Gua prctica de Ingls II para Ingeniera en Sistemas. Prof: Ing.

Astrid Medina

2011

THE FIRST COMPUTER VIRUS

What began as a ninth-grade prank, a way to trick already-suspicious friends who had fallen for his earlier practical jokes, has earned Rich Skrenta notoriety as the first person to let loose a personal-computer virus. Although Skrenta over the next 25 years started the online news business Topix, helped launch a collaborative Web directory now owned by time Warner Incorporaeds Netscape and wrote countless other computer programs, he is still remembered most for unleashing the Cloner virus on the world. It was some dumb little practical joke; said Skrenta, 40. I guess if you had to pick between being known for this and not being known for anything, Id rather be known for this. But its an add place holder for (all that) Ive done. Elk Cloner-self-replicating, as are all other viruses-bears little resemblance to the malicious programs of today. Yet in retrospect, it was a harbinger of all the security headaches that would only grow as more people got computers-and connected them with one another over the internet. Skrentas friends were already distrusting him because, in swapping computer games and other software,as part of piracy circles common at the time, Skrenta often altered the floppy disks he gave out to launch taunting on-screen message. Many friends started refusing disks from him. So, during a winter break from Mount Lebanon Senior High School near Pittsburgh, Skrenta hacked away figured out how to get the code to launch the messages onto disks automatically. He used his Apple II, the dominant personal computer of the day, to develop what is now known as a boot sector virus. When it boots, or starts, an infected disk puts a copy of the virus in the computers memory. Whenever someone inserts a clean disk into the machine and types the command catalog for a list of files, a copy is written onto that disk as well. The newly infected disk is passed on to people, other machines and other locations. The prank, though annoying, is relatively harmless compared with the viruses of today. Every 50th time someone booted an infected disk, a poem Skrenta wrote would appear, saying in part, It will get your disks-, it will infiltrate your chips. Skrenta started circulating the virus in early 1982 among friends at his school and at a local computer club. Years later, he would continue to hear stories of other victims, including a sailor during the Gulf War nearly a decade later. (Why

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that sailor was atill using an Apple II, Skrenta cant say.) These days, there are hundres of thousand of viruses-perhaps more than a million depending on how slight variations are counted.

The first virus to hit computers running Microsofts operating system came in 1986, when two brothers in Pakistan wrote a boot sector program now dubbed Brain?-purportedly to punish people who spread pirated software. Although the virus didnt cause serious damage, it displayed the phone number of the brothers computer repair shop. With the growth of the internet came a new way to spread viruses: e-mail. Melisa (1999), Love Bug (2000) and Sobig (2003) were amog a slew of fastmoving threats that snarled millions of computers worldwide by tricking on the e-mail attachments and launching programs tha automatically sent copies to other victims. Although some of the earlier viruses overwhelmed networks, later ones corrupted documents or hd other destructive propertsies. Later viruses spread through instant-messaging and file-sharing software, while others circulated faster than every by exploiting flaws in windows networking functions. Suddenly, though, viruses werent spreading as quickly. Virus writers now motivated by profit rather than by notoriety are trying to stay low.key, lest their creations get detected and removed, along with their mechaninsm for income. Even as corporations and Internet service providers step up their defenses, virus writers look to emerging platforms, including mobile devices and Webbased services such as social-networking sites. Thats not to say Skrenta should get the blame anytime someone gets spam sent through a virus-enable relay or finds a computer slow to boot because of a lingering pest. After all, theres no evidence that virus writers who followed even knew of Skrenta or his craft. Fred Cohen, a security expert who wrote his doctorate dissertation in 1986 about computer viruses, said that conditions were right, and that, with more homes getting computers, it was all matter of time before this happened. So back them, where was Skrentas restraint? I was in the ninth grade, he said.

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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY In the last decade, the systems mass media and education have undergone changes due

to the development and dissemination of new information technologies and the leading Internet communications. The enormous flood of information resources that allow the Internet laid the foundations on which many researchers agree in predicting radical changes in institutions (Until it has been predicting the demise of traditional classrooms and teachers). Now, with some insight into the future, we can say that there is a long way to go to achieve a convenient connection between education and information and communication technologies. The relationship between IT, the Internet and media in educational institutions in recent years, differing basically three stages: - Fascination and acquisition of the first computers. - Computer rooms were connected to the Internet. - Integrate information technology into the curriculum. This is intended to convey why it is important to think of ICT as a teaching, which helped me to think so, and as technological development to create compelling new approaches in theories of teaching and learning using new technologies information and communication as a means to that end. Until recently, throughout the debate and, above all, all public policies and schools decisions related to the development of information society in the education system, were based on how much hardware was for student or school. Technological equipment and additional software are the minimum infrastructure to start working. The reality is that in this field still remains to be done. In too many schools, colleges and universities, the computer is locked in the office / director / a school or in the staff room. There are still many schools without Internet connection or a very rudimentary system that almost is cheaper to travel on foot to get the information sought, if that does not makes no sense to talk about video conferencing, virtual classrooms and distance learning. While stressing the importance of computers and technology, the current key lies in the content and services that teachers, students and parents can access. Info structure, since the technologies are useful but not sufficient. Are increasingly a prerequisite for educational renewal, but not a sufficient condition. A third level of educational development through technology passes, by new tools for self-teaching, teaching management, academic assessment and educational organization. It seems essential to note that without a good commitment to training of trainers (teachers, tutors and managers) in the technologies, adapted to the form of being and working in the education sector, will serve low amounts invested in hypothetical computer. Commitment is essential technological training, which involves also a support methodology for the teacher to move from his role as transmitter of knowledge filtering and interpreting guide them.

