Biology Study Sheet

Characteristics of life:

Regulation - response to stimuli; all activities to maintain homeostasis Growth - increase in size Nutrition - ingestion, digestion, egestion Synthesis/Assimilation - smaller molecules (synthesis - process; assimilation - outcome) Respiration - chemical processes that release energy from food Transport - absorption and distribution of materials in an organism Reproduction - makes more of your own kind Excretion - getting rid of metabolic wastes Metabolism - The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. (all the 7 characteristics) Homeostasis - process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Development of Cell Theory:

Robert Hooke - 1665 - used one of first light microscopes to look at plant tissues (called them chamber cells) Anton Von Leeuwenhoek - 1674 - observes tiny living organisms in drops of pond water through his simple microscope Robert Brown - discovered nucleus Theodor Schwann - 1839 - animals are made up of cells Matthias Shleiden - 1838 - all plants are made up of cells Rudolf Virchow - study cell reproduction; 1855where a cell exist, there must have been a preexisting cell

Cell theory all living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things New cells are produced from existing cells Theory - a coherent group of tested general propositions, commonly regarded as correct, that can be used as principles of explanation and prediction for a class of phenomena Law - is a readily demonstrable fact that cannot be disproven. Microdissection - dissection under microscope Micropipette - sucks out nucleus Centrifuge - spins tube with cell, 2000rpm, separates (dense goes down, light goes up) Cell theory exceptions: 1. Viruses aren't made of cells and reproduce in a host cell. 2. Chloroplasts reproduce independently of the cell and have their own genetic material

Scientific Method: 1. Form a question 2. Gather Background information 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Materials / Procedure 5. Test with experiment 6. Analyze data 7. Draw a conclusion/Discussion Control - That which purposefully direct, manipulate, manage, regulate, restrain, or cause change Hypothesis - an educated explanation for question Independent variable - variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher Dependent variable - the response that is measured Experimentation - the testing of an idea

Cells: organelles and functions:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Nucleolus - assembling of ribosomes begins Nucleus - controls the cell activities and holds genetic information Nuclear envelope - has pores and allows material to go in and out of nucleus Rough Endoplasmic reticulum - synthesis of protein; modify protein Vacuole - stores materials Golgi Body - enzymes in Golgi apparatus attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins Lysosome - breaks down lipid, carbohydrates and proteins into particles that can be used by rest of the cell Cytoplasm - holds cells of cells organelles Centrioles - help with cell division Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - does not have ribosomes; collects enzymes which perform synthesis of lipids Mitochondria - use of energy from food to make high energy compound that cell uses to power growth, development and movement (POWERHOUSE) Cell membrane - regulates what enters and leave cells and provides protection and support Ribosomes (free) - produce proteins that will be immediately stored or used in cytosol Ribosomes (attach) feed protein to endoplasmic reticulum Chloroplasts - divide on its own; site of photosynthesis Cell Wall - makes cellulose Animal Cells Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm Present Round irregular shape Animal cells dont have Plant Cells Lysosomes usually not evident It is very rare Rectangular fixed shape Plant cells have chloroplast

Lysosomes Cilia Shape Chloroplast

chloroplast Vacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells). Present in all animal cells Absent Absent Only in cell membrane May be found in some cells Present Present Present Present Present

centrioles Plastids Cell Wall Plasma Membrane Flagella Nucleus Cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus

because they make their own food One, large central vacuole taking up 90% of cell volume. Only present in lower plant forms Present Present Cell wall and a cell membrane May be found in some cells
Present

Present Present Present Present

Microscope Parts & functions:

Stage - supports the slide being observed Diaphragm - regulates the amount of light passing up toward the eyepiece Ocular (eyepiece) - contains a magnifying lens Coarse Adjustment - moves the body tube to focus the image Fine Adjustment - moves the body tube slightly to sharpen the image High Power Objective - provides a magnification of 400x and is the longest objective Low Power Objective - provides a magnification of 100x and is the next shortest objective Scanning Power Objective - provides a magnification of 4x and is the shortest objective Nose Piece - holds the objectives and can be rotated to change the magnification
Characteristics Cell type Cell Structure Archae Bacteria Prokaryotic Cell wall w/o peptidoglycon Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Cell wall w/ Some have cell wall Cell wall made of Cell wall made No cell walls peptidoglycon made of cellulose chiton of cellulose; or chloroplasts chloroplasts unicellular Unicellular, form colonies multicellular multicellular multicellular

Number of cells

Unicellular

Nutrition Examples

Autotroph and heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles

Autotroph and Autotroph and heterotroph heterotroph EiColi, streptococcus

Heterotroph, absorption

Autotroph

Hetertroph

Ameba, paramecium Mushrooms, yeasts

Mosses, ferns, Sponges, plants worms

Kingdoms:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Eukaryotic - with a nucleus Prokaryotic - without a nucleus

