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United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization and International Atomic Energy Agency INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS

ULTRA-LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROSTATIC MODES IN A MAGNETIZED DUSTY PLASMA

M. Salimullah1 Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh and International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, M.R. Amin Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, 85740 Garching, Germany and International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, M. Salahuddin Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh and A. Roy Chowdhury Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700 032, India and International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy.

MIRAMARE - TRIESTE November 1997

Regular Associate of the ICTP.

ABSTRACT A study on the extremely low-frequency possible electrostatic modes in a finite temperature magnetized dusty plasma taking the charged dust grains as the third component has been carried out using the appropriate Vlasov-kinetic theory for the dynamics of the electrons, ions and the dust particles. It is found that the inequalities of charge and number density of plasma species, and the finite-Larmor-radius thermal kinetic effects of the mobile charged dust grains, introduce the existence of very low-frequency electrostatic eigenmodes in the three-component homogeneous magnetized dusty plasma. The relevance of the present investigation to space and astrophysical situations as well as laboratory experiments for dust Coulomb crystallization has been pointed out.

A dusty plasma is a three-component plasma with electrons, ions, and a dispersed phase of very massive charged grains of solid matter. Dusty plasmas are usually encountered in the space and astrophysical situations 1 " 3 , fusion devices4, industry and modern technologies5,6 as well as in the dust coagulation and macroscopic Coulomb crystal formations7"13. The size of the heavy grains is typically in the micrometer range. The dust grains are massive (md/mp ~ 106 1012) and can be charged up to Zd ~ 103 105 by various charging processes, such as, electron and ion plasma currents, photoelectric effects, secondary impact ionizations, transient events, etc. The presence of this very massive, charged, low-density grains in the plasma introduces new time and space scales in the plasma behavior leading to new waves and instabilities. This has been the subject of many recent investigations. The process of charging of grains and grain charge fluctuations are also interesting and have been investigated recently 1 " 3 . In most of the earlier studies on collective effects in dusty plasmas, fluid description of plasmas was considered14"18. Since the mass of a dust grain can be many orders higher than that of an ion, the finite-Larmor-radius (FLR) effects must become significant in a small but finite temperature magnetized dusty plasma. In this situation, it is anticipated that the presence of external magnetic field with the inclusion of FLR thermal kinetic effect can also open a number of additional or new modes which usually cannot be found by the cold-fluid magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) theory. Kinetic theory including the finite Larmor radius effects was employed earlier19 for the case of transverse propagation and the presence of the dust-lower-hybrid mode was shown to exist in a hot magnetized dusty plasma. M.R. Amin20 attempted a study of specific low-frequency electrostatic modes for propagation in almost perpendicular and almost parallel to the magnetic field starting from an approximate expression for the dielectric function [Eq.(2) of his paper 20 ]. To the best knowledge of the authors, there has not been any systematic study on the various possible low-frequency electrostatic modes at different frequency regimes including the FLR effects in a hot magnetized dusty plasma. In this Letter, we investigate the very lowfrequency electrostatic modes whose frequency ranges are in between the dust cyclotron

and ion cyclotron frequencies as well as below the dust cyclotron frequency in a uniformly magnetized dusty plasma by considering dust dynamics with Vlasov-kinetic theory. In particular, we investigate the ultra-low-frequency electrostatic dust modes propagating obliquely to the external magnetic field by including the FLR thermal kinetic effects. We consider a fully ionized plasma consisting of positive ions, electrons and negatively charged dust grains embedded in a uniform ambient magnetic field. Although the size, mass, and the charge of the dust grains vary from one grain to another, we assume that the dust grains all have uniform size and a constant negative charge, and that they neither break up nor coalesce. When the grain size is much smaller than the wavelength of perturbations and the interparticle distance, then the dust grains may be treated as negatively charged point masses (like negative ions). In the equilibrium, the plasma is quasineutral and the conservation of the particle number density must always hold. Thus, for negatively charged dust grains, the quasineutrality condition demands that ne0 + Zdnd0 = Zini0, where Zi and Zd refer to the charge numbers of ions and dust particles; nj0 is the unperturbed particle number density. We assume constant charge on the dust particles and thereby neglect any damping of the wave modes that may arise because of grain charge fluctuations. Our approximation can be justified for those dusty plasmas where the charging frequency of the grains is very small compared to the wave-frequency under consideration.
21