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ENGINEERING

Engineering is the body of knowledge and scientific techniques applied to the invention, development and use of techniques for solving problems that directly affect human beings in their daily activities. In it, knowledge, management and mastery of mathematics , the physics and other sciences , gained by study, experience and practice, judiciously applied to develop efficient ways of using the materials and forces of nature to benefit mankind and the environment. Although engineering as such (transformation of the idea in reality) have been intrinsically linked to human, his birth as a field of specific knowledge is attached to the beginning of the industrial revolution, becoming one of the current pillars in the development of societies modern. Another concept that defines engineering is the ability to apply scientific knowledge to the invention, development or use of art in all its determinations. This application is used mainly characterized by the ingenuity of a more pragmatic and agile than the scientific method, as an engineering activity, usually limited to a given time and resources for projects. The ingenuity involves taking a combination of wisdom and inspiration to model any system in practice. Its main function is to carry out designs or develop solutions technology to social needs, industrial or economic. To do this the engineer must identify and understand the major obstacles in order to make a good design. Some of the obstacles are the resources available, physical or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and additions and other factors such as cost, the possibility of carrying out, performance and aesthetic and commercial considerations. By understanding the constraints, engineers deduce what the best solutions to address the limitations encountered when having to produce and use an object or system . Engineers use the knowledge of science, the mathematics and appropriate experience to find the best solutions to specific problems, creating the appropriate mathematical models of problems that allow them to rigorously analyze and test potential solutions. If there are multiple reasonable solutions, engineers evaluate the different design options based on their qualifications and choose the solution that best fits your needs. In general, engineers are trying to test whether their designs to achieve their objectives before proceeding to mass production. To this end, among other things used prototypes, scale models, simulations, destructive tests and strength tests. Testing ensures that the devices work as expected. To standard designs and easy, the computers have an important role. Using the programs of computer-aided design (CAD, known CAD, Computer-Aided Design), engineers can learn more
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about their designs. The computer can automatically translate some models suitable instructions to make a design. The computer also allows for greater reuse of previously developed designs, showing the engineer a library of predefined parts for use in their own designs. Engineers must take very seriously their professional responsibility to produce designs that are developed as planned and does not cause unexpected harm to people in general. Typically, engineers included a safety factor in their designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failures. The science attempts to explain the recent, unexplained phenomena, creating mathematics models that match experimental results. Technology and engineering are the application of knowledge gained through science, producing practical results. The scientists work with science and engineering with the technology . However, there may be points of contact between science and engineering. It is not uncommon for scientists is involved in the practical applications of his discoveries. Similarly, during the development of technology, engineers sometimes find themselves exploring new phenomena. There may also be connections between the operation of engineers and artists, mainly in the fields of architecture and industrial design.

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TECHNOLOGY (SOFTWARE DE SISTEMA) Technology by definition is the discipline that deals with techniques, ie the study, description, classification, coding and explanation of techniques. The British influence terminological confusion introduced using the term 'technology' rather than 'technical' making sense nobler than the second, which refers to a set of procedures to achieve a specific purpose, such as adapting the environment and meet our needs. In computer terminology system software, also known as basic software, is software designed to control and interact with the operating system, providing control over the hardware and supporting other programs, as opposed the so-called application software. Examples include libraries such as OpenGL for graphics acceleration, PNG for graphics system or demons that control the temperature, the speed of hard drive like hdparm, or frequency of the processor as cpudyn. One of the most prominent examples of system software is the GNU project, which allowed programming tools combined with computer based on Unix kernel called Linux, forming two wellknown as GNU / Linux. These programs perform various tasks such as data transfer between RAM and storage devices (hard drive, optical drives, etc) among others. 1. FILE: A collection of logically related records. Speaking of logical term we mean that each record is a structure of fields or data elements that are grouped according to previously defined criteria. Usually, the records of a file have a unique format, this means that the elements of a file are homogeneous among themselves and are generally stored together for a common purpose. 2. CONNECTION: Point where a link is made between devices or systems. Connection also refers to the full link. 3. Device: The term device is used as a synonym for device. In computing, is used to refer to computer components. It can be also something that sets a provision. 4. FORUM ON THE INTERNET: Internet Forum is also known as message boards, opinion or discussion forum and a Web application that supports online discussions and opinions. 5. DATA MANAGEMENT: Management of Information and Communications Technology is the body responsible for directing support the technical activities related to information resources and communications of the Municipality. 6. HARDWARE: The physical part of the computer (motherboard, micro, card, monitor ...). 7. INTERNET: a decentralized set of interconnected communications networks that use the family of TCP / IP, ensuring that heterogeneous physical networks that make up work as a single logical network, worldwide. 8. INFO: processed data set used as input for the control and decision making. 9. NODES: They are "point of intersection or union of several elements that come together in the same place." Example: computer networks. 10. PROGRAM: A sequence of instructions that require the computer to perform a particular task. 11. RED: A set of physical devices hardware and software "software", by which computers can communicate to share resources (disks, printers, software, etc.).

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12. RE-ENGINEERING: Retrieves information about the design of an existing program and uses this information to restructure or rebuild the existing program in order to adapt to change, expand or improve their overall quality. 13. SYSTEM: A set of interrelated elements, so that a change in one element affects all of them all. The elements directly or indirectly with the problem, and only these will form the system will be studied. 14. SYSTEM INFORMATION: Information System is called the set of manual and / or automated systems that are designed to provide information for decision-making. 15. SYSTEM SOFTWARE: It is that which allows the hardware works. Its objective is to properly decouple the programmer from the details of the particular computer used, isolating processing specially referred to the internal characteristics: memory, disks, communications ports and devices, printers, monitors, keyboards, etc. 16. FREE SOFTWARE: This is one that can be distributed, modified, copied and used, therefore, must accompany the source code to give effect to the freedoms that characterize it. 17. SUBSYSTEM: A subsystem is a system that runs on an operating system, this may be a shell (command interpreter) or primary operating system can be a virtual machine. 18. SERVER: The name of a computer server shared by multiple users. There are file servers, print servers, etc. Servers are powerful computers that are available to users. When Internet users intercommunicate, in fact, do so through servers. 19. TECHNOLOGY: The set of skills that can make objects and machines to adapt the environment and meet our needs. 20. USER: Any individual who interacts with the computer at the application level.