(Bacteria Cell) Naked Nucleus

General Chemistry
Atom (shell diagram) - basic unit of matter Electron - negatively charged particle located outside the atomic nucleus Valence electron - electron in outer shell of atom Proton - positively charged particle located in nucleus Neutron - neutral charged located in nucleus Element - substance consisting of entirely of one type of atom Mixture - material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined Compound - substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions Organic - organism that contains carbon Non organic - organism that does not contain carbon Ionic bond - bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another Covalent bond - bond formed by sharing of electrons between atoms Molecular formula - specifies actual # of atoms of each element in molecule Structural formula - representation of molecular structure showing how atoms are arranged and the chemical bonding Isotopes - same # of protons, not same mass (neutrons) Valence electron - electron in outer shell of atom Ions - atom with charge Hydrocarbons - simplest organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen Saturated - soak or charge thoroughly Unsaturated - contain double/triple chemical bond between carbon atoms in molecule

Carbohydrates
compound made up of CHO atoms Monosaccharide - single sugar molecule Disaccharide - Any of a class of sugars, including lactose and sucrose that are composed of two monosaccharides Polysaccharide - large macromolecules formed from monosaccharide

Dehydration Synthesis
lose water create larger molecule Hydrolysis - add water to break down stuff Isomer - chemical compound having the same elements as one or more other compounds but differing structurally Enzyme - catalyst (speeds up chemical reaction but does not break) Lipids - macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms

Glycerol - C3H8O3 Fatty Acid - CnH2n+1COOH

Protein
macromolecule containing CHON, needed for body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes Amino acid - compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) on the other end Essential A.A - need them, body cannot produce by itself Peptide bond - a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, thereby releasing a molecule of water (H2O). structural protein: Elastin - used to resume skin shape after stretching (like pinching) Keratin - protein in hair and nail Collagen - protein naturally found in skin, filler, makes things supple Hormone - regulatory protein - help in maintaining homeostasis Insulin - protein that helps body absorbs and makes sugar Estrogen, enzymes, hemoglobin - proteins carry oxygen

Enzymes
1 enzyme - 1 polypeptide 1 enzyme 1 substrate (one enzyme will only work with one substrate) Substrate - substance acted upon by enzyme Secondary structure of protein - 2D Tertiary structure of protein - 3D they can function Peptide needs to fold correctly to functionHydrogen Peroxide - first aid antiseptic kills germs Hydrogen Chloride - strongest acid (pH of 0) Sodium Hydroxide - strongest base (pH of 14) *Acid and Base neutralize by water*

Lock and Key Model

Maltase can only work with Maltose (carbohydrate). Maltase breaks down maltose. Enzyme: reusable Induced fit - recognize then mold Relax State - substrate

Factors affecting enzyme activity:

Optimum pH - where they react fastest pepsin - lives/stay in stomach - work best at pH 2-3 trypsin - in small intestine - work best at pH 8-9 Optimum Temperature - best temperature for enzyme activity

Denature - active site, change shape cannot work

Structure of a leaf

Cuticle - prevent H20 loss Protect soft inner tissues Upper epidermis - transparent allow light to get through Palisade mesophyll (layer) - major site of photosynthesis Spongy mesophyll - allow gases to move around Lower Epidermis - protect soft inner tissue Stomata - opening that allows for gas exchange Guard Cell - controls the opening and closing of stomata Fibro vascular bundle Xylem - dead cells - transport H2O Phloem - messenger - transport glucose

Light

Types of electromagnetic waves - light, microwaves, xrays, tv/radio transmissions Spectrum of visible light (ROYGBIV) - 750-380 Colors suitable/not suitable for photosynthesis - green (reflect) other colors (absorb) Wave length - measured in nanometer Frequency (intensity) - how fast, longer wave length horter frequency Amplitude - how tall half wave is Pigment - substance that absorbs certain light but reflect others Osmotic Pressure - osmosis occurring from soil to root Adhesion - attraction between unlike molecules Capillary Action - water to rise in thin tube Transpiration - evaporation of water through stomata Cohesion - attraction of two same molecules Phototropism - plant growth stimulated by light Gravitropism - any movement or growth of a living organism in response to the force of gravity Auxins - substance produced in the tip of a seedling that stimulates cell elongation (genera) Gibberellins - growth-promoting substance produced by plants (flower, fruit) Cytokinins - stimulate cell division and growth of lateral buds, and cause dormant seeds to sprout

