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Control Volume
A control volume is a volume in space in which we have interest for a particular study or analysis. The surface of this control volume is called the control surface. The size and shape of control volume are arbitrarily chosen to suit our analysis. The surface may be fixed, or it may be movable (expand or contract). Mass as well as heat and work can cross the control surface, and the mass in the control volume (as well as its properties) change with time.
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Control Volume
Mass Balance
When we have many flows coming in and going out of the control volume,
dm C.V. dt
mi
me
control volume
So, if the mass inside the control volume changes with time, it is only because we add some mass or take out some mass. There can be NO other means by which mass inside a control volume can change.
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massin
massout
dEC .M . dt
Q W
In a similar manner, a control volume will have rates of heat transfer, rates of work, and (in addition) mass flows.
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dm
Where
Vn dA
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Vn dA
In most practical applications, the flow of fluid through a pipe can be approximated to be onedimensional flow. This means, properties can be assumed to vary in one direction only (the direction of flow). So, the properties are uniform at any crosssection normal to the flow direction. 7
V
The mass and volume flow rates are related by
Vn dA V A
V V v A(vel)
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e u ke pe u
V 2
gz
The fluid possesses an additional form of energy __ the flow energy (flow work).
whenever a fluid mass enters a control volume at state i, or exits at state e, there is a boundary movement work associated with that process.
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Flow Work
Control volumes involve flow of mass across the control surfaces, and some work is required to push the mass into or out of the control volume. This work is known as the flow work. It is necessary for maintaining a continuous flow through the control volume. Consider a fluid element of volume V just entering the control volume. The fluid immediately upstream will force this fluid element to enter the control volume; thus it can be regarded as an imaginary piston.
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Flow Work..
If the fluid pressure is P and the cross-sectional area of the element is A, the force applied on the fluid element by the imaginary piston is: F= PA To push the entire fluid element into the control volume, this force acts through a distance X; thus the work done in pushing the fluid element across the boundary (flow work) is: WFLOW = P A X = P V So, the flow work per unit mass is given by,
wFLOW = P v
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Flow work.
The rate of flow work is,
Flow work
The flow work per unit mass is then Pv, and the total energy associated with the flow of mass is,
W flow
F .dx / dt
FV
P V dA P V
Pv m
e Pv u Pv
For the flow that leaves the control volume, work is being done by the control volume,
V2 2
gz
V2 2
gz
Pe ve me
and for the mass that enters, the surroundings do the rate of work equal to
Pi vi mi
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Vi 2
gz i )me e (h
Ve 2
gz e )
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Flow work
dEC. V . QC. V . WC. V . m(hi i dt Vi 2
2
gz i )me e (h
Ve 2
gz e )
Here, the work term W accounts for all other types of work (shaft work, boundary work, etc.) except flow work. For a general control volume where we may have multiple mass streams entering the control volume, and multiple mass streams leaving the control volumedEC. V . QC. V . WC. V . dt mi i (h Vi 2
2
m(hi i
Vi 2
gz i )
me e (h
Ve 2
gz e )
gz i )
me e (h
Ve 2
This means that :-------The rate of change of energy inside the control volume is due to :-A net rate of heat transfer, A net rate of work and The summation of energy fluxes due to mass flows into and out of a control volume.
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gz e )
dE cv dt
2
is the net rate of energy change within the CV (it is zero for steadystate, steady flow systems)
m(h
Qcv and W :
are terms representing fluxes of V energy into and out of the CV, gz) which depend on the mass 2 fluxes. are terms representing energy transfer across the CV boundaries not associated with the mass cv fluxes.
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Equilibrium
T x
T t
is
not
the
same
as
At equilibrium the temperature is the same throughout the system, and it does not change with time.
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Steady State
T x
T t
At steady state different temperatures can exist at different points around the system, but the system does not change with time.
State of fluid at any point is same at all time. Heat and work interaction between system & surroundings across control surface dont change with time.
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Consequence:
dmC .V . dt
dEC .V . dt
When we have only one stream entering the control volume and only one stream leaving, Continuity equation: m i me m First Law
QC .V . m i (hi Vi 2
2
mi
me
gzi )
me (he
Ve 2
gze ) W C .V .
gzi )
me ( he
Ve 2
Define q
gze )
QC .V . m
and
WC .V . m
QC .V .
m i ( hi
Vi 2
gzi )
me ( he
Ve 2
gze ) W C .V .