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TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY: WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a data transmission standard that uses radio waves at frequencies from 2.3 to 3.5 Ghz. It is a technology within the known as last mile technologies, also known as local loop that allows reception of data by microwave and radio wave transmission. The protocol that characterizes this technology is the IEEE 802.16. One advantage is to provide broadband services in areas where the deployment of cable or fiber for the low density of population has a very high cost per user (rural). The only body authorized to certify standard compliance and interoperability between equipment from different manufacturers is the WiMAX Forum means any equipment that does not have this certification, can not guarantee its interoperability with other products. Another type of equipment (not standard) using license-free frequency of 5.4 GHz, all for fixed access. While this case involves equipment that is not inter-operating among different manufacturers (Pre Wimax, including 802.11a). There are plans to develop profiles and interoperability certification for equipment that meets the IEEE 802.16e standard (which enable mobility), as well as a complete solution for the network structure that integrates both fixed and mobile access. It foresees the development of profiles for the mobile environment in licensed frequencies at 2.3 and 2.5 Ghz. Currently contained within the 802.16 standard, there are two variants: One access fixed (802.16d), which establishes a radio link between base station and user equipment located on the user's home. For the fixed environment, the maximum theoretical speeds that can be obtained is 70 Mbps with a bandwidth of 20 MHz, however, in real environments have been achieved speeds of 20 Mbps with cell radii of up to 6 km, width band that is shared by all users of the cell. Another complete mobility (802.16e), which allows the movement of the user in a manner similar to that can be given in GSM / UMTS, the mobile is not yet developed and currently competes with LTE technology (based on femtocells, connected by cable), as the alternative telecom operators that opt for mobility services, this standard, in its variant "unlicensed" competes with the IEEE 802.11n WiFi, as most portable devices Mobile, are beginning to be equipped with this type of connectivity (mainly from the Intel company). Currently in Spain there Comecial deployments in the 802.16e standard, particularly in the area of Galicia, Asturias. These deployments are already operational and providing services to end customers under the brand "tngo." In southern Spain, Nostracom Telecommunications, telecommunications operator Andaluz, provides voice and data services up to 10Mbps in rural areas where there are no alternatives or very limited services. In Granada, Malaga, Jaen and Cordoba, CableSur da telephony and broadband symmetrical or asymmetrical with WiMAX technology. In Valencia Esystel currently offers service in three towns in the Ribera Alta. In Colombia only public operator of internet UNE offers this service at equal cost than DSL or cable modem operators but with less speed, so its sale has been much lower. Declan Byrne, director of marketing for WiMax Forum, has announced that the two WiMax standard, formally known as 802.16m, will be completed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) next November with the idea of certification Standard-based devices are made throughout 2011. Since

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then, ISPs are expected to begin deploying the standard commercially in 2012, when carriers like AT & T and T-Mobile will start offering services LTE rival 4G technology in the United States. characteristics of the tcnologa wimax Distances up to 80 kilometers, with highly directional antennas and high gain. - Speeds up to 75 Mbps, 35 Mbps +35, where the spectrum is completely clean. - Facilities to add more channels, depending on the regulations of each country. - Wide-band configurable and not closed, subject to the terms of the spectrum. - To divide the communication channel in small subcarriers (Two Guards and data types). From the state that 802.16m WiMax Forum will be significantly faster than its predecessor and one of its objectives is that the download speed reaches 100Mbps. In comparison the offer WiMax which debuted commercially in 2008 offers download speeds between 3.7 Mbps and 5Mbps.

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TECHNOLOGY WI-FI: Wifi (pronounced in Spanish / w f / and English / wa fa /) is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance (formerly WECA: Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance), the trade organization to take, test and certify that the equipment meets 802.11 standards related to wireless local area networks. Nokia and Symbol Technologies in 1999 created an association known as WECA (Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance). This association was renamed Wi-Fi Alliance in 2003. The aim of this was to create a brand that would allow more easily promote wireless technology and ensure compatibility of equipment. Thus, in April 2000, WECA certifies interoperability of equipment according to IEEE 802.11b, under the brand Wi-Fi. This means that the user has the guarantee that all computers that have Wi-Fi seal can work together seamlessly, regardless of the manufacturer of each of them. You can get a complete list of teams that are certified Wi-Fi Alliance - Certified Products. In 2002 the association WECA was formed and nearly 150 in its entirety. The IEEE 802.11 standard was designed to replace the equivalent physical and MAC layers of the standard 802.3 (Ethernet). This means that the only thing that differentiates a Wi-Fi to an Ethernet network is how to transmit data frames or packets, the rest is identical. Therefore, an 802.11 wireless LAN is fully compatible with all the services of local area networks (LAN) cable 802.3 (Ethernet) W-FI NAME: While it was thought that the term Wireless Fidelity is equivalent to Hi-Fi, High Fidelity, which is used in sound recording, WECA actually hired an advertising firm to give him a name its standard, so that was easy to identify and remember. Phil Belanger, a founding member of the WiFi Alliance, which supported the name Wi-Fi wrote. "Wi-Fi and" Style logo "of Ying Yang were invented by Interbrand agency. We (WiFi Alliance) hired Interbrand to make us a logo and a name that was short, had the market and was easy to remember. We needed something that was more striking than "IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence." Interbrand established names like "Prozac", "Compaq", "OneWorld", "Imation" to name a few. They even invented a name for the company: Vivat. " There are various types of Wi-Fi, each based on IEEE 802.11 standard approved. They are: IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g IEEE 802.11n enjoy international acceptance because the 2.4 GHz band is available almost universally, with a speed of up to 11 Mbps, 54 Mbps and 300 Mbps, respectively. Today and also handled the IEEE 802.11a standard known as Wi-Fi 5, which operates in the 5 GHz band and enjoys a relatively clean operation channels. The 5 GHz band has recently been enabled and, in addition, there are other technologies (Bluetooth, microwave, ZigBee, WUSB) are using the camera, so there is very little interference. Its scope is somewhat smaller than the working standards at 2.4 GHz (about 10%), because the frequency is higher (a higher frequency, shorter range). A first draft IEEE 802.11n standard that works at 2.4 GHz and a speed of 108 Mbps, however, the 802.11g standard and is capable of transfer to 108 Mbps, thanks to various acceleration techniques. Currently there are devices which allow you to use this technology, called Pre-N. There are other wireless technologies like Bluetooth also operate at a frequency of 2.4 GHz, so it may have interference with Wi-Fi. Because of this, in version 1.2 of the Bluetooth standard for example is updated to your specification so that no interference with the simultaneous use of both technologies also need to have 40,000 k speed. One of the problems that currently faces the Wi-Fi is the gradual saturation of the spectrum, due to the mass of users, this especially affects connections for long distance (greater than 100 meters).