However, in a dusty plasma, the dust electronic

charge, mass, and radius, etc. may have distributions, i.e., these may be time-dependent quantities and should be treated as dynamical variables. The charge fluctuation of grains alone leads to a dissipation of the low-frequency modes. "
21 27

Let us now consider any electrostatic mode (,k) propagating obliquely to an external magnetic field Bs || z. We assume that the wavevector k of the mode lies on the xz

plane in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. The dispersion relation of this electrostatic mode is obtained from28

e(u,k) = 1+ ]T
=e,i,d

= 0,

(1)

where

= k2v f^2~2 2a
(4Z2e n0/m) / ,
2 1 2

^pa

\\
2

ln(ba)ew(-ba)

(2)

is t h e p l a s m a susceptibility for species ; = e,i,d r e p r e s e n t s p l a s m a species, p =

b = k"j_v"^/2uj a; In(b)

is the nth-order modified Bessel function

with its argument b and Z is the plasma dispersion function with its argument [( nc)/k\\va]; v = (2T/m)1/2 and c = ZeBs/mc, are respectively, the thermal ve-

locity and cyclotron frequency of particles of species ; m and T are the mass and temperature of a particle, e is the magnitude of electron charge and c is the speed of light in a vacuum. We now consider Eq.(1) explicitly for the dispersion relations of various possible low-frequency electrostatic modes in the following different conditions :

I. Dust-lower-hybrid mode (cd <C <^i ci):

For t h e conditions, ucd <ti UJ <ti uJCi ^ ^ce, k\\Vd ^ UJ ^C k\\Vi ^C k\\ve, kVd <ti ujcd ^

ci <ti

ce

and k = 0, the dynamics of the motion of the dust grains can be treated as
a n d

unmagnetized. Using Eq.(2) one can obtain e,i = 1/k22De,Di, d = ^Id/1^2

the

dispersion relation, 0 = 1 + e + i + d, yields the usual dust-acoustic mode in a dusty plasma, first predicted by Rao et al. 1 4 Shukla
29

has studied the lower-hybrid like modified mode, Eq.(17) in his paper in a

dense (pe ^$> ce2) and a low temperature dusty plasma for the conditions kv,ci,cd ^ UJ <i
ce

and k2v2/c <i 1. Here, we consider still lower frequency electrostatic modes

having cd < < ci where the importance of the dynamics of the dust particles may play an important role. Since the mass of a dust grain is usually many orders larger than the mass of ions (md ^$> i), the Larmor radius of the dust particles may be comparable or greater than the wavelength of the waves involved in a finite temperature magnetized dusty plasma. In this case, we assume that the mode (,k) under consideration satisfies the following conditions :
, k\\va <C , kVd
c d
k

kVi

ci,

d f 1

>

kve
c

(3)

v e

Then, using Eq.(2), the electron and ion plasma susceptibilities are given by

Xi

(j =

'*

(4)

and for the unmagnetized dust dynamics, the dust susceptibility is given by
2

d =
UJ

2.

(5)

Using Eqs.(4) and (5), the dispersion relation, Eq.(1) for the mode under consideration reduces to

DLH

1 __ _ ^ i J _ ! ^ ! ^ (-, , io e | k\ Zdndo me 2 V neo m d

(6)

where
DLH2

= cdci(Zdndo/nio)/(1

+ neome/niomi),

(7)

may be referred to as the dust-lower-hybrid frequency.19 Equation (6) is the dispersion relation for the mode in the frequency range cd < < ci and with the strong FLR thermal kinetic effects for the dust particles. We observe that for k\\ = 0 the mode becomes a static vibration and the frequency becomes directly proportional to ^JujCiUJcd. Therefore, this mode may be called a dust-lower-hybrid mode. We recover the same dust-lower-hybrid frequency, Eq.(3) of Ref.19 for transverse propagation {k\\ ~ 0) in a cold dusty plasma. For exact transverse propagation with cd < <i c i and kVd/cocd > 1 > kVi/u)Ci, the low-frequency mode is given by Eq.(4) of Ref.19 With the inclusion of the dust charge fluctuations and following Jana et al.24, Mahanta et al.27 have studied the low-frequency electrostatic lower-hybrid-like mode having kv,ci, cd <i u)
ce