Parts for digestive system

Mouth Teeth - mechanically break down food (larger surface area faster digestion) Saliva-amylase - starts chemical digestion of carbohydrate Tongue - muscle Epiglottis - flap; prevents food from getting into the trachea

Esophagus - transport food stomach Stomach - pepsin starts the chemical digestion of proteins 2-3 pH main function - acid gets rid of bacteria that come in with food (chime) Small Intestine - most of chemical digestion occurs here. All of the absorption occurs here Duodenum - first part - connecting small intestine and stomach Intestinal juice - pH8-9 - neutralize chime and start chemical digestion Pancreatic juice - pH8-9 Bile - made by liver - stored in gall bladder (mechanical digestion of lipid) emulsification of lipid Large Intestine - re-absorption of water prevents from dehydration Rectum - storage (temporarily) of feces (indigestible food) Anus - exit for feces Lactia - responsible for absorbing fatty acid and glycerol Kidney - filters blood

Cell Membrane
Function: 1. Controls what goes in and out 2. Give cell shape 3. Holds the cell together

Substances movement

Concentration gradient - differences in concentration in different area Diffusion - the movement of particle from one place to another as a result of their random motion Equilibrium - equal concentration Diffusion - occurs when area of high concentration area of low concentration moves along concentration gradient Selectively Permeable (semipermeable) - allow things that are small enough to go in When diffusion occurs, outside or inside has to be wet for diffusion to occur* *Osmosis - diffusion in water Solvent - dissolves the solute (always liquid) Solute - things being dissolved (usually as a solid not always) Passive Transport - movement of substances that does not require energy Active Transport - movement of substances that requires energy Phagocyte - white blood cell Phagocytosis - the intake of fluid droplets into a cell Endocytosis - the process by which a cell membrane folds inward to take in substances bound to its surface Exocytosis - take packaged in cell and take it out

Diffusion Does not require energy Ex: placing food coloring in water

Active Transport Requires energy Ex: takes sodium ions out, brings potassium ions in

Moves from area of high concentration to Low Moves from area of low concentration to high

*Similarities: move substances across cell membrane*

Energy - ability to do work (PE) Potential Energy - stored energy; energy of position (KE) Kinetic Energy - energy of motion 1st Law of Thermodynamics - Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from 1 kind to another.

Cellular Respiration
process that harvest energy from food molecules (glucose) to make ATP

1st Step: Glycolysis: breaking down of glucose Calorie - amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water. Alcoholic Fermentation - produce carbon dioxide Lactic Fermentation - produces oxygen *1 pyruvic acid makes 1 ethanol and 1 CO2 * Glycolysis (cytoplasm) Krebs Cycle (mitochondria-alone membrane) Electron transport chain (ETC) (mitochondria-along membrane) Krebs Cycle - get as many hydrogen pairs as possible

Diseases Related to the Heart

SA node(Sinoatria) - located in the wall of right atrium stimulates atrium to contract AV node (Atrioventricular) - located in septum stimulates ventricle to contract Hypertension - high blood pressure Aneurysm - Bursting of Blood vessels Stroke (brain hemrage) - blood vessels burst in brain Heart attack - Blood clot in artery Atherosderosis - Narrowing of arteries

Circulatory System

Arteries - carry blood from heart to tissues of the body thick walls that help stand pressure produced when heart contracts and pushes blood into arteries Capillaries - smallest walls are one cell thick - blood cells pass through single file bringing nutrients and O2 to tissues, absorbing CO2 and absorbing waste products Veins - carry back to heart

Pulmonary - right side of heart pumps blood from heart to lungs

in lungs, CO2 leaves, O2 absorbed

Systematic - oxygen-rich blood flows into left side of heart and pumped to rest of body

Components of Blood

Plasma - (90% water, 10% dissolved substance) Platelet - (used for blood clog) platelets clump at injured site and releases thromboplastic (enzyme) Red Blood Cell - (RBC) -erythrocyte; transport oxygen White Blood Cell - (WBC) - phagocyte - perform phagocytosis Lymphocyte - produce antibiotics Anemia - not enough hemoglobin Sickle cell anemia - cannot take oxygen, crescent shape, block capillary, block nutrient transport Leukemia - something wrong with white bone marrow - overproduce white blood cell. Hermaphrodite - having male and female reproductive organs Plantae Eukaryote Cell wall w/ cellulose Multicellular autotroph Rose/maple human Animalia chordata Mammalia Primates Homo (hominidae) Homo sapiens Animalia Eukaryote No cell wall Multicellular fleterotroph Humans, monkeys Chimpanzee Animalia chordata Mammalia Primates Pan (pongidae) Pantrogiodytes

Kingdom Cell type Cell structure # of cells Made of nutrients Examples Kingdom Phylum Class order Family Genus Species