yLLL
(x, y)
_
=
n
1

sin(22) cos
2
(22) cos()
R
2
2
cos
2
() cos(2)

(17a)
_
J(t)
RRR
(P
xRRR
, P
yRRR
(x, y)
_
=
n
2

sin(22) cos
2
(22) cos()
R
2
2
cos
2
() cos(2)

(17b)
_
J(t)
LLR
(P
xLLR
, P
yLLR
(x, y)
_
=
n
2
sin(
2
) cos
2
(
2
) cos()
R
2
2
cos
2
() cos(
2
)

_
n
1
cos()
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
cos()
[1

1
]

1
_
(17c)
_
J(t)
RRL
(P
xRRL
, P
yRRL
(x, y)
_
=
n
1
sin(
1
) cos
2
(
1
) cos()
R
2
2
cos
2
() cos(
1
)

_
n
2
cos()
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
cos()
[1

1
]

1
_
(17d)
where

= 1
2ac
R
1
(R
2
+ a)
_

cos
2
+

sin
2

(18a)

=
1 + tan(2) tan() cos
2
()
1 + tan(2) tan() cos
2
()
(18b)

=
1 + tan(2) tan() sin
2
()
1 + tan(2) tan() sin
2
()
(18c)

1
=
ac
R
1
(R
2
+ a)
_

cos
2
+

sin
2

(18d)
200 Arshad, Mehmood, and Mughal
After substituting all the required parameters and simplifying
them we will get the following nal expressions at caustic region.
U(r)
LLL
=
jk
2
__
A
2
A
1
+
_
A
1
A
2
_ _
2
0
A
0LLL
()
R
3
2
cos
3
() sin(4)
f
2

_
n
3
1
sin(2 2) cos(2 )
2 cos

_
1/2
exp[jk{S
0LLL
+ n
1
t
1
+ S
exLLL
}]d()d() (19a)
U(r)
RRR
=
jk
2
__
A
2
A
1
+
_
A
1
A
2
_ _
2
0
A
0RRR
()
R
3
2
cos
3
() sin(4)
f
2

_
n
3
2
sin(2 2) cos(2 )
2 cos

_
1/2
exp[jk{S
0RRR
+ n
2
t
1
+ S
exRRR
}]d()d() (19b)
U(r)
RRL
=
jk
2
__
A
2
A
1
+
_
A
2
A
1
_ _
2
0
A
0RRL
()
R
3
2
cos
3
() sin(4)

2f
2

_
n
3
1
sin(
1
) cos(
1
)

cos()
_
1/2

_
_
n
2
cos()

1
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
()
+

1
1
_
_
1/2
exp[jk{S
0RRL
+ n
1
t
1
+ S
exRRL
}]d()d() (19c)
U(r)
LLR
=
jk
2
__
A
2
A
1
+
_
A
2
A
1
_ _
2
0
A
0LLR
()
R
3
2
cos
3
() sin(4)

2f
2

_
n
3
2
sin(
2
) cos(
2
)

cos()
_
1/2

_
_
n
1
cos()

1
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
()
+

1
1
_
_
1/2
exp[jk{S
LLR
+ n
2
t
1
+ S
exLLR
}]d()d() (19d)
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Field pattern around the caustic of a Cassegrain system are determined
using Eqs. (19a)(19d) by using Maslovs method. Values for dierent
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 2011 201
parameters of Cassegrain system are: kf = 25, ka = 8, kb = 9, kd = 6,
kD = 18. Limits of integration for Eqs. (19a)(19d) are selected using
the following relations [19].
A
1
= 2 tan
1
_
D
2f
_
, A
2
= tan
1
_
d
2c
_
(20)
Equations of caustic for LLL and RRR rays are given by Eq. (19a) and
Eq. (19b). These are similar as in the case of ordinary medium [19].
LLL and RRR rays coincide for all values of . As the value of
increases, magnitude of the eld at caustic increases. This behavior is
depicted in Figures 6 and 7. For = 0, n
1
= n
2
= 1 and
U
LLL
= U
RRR
= 0 (21)
Figure 6. |U
LLL
| of 3D Cassegarin system at kx = 0, ky = 0, for
= 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01.
Figure 7. |U
RRR
| of 3D Cassegrain system at kx = 0, ky = 0, for
= 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01.
202 Arshad, Mehmood, and Mughal
Figure 8. |U
RRL
| of 3D cassegrain system at kx = 0, ky = 0, for
= 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01.
Figure 9. |U
LLR
| of 3D Cassegrain system at kx = 0, ky = 0, for
= 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01.
Equations of caustic for RRL and LLR rays are given by Eq. (19c) and
Eq. (19d). As the value of increases, gap between the focal points
of RRL and LLR rays increases as shown in Figures 8 and 9. It is
due to the fact that enlarging the value of chirality parameter causes
reduction in the phase velocity of LLR ray, i.e., it slows down. While
by increasing the value of , phase velocity of RRL ray increases. This
is why the gap between RRL and LLR rays continues to increases with
increase in the value of as shown in Figure 9. For = 0, n
1
= n
2
= 1
and
U
RRL
= U
LLR
= 0 (22)
Equations (21) and (22) explains that for zero chirality parameter,

1
= and
2
= , i.e., LL and RR rays reduce to zero amplitude.
Since LLL, RRR, LLR and RRL rays are reected as the result of
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 2011 203
Figure 10. |U
LLL
| of 3D Cassegrain system at kx = 0, ky = 0, for
= 1.2, 1.4, 1.6.
Figure 11. |U
RRR
| of 3D Cassegrain system at kx = 0, ky = 0, for
= 1.2, 1.4, 1.6.
incidence of LL and RR rays on hyperboloidal reector. So it is quite
obvious that if LL and RR rays vanishes at = 0 then LLL, RRR,
RRL and LLR rays also have zero amplitude for zero chirality as shown
in Figures 611. While other four rays LRL, LRR, RLR, RRL, caused
due the incidence of RL and LR will be like ordinary medium waves [19]
for zero chirality case. Due to these properties, it can be advantageous
in RF absorber and reection controlling applications.
Plots of LLL and RRR rays for > 1 are given in Figures 10 and
11, respectively. In this case LCP wave is traveling with NPV and
RCP with PPV. Due to this, LLL and RRR rays are located at same
location as in the case of ordinary medium, while RRL and LLR waves
diverge out and do not form a real focus. Hence for > 1, negative
reections occur which can be applicable where invisibility is required.
204 Arshad, Mehmood, and Mughal
5. CONCLUSION
It is found that excitation of a Cassegrain system placed in chiral
medium by the plane wave yield eight rays four of them converge and
their eld expressions are determined in this paper. LLL and RRR,
rays are focused at the same location as if the system is placed in an
ordinary medium [19]. It is also found that for weak chirality parameter
case other two rays, LLR and RRL, are focused on the opposite sides of
the caustic region locating in an ordinary medium [19]. As increases,
gap between the focal points of LLR and RRL rays increases. For NPV
case, it is observed that caustic for LLL and RRR rays does not change,
while the caustics of LLR and RRL rays disappear because these two
rays are now diverging.
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