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Wi-Fi really is designed to connect computers to the network at reduced distances, any use of greater scope is exposed to excessive risk of interference. A very high percentage of networks are installed without taking into account the safety and converting their networks to open networks (or completely vulnerable to crackers), without protecting the information that they circulate. There are several alternatives to ensure the security of these networks. The most common are the use of protocols for data encryption for Wi-Fi standards such as WEP, WPA, or WPA2 in charge of encoding the information transmitted to protect confidentiality, provided by the wireless devices themselves. Most forms are: WEP encrypts the data on your network so that only the intended recipient can access them. The figure of 64 and 128 bits are two levels of WEP security. WEP encrypts data using a "key" encryption before sending it to air. This type of encryption is not highly recommended because of the great vulnerabilities it presents, because any cracker can get the key out. WPA features enhancements such as dynamic generation of the access key. Keys are inserted as alphanumeric characters, without restriction of length IPSEC (IP tunnels) where the VPN and all IEEE 802.1X, which provides authentication and authorization of users. MAC filtering so that only allow network access to devices authorized. It is most advisable if only to be used with the same equipment, and if they are few. Hiding the access point: you can hide the access point (router) so it is invisible to other users. The security protocol called WPA2 (802.11i), which is an improvement on WPA. In principle is the most secure security protocol for Wi-Fi at this time. However require compatible hardware and software, since the former are not. However, there is no completely reliable alternative, since they are all capable of being violated. There are several Wi-Fi devices, which can be divided into two groups: Distribution or Network devices, among which the routers, access points and repeaters, and terminal devices in general are receiving cards to connect to the computer staff, whether internal (PCI card) or USB. WiFi.Dispositivos Router or Network Distribution:Access points are devices that generate a "set service" could be defined as a "Wi-Fi network" that can connect other devices. Allow access points, in short, to wirelessly connect devices to an existing network. You can add more access points to a network to generate wider coverage networks, or connect larger antennas to amplify the signal. The wireless router is a device composed specially designed for small networks (home or small office). These devices include a Router (in charge of interconnecting, for example, our home network with Internet), an access point (explained above) and usually a switch that allows you to connect some computers via cable. Your task is to make the connection to the Internet and through it provide access to all computers connected, either wired or wireless. Wireless Repeaters are devices used to extend the coverage of a wireless network, they connect to an existing network which has weaker signal and create a clean signal that can connect computers within range. Terminal devices comprise three major types: PCI, PCMCIA and USB cards: USB Card for PCI Fi.Las Wi-Wi-Fi are added (or are manufactured) to the desktop. Today they are losing ground because of the USB cards. Within this group may also be added MiniPCI cards that come built into almost every laptop available on the market today. PCMCIA cards are a model that was widely used in the first laptops, but are becoming obsolete due to the integration of internal wireless card in these computers. Most of these cards are only able to reach technology to Wi-Fi B, thus allowing not enjoy a very high transmission speed USB cards for Wi-Fi are the most common type of card in the shops there and easier to connect to a PC, either desktop or laptop, using all the advantages of USB technology. Today USB card can

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be found even with 802.11n (Wireless-N) which is the latest standard for wireless networks released. There are also printers, webcams and other peripherals that work with Wi-Fi technology, allowing much saving wiring and network installations especially highly mobile. Regarding the drivers, there are directories "Chipset Wireless Adapter." Advantages and Wi-Fi networks advantages, it have a number of advantages, among which we highlight: Being wireless, the convenience they offer is much higher than wired networks because anyone who has access to the network can connect from various points within a wide enough range of space. Once configured, the Wi-Fi networks allow access from multiple computers without any problem or infrastructure spending, not in cable technology. The Wi-Fi Alliance ensures the compatibility between devices with Wi-Fi brand is total, so anywhere in the world can use Wi-Fi technology with full compatibility. But as wireless network, Wi-Fi technology has the intrinsic problems of any wireless technology. Some of them are: One of the disadvantages of Wi-Fi system is a slower rate compared to a wired connection due to interference and signal loss that the environment can bring. The main disadvantage of these networks is in the field of security. There are some programs that can capture packets, working with Wi-Fi card in promiscuous mode, so you can calculate the network password and thereby access. WEP keys are relatively easy to achieve with this system. Wi-Fi alliance managed these problems by removing the standard WPA and WPA2 then, based on the 802.11i working group. WPA2 protected networks are considered robust since they provide very good security. Anyway, many companies allow their employees to have a wireless network [citation needed]. This problem is compounded when you consider that you can not control the coverage area of a connection, so a receiver can connect from outside the intended reception area (eg outside an office from an adjoining house.) Note that this technology is not compatible with other types of wireless connections such as Bluetooth, GPRS, UMTS, etc.