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q hi
Vi 2
gzi
he
Ve 2
gze
w
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Q W
m he hi
Ve2 Vi 2 2
g ze
zi
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Nozzles
A nozzle is a steady state device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the exit/ outlet point at expense of pressure.
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Nozzles
There is no means to do any work in a nozzle, since there are no moving parts. The kinetic energy of the fluid at the nozzle inlet is usually small, and would be neglected if its value is not known.
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Diffuser
A steady state diffuser is a device constructed to slow down a high-velocity fluid in a manner that results in an increase in the pressure of the fluid at the exit. In a way, it is an EXACT OPPOSITE of a nozzle. There is large kinetic energy at the diffuser inlet and a small, (but usually not negligible) kinetic energy at the exit.
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because flow thru these devices are at high velocities, so there is NO significant change in heat transfer. Also there is NO work interactions, since they are used for acceleration & deceleration of flow only. Also there is no change in elevation of flow through these devices.
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he
hi
Ve2 Vi 2 2
Q W
m he
he
hi
zi
In a nozzle, enthalpy is converted into kinetic energy If inlet velocity is neglected, then exit velocity is given by How can you find the mass flow rate in a nozzle?
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NO
Ve
m Vi Ai vi
2(h i h e )
Ve Ae ve
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NO NO
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Throttling Valves
A throttling process occurs when a fluid flowing in a line suddenly encounters a restriction in the flow passage. This may be a plate with a small hole in it, a partially closed valve protruding into the flow passage, or it may be a change to a much smaller diameter tube, such as capillary.
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Throttling Valve
The result of this restriction is an abrupt pressure drop in the fluid, as it is forced to find its way through a suddenly smaller passage way. A steady state throttling process is approximately a pressure drop at constant enthalpy.
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Throttling Valve
Throttling valves are adiabatic because
Throttling Valve
m he 0
there is neither sufficient time & nor large area for any effective heat transfer to take place. Also NO work interaction takes place in these Valves. Change in fluid elevation is also ignored. Usually change in K.E of fluid is also neglected.
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Q W
hehi hVe i
Vi 2 2
g ze
zi
Is there work in this system? Is there heat transfer? Does the fluid change elevation? Does the fluid change velocity?
NO NO NO
Throttling Valves
hin = hout For ideal gases
h = Cp T But h = 0 So T = 0 The inlet and outlet temperatures are the same!!!
Turbine
A turbine is a rotary steady state machine whose purpose is to produce shaft work (power) at the expense of the pressure of the working fluid.
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Turbine
Inside the turbine, there are two distinct processes: In the first, the working fluid passes through a set of nozzles, that expand the fluid to a lower pressure and higher velocity. In the second, this high-velocity fluid stream is directed onto a set of moving (rotating) blades, in which the velocity is reduced before being discharged from the outlet. This produces a torque on the rotating shaft, resulting in a shaft work output.
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Compressors
The purpose of a steady state compressor (gas) or pump (liquid) is: To increase the pressure of a fluid by putting in shaft work (power). The working fluid enters the compressor at low pressure, moving into a set of rotation blades, from which it exits at higher velocity, as a result of the shaft work on the fluid. The fluid then passes through a diffuser section, in which it is slowed down in a way that increases its pressure. So, fluid finally exits from the compressor at high pressure.
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Turbines and Compressors A turbine is a device that produces work at the expense of temperature and pressure.
A compressor is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by adding work to the system.
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Q W
g ze
zi
Is there work in this system? Is there heat transfer? Does the fluid change elevation? Does the kinetic energy change?
Mixing of Streams
Mixing Chamber
Mixing Chamber
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Mixing Chamber
Ve2 e2 Vi 2 2
Mixing Chamber
Mass Balance
0 Qnet Wnet
m e he e
m h
gze
mi mhih
i
gzi
We no longer have only one inlet and one exit stream Is there any work done? Is there any heat transferred? Is there a velocity change?
me
mi
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Mixing Chamber
Energy Balance
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mh mh mh
1 1 2 2 3
m m m
1 2
Mass Balance
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Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger is a device where two moving fluids exchange heat without mixing.
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Heat Exchangers
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