and obtained the modified solution (Eq.(10) of their paper). This

was already studied by Shukla29 without considering charge fluctuations which only lead to the novel mechanism of damping of the mode. 2 1 " 2 7 However, in our study we consider still lower frequency regime (cd <ti UJ ci) and obtain the dust-lower-hybrid mode

(Eq.(6)) for constant charge on the dust grains. It is anticipated that the dust-chargefluctuations would lead to an additional damping which is beyond the scope of the present paper.

II. Ultra-low-frequency dust-modes ( <^ cd) : In this case, we consider two situations of weak and strong FLR effects : (i) First, for the weak FLR effect we assume, kVd <i cd ^ ^d ^ pe, k\\Vd thus the susceptibilities for electrons, ions, and the dust particles are given by

Using Eqs.(8) in Eq.(1), we obtain in the limit, pd ^$> u2d and k2 <^k2) the dispersion relation of the ultra-low-frequency dust-mode as

^ = ^ | ~ ^ ('if^/il^)
(ii) Secondly, for the strong FLR effect, we assume k\\vd ^C but kvd/ujcd > 1 kVi/ujCi ^$> kve/ujce and thus the dust-susceptibility is given by >

(9)

K Vd

Using Eqs.(4) and (10) in Eq.(1), the dispersion relation of the mode under consideration is given by

For the strong FLR effect with k\ > kj and high density limit (u^ > u^), Eq.(11) reduces to
10

f a .2 / , . 2 W , , 2 / L 2 , , 2 V {ALOpd/LOpi){LOci/ KVd)

However, if 2pd2/k2vd ^> PI2/CI2, which is always possible in a usual dusty plasma, then the dispersion relation of the ultra-low-frequency mode is given by

do llbe

771

771

71

IIH

lh

eo

It is interesting to note that this mode also disappears for exact transverse propagation {k\\ = 0). We note that the mode is contributed by the dynamics of the almost unmagnetized massive dust particles which follow the straight-line orbits. The magnetic field effect of the next lighter particles is also negligible for the ultra-low-frequency conditions.

These modes may cause enhanced low frequency electrostatic noise from the dustplasma environments. In the process of dust coagulation and crystallization, the resonant interaction of dust grains and these modes may provide a new mechanism of dust attraction causing the formation of structures. III. Dust-cyclotron mode ( ~ cd) Like the electron- or ion-cyclotron wave, there can exist a dust-cyclotron mode in a uniformly magnetized dusty plasma under the following conditions :
UJ ~ UJcd] UJ,\ UJ UJcd \^$> k\\Vd'i

k\\ve, k\\Vi > (adiabatic electrons and ions); and

k\Ve,ij^ce,c% <C 1 but kVd/oJcd > 1.

Using these conditions in Eq.(2), we obtain the electron, ion and dust susceptibilities as
e p e

ft, Ue
pd

k2vi 6 ) ( 6 )
) UJ ujcd

Vd

exp (-&,)].

(14)

Thus, for given by

i2

k2vd2, the dust-cyclotron mode for the long parallel wavelength is >k2v2

1(bd) exp (-bd)

neoTd/Z2ndoTe

- Io(bd) exp (-6 d ) , '

( 1 5 )

where bd = k v d/2uj cd.

Assuming that the dust charging frequency is small compared to the dust cyclotron frequency, the Troms0-damping 21 ~ 27 due to the dust charge fluctuation can be neglected. The detailed studies on Troms-damping of this dust cyclotron mode is beyond the scope of the present paper. As the dust cyclotron frequency is much smaller than the cyclotron frequencies of electrons and ions, the Landau damping of this mode on electrons and ions would be negligible.30 Moreover, since ~ cd and ^$> k\\Vd, the collisionless Landau damping of the mode (oc exp (u)2/k2vd)) to the dust particles is also negligible, consequently, the dust-cyclotron mode may be a natural mode of the magnetized dusty plasma.