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HISTORY. Joseph Francis HISTORY. Joseph Francis Shea. Bibliography: Joseph Francis Shea (September 5, 1925 February 14, 1999) was an American aerospace engineer and manager of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Born in New York's borough of the Bronx, studied at the University of Michigan, where he received a doctorate degree in mechanical engineering in 1955. After working for Bell Laboratories in the inertial guidance system radio Titan I intercontinental ballistic missile, was hired by NASA in 1961. As assistant director of the Office of Manned Space Flight (Spaceflight Office) of that agency, and later as head of Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (Program Office of the Apollo spacecraft), Shea played a key role in determining the course of the Apollo program by influencing the space agency's decision in favor of meeting in lunar orbit and support virtually all evidence of the Saturn V rocket Although sometimes caused controversy within the agency, Shea was remembered by his former colleague George Mueller as "one of the best systems engineers of our time". In 1967, deeply involved in research on the Apollo 1 fire, Shea suffered a nervous breakdown as a result of the stress they suffered. Was relieved of his position and left NASA later. From 1968 to 1990 he worked as senior manager of Raytheon, Lexington (Massachusetts), where he became assistant professor of aeronautics and astronautics at MIT. While Shea served as a consultant to NASA on the redesign of the International Space Station in 1993, was forced to resign due to health problems. Shea was born and raised in the Bronx (New York), being the eldest son of an Irish Catholic family. His father worked as a mechanic in the subway in New York. As a child, Shea showed no interest in engineering, was a good runner and hoped to become a professional athlete. He studied at a Catholic school and graduated when he was only 16 years age. After graduation, Shea enlisted in the Navy in 1943 and enrolled in a program that would take him to college. He began his studies at Dartmouth College, then moving on to Massachusetts Institute of Technology and finally to the University of Michigan, where he remained until he obtained his doctorate in 1955.2 In 1946, he was commissioned as an ensign in the Navy and received a degree in matemticas.1 Shea continued to obtain the title MSc (1950) and Ph.D. (1955) in mechanical engineering from the University of Michigan. While earning his doctorate, he found time to teach at the college and keep a job in Bell Labs. Systems Engineer. After receiving his doctorate, Shea consigi a position at Bell Laboratories Whipppany (New Jersey). There he worked first as a systems engineer with radio guidance system for intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) Titan I and later as director of program and development of inertial guidance system of the ICBM Titan II. Shea's specialty was the systems engineering, a new type of engineering developed in 1950 which focused on the management and integration of large-scale projects, making the work of engineers and contractors into a functioning whole. Played a significant role in the Titan I project, in the words of George Mueller, "brought a considerable number of innovations in engineering and a great expertise in project management, and was directly responsible for the successful development of this pioneering guidance system." In addition to the technical skills of Shea, it soon became clear that it was also an excellent leader of people. Known for his quick intellect, also earned the appreciation of his subordinates with small eccentricities such as his penchant for clever puns and create habit of wearing red socks appointments importantes. During the critical days of the Titan project moved to Shea floor, sleeping on a cot in his office so as to be available at all times if someone needed. Having benefited from the project on time and budget, Shea got a good reputation in the community aeroespacial. In 1961 he was offered and accepted a job at Space Technology Laboratories (Space Technology Laboratories), a division of TRW Inc., where he continued working on missile systems balstico.

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NASA CAREER In December 1961, NASA invited to Shea for an interview for the post of assistant director of the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF) (Office of Manned Space Flight). Brainerd Holmes, director of the OMSF, had been looking for an assistant who could provide expertise in systems engineering, someone with the technical skills necessary to supervise the Apollo program as a whole. Shea was recommended by the consultants for Holmes, who had worked with him in Laboratories Bell. Although Shea had worked at Space Technology Labs less than a year, was captivated by the challenge offered him the job at NASA. "I could see they needed good people in the space program, '" he said later,' and I was a little cocky in those days' . Meeting in lunar orbit: When Shea was hired by NASA, the commitment of President John F. Kennedy to bring the man to the moon only took seven months, and many of the important decisions that would shape the Apollo program had not yet been taken. Among them, the most important was the way that NASA would use to land on the moon. When Shea first began to consider the issue in 1962, most engineers and managers, including Wernher von Braun, director of Marshall Space Flight Center (Marshall Space Flight Center) - were for the good of an option called direct promotion (direct ascent), in which Apollo alunizara and return to Earth as a single unit, or a meeting in Earth orbit (earth orbit rendezvous), where the ships would join while still in orbit around the Earth. However, dissidents and John C. Houbolt, an engineer at Langley, were favored by an option which was then considered more risky. It was the meeting in lunar orbit (lunar orbit rendezvous), where the landing would be carried out using two spacecraft: a command module would remain in orbit around the moon and a lunar module would descend to the moon and then return to lunar orbit to dock with the command module. The decision of the meeting in lunar orbit is announced in a press conference at NASA in July 1962. Joe Shea is found to the right of the image. In November 1961, John Houbolt sent a letter calling for the meeting in lunar orbit (LOR in English) to Robert Seamans, NASA's deputy director. According to Shea recalled, "Seamans gave a copy of the letter of Houbolt to Brainerd Holmes [the director of the OMSF]. Holmes put the letter on my desk and said, "Imagine" '.Shea decided to get involved in the encounter in lunar orbit as a result of this letter. Although starting from a slight preference for the meeting in Earth orbit, Shea "was proud", according to historians Murray and Cox-space "to go wherever the data and bring him '.In this case, the data led him to Langley Research Center (Langley Research Center) at NASA Hampton (Virginia), where he met John Houbolt and Space Operations Group (Space Task Group), and became convinced that the meeting in lunar orbit was an option that deserves considerarse. Penalty. The task of Shea went on to become NASA to take a final decision on the issue. This task was complicated by the fact that I had to create a consensus among the various NASA centersespecially Manned Spacecraft Center (Manned Spacecraft Center) in Houston (Texas), led by Robert Gilruth, and Marshall Space Flight Center ( Marshall Space Flight Center) in Huntsville (Alabama) with Wernher von Braun at the helm. Relations between the two centers were not good, and was an important milestone in the progress of the Apollo program that von Braun and his team finally agreed to accept the superiority of the concept of meeting in lunar orbit. NASA announced its decision at a press conference on July 11, 1962, just six months after Shea would join NASA. Space historian James Hansen concludes that Shea "played a key role in supporting the ideas of Houbolt and take ... decision in favor of meeting in lunar orbit, " while his former colleague George Mueller writes," is a tribute to the logic and the leadership of Joe that he was able to build consensus in the centers in an era in which they were self '. During his time in the OMSF, Shea helped resolve many of the other inevitable debates and conflicts that arose during the engineering development of the Apollo spacecraft. In May 1963, formed a Committee of Review (Board Review Panel), bringing together representatives of the

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various committees that help coordinate work between NASA centers. Under orders from Shea, this coordination was more eficiente. Program Director: In October 1963, Shea became the new director of Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) (Office of Programme Apollo spacecraft) in Houston. Although technically a demotion, this new position gave Shea the responsibility of leading the design and construction of the command and lunar modules of Apollo. Of particular interest to Shea was the performance of North American Aviation, the contractor responsible for the command module. As he later recounted: I have no high opinion of North American or its reasons in its earliest days. His first program director was a first class jerk ... There were good guys for sectors, but was simply an ineffective organization. They had no discipline, they had not control concept for changes. Shea was responsible for implementing the engineering discipline in North American and NASA management of its contractors. His experience in systems management also helped him in his new position. In the coming years, any design change in the Apollo spacecraft would have to receive final approval Shea. maintained control program using a management tool conceived by itself - a loose-leaf notebook, over hundred pages, which met every week for him summarizing all the important developments that had taken place and the decisions that needed to take. He presented the book on Thursday evening, Shea studied it and wrote over the weekend and returned to work with new questions, instructions and decisions. This particular tool was allowed to take account of a complex program and provided creciente. Shea's relationship with the engineers at North American was difficult. While Shea blamed the North American address the continuing difficulties in developing the command module, the project leader believed that Harrison Storms NASA itself was not without fault. He had delayed in making key design decisions, and persisted in carrying out significant changes in design after construction had begun. Although Shea did his part by trying to control change requests, Storms expressed his feeling that he did not understand or sympathize with the inevitable problems involved in manufacturing work day-to-day. Shea in a meeting of engineers during the Apollo program: Shea was a controversial figure even in Manned Spacecraft Center. Not having been in Langley with the Space Operations Group, was considered an outsider by men such as flight director Chris Kraft. In Kraft's words, "the animosity between our people and Shea was intense '. The relationship between Shea and other NASA centers were even more strained. As deputy director of the OMSF, Shea had tried to extend the authority of the headquarters of NASA's other centers of this, seeking independence fiercely. This work was particularly problematic when it came time for Marshall Space Flight Center, which had developed its own culture under Wernher von Braun. Von Braun's philosophy on engineering differed from that of Shea, taking a more consensual approach to top-down. According to one historian recalls, "von Braun had the feeling that Shea had perverted too much work and was going to break through the engineering skills of the centers' . Friction between Shea and Marshall, which had begun when Shea was in the OMSF, continued after he was mudase to his new position. Was deeply involved in supporting the efforts of George Mueller to impose the idea of performing all tests on the Saturn V rocket engineers reluctant Marshall. Von Braun's position regarding the engineering was conservative, emphasizing incremental testing of components. But the tight schedule of the Apollo program did not allow the slow and careful process. Mueller and Shea which was intended to test the Saturn V as a single unit in its very first flight, and was only reluctantly that Marshall came to accept this approach at the end of 1963.21 When asked later about how he and Mueller are the had managed to sell the idea to von Braun, Shea said, "simply said, so it's going to be finally '. Shea's role to resolve differences within NASA, and between it and its contractors, placed him in a position where the criticism was inevitable. But even his critics respected their engineering and management skills. Everyone who knew Shea was considered a brilliant engineer, 23, and his time as director of ASPO only served to cement a reputation that had formed during his stay in the Titan project. On the work of Shea to mid-1960, Murray and Cox write that "these were days of glory for

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Joe Shea, and above the maelstrom of opinions, this talented and enigmatic man had taken a job that had been going to Peak and what was propelling '.24 Shea's work also grew as a center of attention, giving him a public recognition that approached its agreement with Wernher von Braun or Chris Kraft. Kraft had appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1965, Time to Shea plans to offer the same honor in February 1967, the same month that it planned first manned mission Apolo. CAREER AFTER NASA. In 1968, Shea took a job at Raytheon in Lexington (Massachusetts). Remain with the company until his retirement in 1990 and was Senior Vice President of Engineering from 1980 to 1990.48 After leaving Raytheon, Shea became associate professor of aeronautics and astronautics at MIT.7 In February 1993, NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin Shea appointed to chair the board of a technical review committee convened to oversee the redesign of the troubled project internacional.49 Space Station, however, was hospitalized shortly Shea after his nomination. By April he was well enough to attend a meeting at which the design team formally presented the preliminary results of their studies, but their behavior at this meeting once again put their skills into question. According to The Washington Post announced: Shea has been a widespread introduction of two hours, sometimes barely audible, which left many here to speculate about his ability to do their job. A lifelong friend said, "that's not the real Joe Shea. He is usually sharp and well-organized '. The day after the meeting, Shea requested reassignment, becoming special adviser Daniel Goldin.50 NASA announced that he had been reassigned because of health problems. However, The Scientist gave a different interpretation, citing sources speculated that the frankness of his speech, including criticism of Goldin, might have caused controversy in the circles NASA.51 Shea died on February 14, 1999 at his home in Weston (Massachusetts). He was survived by his wife Carol, five daughters, and a one son. In film and fiction: Shea was played by Kevin Pollak in the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, which tells a dramatic confrontation similar to what had taken place between Shea and Harrison Storms at a meeting of the Committee on Review of Apollo. Bert Seger's character in the novel by Stephen Baxter Voyage is based on Shea.

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APOLLO 1 FIRE. BACKGROUND Problems with the Apollo command module continued throughout the testing phase. The meeting for the revision of the first ship set for a manned mission took place on August 19, 1966. One area of concern was the amount of velcro in the cockpit, a potential fire hazard in the pure oxygen atmosphere of the spacecraft in case there was a spark. In the words of Shea: "And so came the question of the spacecraft to approval, an endless discussion. I got angry a bit, and said, 'Look, there's no way there is a fire in the spacecraft unless a spark or cigarette carry astronauts on board. We will not let them smoke. " Then I gave at that meeting the following orders: "Go and clean the spacecraft. Ensure that all fire regulations are met" Though the ship passed the review, the crew ended up at the end of the meeting by introducing Joe Shea a photo of three of them sitting around a housing model, with their heads bowed in prayer position, with a simple inscription: "Not that I trust you, Joe, but we've decided to bypass his own '. On January 25, 1967, Apollo 1 crew began a series of tests countdown on the spacecraft platform at Kennedy Space Center. While Shea was ordered to instruct his team to North American to take action on the subject of flammable materials in the cabin, had not monitored the issue directly, and few actions, if any, was carried. During the tests on the platform, the spacecraft suffered a series of technical problems, including communications torn and static. Wally Schirra, the commander of the mission reserves, Shea suggested that the test should be on the countdown with the crew in order to experience first hand the issues they faced. Although Shea seriously considered the idea, it proved to be unworkable due to difficulties engaging fourth Shea communications loop. The hatch should be left open to remove the extra cables, and leave open the hatch would have been impossible to carry out the emergency exit test that was scheduled for the end of the day 27.29 According to Shea later told the press, join the crew to perform the test "would have been highly irregular '. The final test of the countdown was held on 27 January. While Shea was in Florida for the start of the test, decided to leave before it concluded. He returned to his office in Houston around 17:30 CST.31 at 5:31 pm CST (6:31 pm EST) unleashed a massive fire in the Apollo command module. Unable to escape, the three astronauts inside the spacecraft, Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee were killed in seconds. RESEARCH. Immediately after the fire, Shea and colleagues at the Houston ASPO on a plane to NASA's Kennedy Space Center. They landed about 1:00 am, just five hours after the accident. At a meeting this morning with Robert Gilruth, George Mueller and George Low, Shea helped to identify the members of the review committee from NASA would seek the cause of the fire. Additionally, he persuaded George Mueller, head of Office of Manned Space Flight at NASA, to let him act as his assistant in Florida, overseeing the progress of investigacin. Appointed to the advisory group chose to support the review board, Shea was devoted to research, working eighty hours semanales. Although the exact cause of ignition was never found, it soon became clear that a short circuit somewhere module had started the fire, probably caused by a bare wire. What was less clear was the division of responsibilities. NASA engineers tended to point to what they saw as shoddy work from North American Aviation. For its part, North American executives blamed the NASA management for its decision despite their objections pressurizing the panel with pure oxygen to a pressure well above the necessary space in which almost any material, including Velcro, to which was lined inside the cabin would burn instantly into flames if exposed Whatever a chispa. regardless of the precise distribution of responsibilities, Joseph Shea seemed to be haunted by the feeling that he personally was responsible for the deaths of three astronauts. For years after the fire, showed the picture that gave the crew of Apollo 1 in the main hall of their own house. CRISIS. The pressure of the investigation Shea psychologically affected. He had trouble sleeping and began to use barbiturates and alcohol with the intention of sobrellevarlo. Shea was not the only NASA employee who had problems of fire: Robert Seamans wrote that "people involved in Houston flew to Washington to testify and were literally sobbing throughout the flight " and a man who was