IV. Dust-Bernstein mode ( ~ ncd)

In this case, we use the following conditions to obtain the various susceptibilities : UJ ~ ncd; > k\\ve>i; , | ncd | > k\\vd.

Under these conditions only the dust motion contribute to the ultra-low-frequency susceptibilities, and thus the electrostatic dust-Bernstein mode can, similar to electron/ion Bernstein modes,
28

be given by

UJ = ncd [1 + In(bd) exp (-bd)].

(16)

In this case, the inertia of the dust particles with strong FLR effects (kvd ^$> cd) is involved and the dynamics of the electrons and ions contribute insignificantly for this shortperpendicular wavelength dust-Bernstein mode. This ultra-low-frequency dust-Bernstein mode may give rise to a new resonant frequency causing low-frequency electrostatic noise emerging perpendicular to the magnetic field. We have studied the dispersion relations of the possible low-frequency electrostatic modes in a hot magnetized dusty plasma using the Vlasov-kinetic theory. The plasma has been considered as multispecies with electrons, ions, and heavily charged massive dust grains as the plasma components. It has been found that the inequalities of charges and number densities of the different plasma species and the FLR thermal kinetic effects of the massive and heavily charged dust grains introduce the existence of the electrostatic eigenmodes [Eqs. (6), (9), (13), (15) and (16) ] in the three-component, uniform, finite temperature, and magnetized dusty plasma. We have considered different frequency ranges of the low-frequency eigenmode (,k). First, we consider the case when cd <ti UJ
c

i,

which was not taken into account in the earlier study by Shukla 29 . In this frequency range we see that the resulting dispersion relation, Eq.(6) is a hybrid mode, which can propagate almost perpendicular to the external magnetic field. For exactly perpendicular propagation [k\\ = 0 , we see from the disperson relation, Eq.(6) of this mode that the frequency of the mode becomes a constant and it is a static vibration at the ion-dust

hybrid frequency ~ ^Jujciujcd- We note here that for exact transverse propagation this mode was predicted in the earlier investigation.
19

We have found two types of ultra-low-frequency modes in the frequency range <ti cd. Here, for both the weak and strong FLR thermal-kinetic effects, the modes, Eqs.(9) and (13) disappear for exact transverse propagation (k\\ = 0). In the frequency range, UJ ~ cd and the strong FLR effects, kVd/u)cd 3> 1, we have found a low-frequency dust-mode whose dispersion relation is given by Eq.(15). This mode may be called an electrostatic dust-cyclotron mode. In the comparatively higher frequency range and short perpendicular wavelength, ~ ncd, > k\\va, a dispersion relation, Eq.(16) for the dust-Bernstein mode in the high-density regime, pd ^> k2vd2 is obtained. In the present investigation, the dust grains were taken as a third-component of the homogeneous dusty plasma having constant charge and mass. For simplicity, we have assumed that the charge on the dust grains is not affected by the waves. The variation of the dust charges can lead to additional damping 2 1 " 2 7 apart from the collisionless Landau damping of the low-frequency electrostatic modes studied here. The low-frequency modes studied here can have many applications in space and astrophysics as well as in laboratory experiments for Coulomb-dust crystallization and dustcoagulation in hot magnetized dusty plasmas 9 " 1 1 ' 3 1 ' 3 2 ' 3 3 . Various collective effects including dust Coulomb crystallization and the parametric mode coupling interactions through these ultra-low-frequency modes in magnetized dusty plasmas will be an important field of research in the future and the work in these lines is in progress.

Acknowledgments:
This work was done within the framework of the Associateship Scheme of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste. Italy. The authors would like to acknowledge the hospitality at ICTP where a part of the work was completed. Financial support from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency is acknowledged. M.R.A. would also like to acknowledge the support of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. The authors are grateful to Professor B. Dasgupta for fruitful discussions.

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