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working under Shea suffered a nervous breakdown and was reportedly taken to a mental hospital on a shirt force, A few weeks after the fire, Shea's colleagues began to notice that he was behaving erratically. Chris Kraft, whose father had suffered from schizophrenia, would relate later, Shea's behavior in a meeting: Joe Shea calmly got up and started reporting on the status of the investigation. But a minute later, I was wandering, and in another thirty seconds, incoherent. I looked and I saw [in him] to my father, plagued by early dementia. It was horrible and fascinating at the same time. The NASA administrator James Webb became increasingly concerned about the mental state of Shea. Specifically, he was concerned that Shea might not be able to deal with hostile questioning would receive the Congressional investigation into the fire of Apollo 1. Senator Walter Mondale had accused the NASA engineers of criminal negligence regarding the design and construction of the Apollo command module, and it was reasonable to expect that Shea would be in the firing line. In March, Webb sent Robert Seamans and Charles Berry, head of the NASA physicist to speak with Shea and ask them to take long unpaid leave. This, they hoped, would prevent call him to testify. He had already prepared a press release, but Shea refused to accept this fait accompli, threatening to resign before he left. As a compromise, agreed to consult a psychiatrist and to allow an independent assessment of psychological fitness. But this attempt to relegate his post Shea also failure. As one of his friends, Psychiatrists returned saying, "How elegant, how clever he is!" Here was Joe, about to kill himself, but still managed to outwit the psiquiatras. REASSIGNMENT. Finally, the senior Shea were forced to make a more direct. On April 7 it was announced that Shea would be moved to NASA headquarters in Washington D. C., where he served as assistant to George Mueller in the Office of Manned Space Flight. He was replaced as head of the Office of Space Shuttle Program Apollo Low. While George Shea had acted as de facto assistant Mueller in Florida during the investigation, the permanent reality of this target was very different. When it announced the redeployment of Shea, one of his friends gave an interview to Time magazine anonymous that said: "If Joe stays in Washington, will be promoted. If she goes away in three or four months, you will know that this move was tantamount to a dismissal ". Shea himself appeared to accept the reassignment only grudgingly, stating "it was as if NASA was trying to hide from Congress so he could say '.Once in his new job, increased dissatisfaction with a position that he considered a' no "since" and later commented: "I do not understand why, after all he had done for the program ... I was the only one dismissed. It was the end of the program for me '. Only six months after the fire, and a couple of months after accepting his new role, Shea left NASA in order to become vice president of Polaroid in Waltham (Massachusetts). It had not been called to testify about the fire before the congressional investigation.

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EXCERSICE 1. FOUND 10 SUFIJOS Y 10 PREFIJOS DE LOS TEXTOS QUE LE CORRESPONDA A CADA EQUIPO Y REALICE LO SIGUIENTE. -

ENTREGA DIGITAL EL DA VIERNES. TIME: SINCE TUESDAY UNTIL FRIDAY AT 11:59PM OCLOCK REALIZARLO POR GRUPO. (COLOQUE TODOS LOS NOMBRES DE LOS QUE PARTICIPARON, TOME EN CUENTA QUE DEFENDER SU ASIGNACIN POSTERIORMENTE 1 SLO DEL EQUIPO). TRANSFORMAR LAS 20 PALABRAS A SU EQUIVALENTE RESALTE LA PALABRA SELECCIONADA MENCIONE QUE SIGNIFICADO TIENE EL USO DEL PREFIJO Y SUFIJO SEGN CORRESPONDA. SIN QUE SE PIERDA EL SENTIDO DE LA ORACIN, SELECCIONE 5 PALABRAS Y REEMPLACELA POR SU SINNIMO EN SU DEFECTO USE LA MISMA SIN INCLUIR PREFIJOS NI SUFIJOS , TEXTOS POR GRUPOS.

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY: GRUPO #1 TECHNOLOGY WI-MAX: GRUPO #2 SOFTWARE DE SISTEMA: GRUPO #3 TECHNOLOGY WI-FI: GRUPO #4 ENGINEERING: GRUPO#5 APOLLO 1. FIRE GRUPO#6 HISTORY. JOSEPH FRANCIS: GRUPO#7

NOTA: TOME EN CUENTA QUE LOS TEXTOS SON LARGOS,EVITE SELECCIONAR

PALABRAS REPETIDAS (SUFIJOS Y PREFIJOS), PERDERN PUNTUACIN.

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SUSTANTIVO ADJETIVO BASE + 1. Simpl(e) Cod(e) Intens(e) 2. QuickLengthDeepDeaf3. Botan(from botany) HospitalPublicChin- (from China) Portugu(from Portugal) JapanCalvinIdealImpressionAthe (from atheism) Ideal- (from idealism) ViolinGeoEcoTechnoSoftKindHappi- (from happy) Activ- (from active) Abil- (from able) Reliabil(from reliable DifficultAccura(from accurate) Convenien(from convenient) Extravagant-

SUFIJO=

VERBO DERIVADO

EQUIVALENTE

Hacer, formar FY

Derivados cuya base es un sustantivo un adjetivo. Estos ejemplos se utilizan generalmente en el lenguaje cientifico

Simplifity Codifity Intensify Quicken Lengthen Deepen deafen Botanize Hospitalize publicize

Simplificar Codificar intensificar acelerar alargar profundizar ensordecer Herborizar Hospitalizar Publicar

Ponerse (ms) EN

Sujeto a: IZE

Nacionalidades - ESE

Chinese Portuguese Japanese

Chino Portugus Japons

Derivados cuya base es slo sustantivos

Doctrina, creencia

idea,

Calvinism Idealism impressionism Atheist Idealist violinist Geology Ecology technology Sustantivo abstracto Softness Kindness happiness Activity Ability realibility

Calvinismo Idealismo impresionismo Ateo Idealista violinista geologa ecologa technologa Suavidad Bondad felicidad Actividad Habilidad Confiabilidad

- ISM Hacer practica de, ocuparse con IST

Ciencia - LOGY Cualidad,estado NESS

Derivados cuya base es slo adjetivos

ITY

Y CY

difficulty acucuracy Convenience

dificultad Exactitude, precisin Comodidad, ventaja

CE CE

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(from extravagant) Wid- (from wide) Leng- (from long) EastWindPreposicin base + OnBackLeisure Week HourMonthAdjetivo base + EasiNeceariAcademicalReadDrink ConvertDivis- (from divide) Product(from produce) SelectComparat (from compare) InterestFavorSuffic- (frm suffice) Observ(from observe) UseDelightSuccesssustantivos Meat SandDangerOdorHarmMotionMeasureTH

Extravagance

extravagancia

Width length

Ancho, anchura longitud Hacia el este Hacia el viento Hacia adelante Hacia atrs Despacio, cmodamente Semanalmente A cada hora mensualmente Fcilmente Necesariamente Acadmicamente Legible Bebible Convertible Divisible Productive Selective Comparative Interesante favorito

Curso, direccin WARDS WARDS

Eastwards windwards Onwards backwards Leisurely Weekly Hourly Monthly Easily Necessarily academically Readable Drinkable Convertible divisible Productive Selective Comparative

Modo -LY -LY Capacidad ABLE - IBLE Tendencia a -IVE

Verbo base+

-ING -ITE Cualidad -ENT -ANT Lleno de -FUL -Y -OUS Sin LESS

Interesting favorite

Sufficient observant Useful Delightful Successful Meaty Sandy Dangerous Odorous Harmless Motionless measureless

Suficiente Observador, observante til Delicioso Exitoso Carnoso Arenoso Peligroso oloroso Inofensivo Inmvil inmensurable

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Parecido en naturaleza, modo BrotherWorldMannerChild LifeSelfSwed- (from Sweden) Turk- (from Turkey) FoolWoodGoldAgeVolcan(from volcano) DemocratMusicTypicAlphabetic RegionEuropeItalyInfantJuvenValu- (from value) PeaceReasonVisVERBOS WorkBoilObserveProducerReactConductInsulatServ- (from serve) AdherEmployTrainRefugActApplicaTransmisAgente -ER Worker Boiler Observer Producer Reactor Conductor Insulator Servant adherent Employee Trainee refugee Action application transmission Trabajador Caldera Observador Productor Reactor Conductor Aislador Sirviente, servidor adherente Empleado Aprendiz refugiado Accin aplicacin transmisin -LY Brotherly Wrodly Mannerly Childlike Lifelike Selfish Swedish Turkish Foolish .-EN -ED -IC Wooden Golden Aged Volcanic Democratic Musical Typical Alphabetical Regional European Italian Infantible Juvenible fertible valuable peaceable reasonable visible Fraternal Mundane Educado, corts Infantile Natural, vivo Egosta Sueco Turco Tonto De manera Dorado Aejo Volc{anico Democrtico Musical Tpico Alfabtico Regional Europeo Italiano Infantil Juvenil Frtil Valioso Pacfico, apacible Razonable visible

-LIKE -ISH

-AL

-AN -IBLE -ABLE

-IBLE

-OR .ANT -ENT Receptor -EE Receptor - ION TION SION

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ExpediFixPayMove attach RefusRevivdismiss ReadUs(e) CoverShrinkSignificAcceptExistCompos(from compose) DefectSUSTANTIVO base Chem(from chemistry) EconomEngineProfitStatistic(from statistics) Obstetric(from obstetrics) RepublicLondonLecturBookBrookPigChildManNeighborFriendMemberKingStarCrockRocketSlaveMachineDevil-

TION ATION MENT AL ING AGE

expedition fixation Payment Movement atacchment Refusal Revival dismissal reading Usage Coverage

ENCE

shrinkage Significance Acceptance existence Composite defective

Expedicin fijacin Pago Movimiento Atadura, unin Rechaso Resucitacin lectura lectura Uso Alcance, cobertura Encogimiento, contraccin Significacin Aceptacin existencia Compositivo defectuoso

Que demuestra -ITE -IVE Agente -IST Chemist Economist Engineer Profiteer Statistician Obstetrician Republican Londoner -ER Diminutive -LET Condicin -HOOD -SHIP -DOM -ERY -RY Childhood Manhood Neighborhood Friendship Membership Kingdom Stardom Crockery Rocketry Slavery Machinery devilry Niez Virilidad Vecindario Amistad Condicin de miembro Reinado Estrellato Loza Cohetera Esclavitud Maquinara Diablura, maldad Booklet Brooklet piglet libretn, folletn Arroyuelo Cerdito, lechn lecturer Qumico Economist Ingeniero Acaparador Estadistico Obstetra Republican Londoniense conferencista

-EER

(i)AN

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Medida, cantidad MouthSpoonHand-FUL Mouthful Spoonful handful Bocado Cucharada puado

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