Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
UNEP
2011
www.unep.org/greeneconomy
100
........................................................... iii
................................................................................iv
.................................................................................v
...............................................................................01
....................................................................................................................................................01
.................................................................................................................................................01
.................................................................................................................................................01
...............................................................................................................................03
...................................................................................................................................04
....................................................................................................................................................04
.................................................................05
.........................................................................................05
...............................................................................................................................08
..............................................................................................................10
................................................................................................12
.................................................................................................................13
...................................................................................................17
................................................................19
........................................................................21
..........................................................................................................................................21
.........................................................................................23
.......................................................................................................23
..........................................................................................................24
............................................................................................................................25
....................................................................................................................................................26
......................................................27
...............................................................................29
...............................................................................30
.......................................................................................................30
T21Threshold 21....................................................................................................................32
2%........................................33
i - ii
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
....................03
.....................10
1.
2.
....................13
......................................15
.............16
....................19
......................................20
....................24
.............................................25
.. 27
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
.........................................06
10.
....................07
11.
......................................08
..............................08
2015
17
- ...................09
GDP 2%
.................................11
2004
2009 ........................12
GDP1980
2007 .....................................14
..................................................... 15
..........................16
2030
...................18
..................................................20
%+ / -...................21
:
GDP 2%
.....21
-
GERRobert AyresAndrea BassiPaul ClementsHuntHolger DalkmannDerek EatonMaryanne Grieg-GranHans HerrenCornis Van Der LugtPrasad
ModakLawrence PrattPhilipp RodeKo SakamotoRashid SumailaTon van DrilXander van
TilburgPeter Wooders Mike Young GER
Pavan Sukhdev
Steven Stone Sylvie Lemmet
Anna AutioNicolas BertrandDerek EatonFatma Ben FadhlMarenglen
GjonajMoustapha Kamal GueyeLeigh-Ann HurtAna Luca IturrizaCornis Van Der LugtDesta
MebratuRobert McGowanAsad NaqviBenjamin SimmonsNiclas Svenningsen Vera Weick
Joe AlcamoAniket GhaiPeter GilruthSylviane GuillaumontMark
HalleMarek HarsdorffMoira OBrien-MaloneNick NuttallPeter PoschenKees van der ReeKenneth
Ruffing Mathis Wackernagel Edward Barbier
ILO
UNWTO
Annie HaakenstadTilmann LiebertFranois MacherasDominique
MaingotDmitry PreobrazhenskyAlexandra QuandtPascal Rosset Dhanya Williams
Dsire LeonRahila Mughal Fatma Pandey
iii - iv
20 1992
70 2050
90
1992
+20 21
2% 10
21 Agenda 21
+20
2012
Achim Steiner
v - vi
20
1
10
2008
2008
IEA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2050 90
2030
2
26
8.84 3
MDG
+20
Charting our Water Future: Economic Frameworks to Inform Decision Making2030 2009 iv
Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2010 Update. /2010 6-7
Yunus, Muhammad Karl Weber. Creating a World without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. 2007 5
Green Economy Developing Countries Success Stories. 2010 6
2008
6500 6
6.
7.
8.
2008
GGND
2008
13
8
Analysis of the Scope of Energy Subsidies and Suggestions for the G20 Initiative. 2010 6 26 27
20 4
BarbierE.B. A Global Green New Deal: Rethinking the Economic Recovery. 2010
Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in a Sustainable, Low-carbon World. 2008 11
01 - 02
259
60%
10
20%
52%
20% 8%
11
20
60%12 13
14
1990 2005
1300 15
75%16 75%17
12
1.
10
1961
2006
2
2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
The Ecological Wealth of Nations: Earths Biocapacity as a New Framework for International Cooperation. 2010 13 Human
Development Index data from Human Development Report 2009 Overcoming Barriers: Human Mobility and Development2009
9. World Economic Outlook Database2006 9 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/download.aspx.
10. Ecosystem and Human Well-being: Synthesis. 2005 1
11. State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2008. 2009 30
12. Charting our Water Future: Economic Frameworks to Inform Decision Making. 2030 20097
13. 2009
14. MllerAdrian Joan S. Davis.Reducing Global Warming: The Potential of Organic Agriculture. FiBL2009 1
15. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010: Main Report. 2010 xiii
16. Cities and Climate Change Initiative Launch and Conference Report. 2009 3 8
17. Clinton Foundation Annual Report 2009.2010 33 Satterthwaite, D2008
Environment and Urbanization, 20 2 539-549
50%
18
SEEA
19
20
21
1.05 2.59
1.3
2%
10
21. T-21
03 - 04
22
22. 2 http://www.cbd.int/convention/articles/?a=cbd-02
2% 1.3
1.
3.7
23
1900 /
24
6,400 25-50%
25
0.5% 3250
10 26
80%
27
28
29
20%
2050 90
70% 30GHG
13% 31 300 500
40000 32
23. Eliasch, J. Climate Change: Financing Global Forests. The Eliasch Review2008 http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/other/9780108507632/9780108507632.pdf
24. Gallai, N., Salles, J.-M., Settele, J. Vaissire, B.E. Economic Valuation of the Vulnerability of World Agriculture Confronted with Pollinator Decline. Ecological Economics2009 683810-21
25. TEEB for National and International Policy Makers. Summary: Responding to the Value of Nature. TEEB 2009 http://www.teebweb.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=I4
Y2nqqIiCg%3d&tabid=1019&language=en-US
26. Better Forestry, Less Poverty. 2006 , 1 ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0645e/a0645e04.pdf
27. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being Vol.1: Current State and Trends2005 , 600-01
28. Eliasch, J. Climate Change: Financing Global Forests. The Eliasch Review2008 http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/other/9780108507632/9780108507632.pdf
29. TEEB D2 8PES 50 http://www.teebweb.org/Portals/25/Documents/TEEB_D2_PartIIIb-ForUpload%5B1%5D.pdf
30. Securing the Food Supply, World Water Assessment Program. 2001 192-93 http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/pdf/chap8.pdf
31. Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007 499 http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/
assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter8.pdf
32. Childhood Pesticide Poisoning, Information for Advocacy and Action. 2004 7http://www.chem.unep.ch/Publications/pdf/pestpoisoning.pdf
05 - 06
2.
2010
1990
41.7
40.3
1.78
2.64
2000-2010
1990-2000
830
520
1600
1300
336 *
500
2010 2050
1000 3000
10%
2010 2050
1000 3000
2050
270
3
1.
8,000
7,000
20%
60%
20%
6,000
5,000
3,000
2
2030
1 1990-2004
2
3 90%2010
2030 2009
3.
33
10
7.9
16.2
3.0
27.1
Sumaila 2010
1000 3000
8000
2050 9000
3 5
Clark 2005
07 - 08
34
5.25 4.04
35
36
57 1 260
286
79%
37
55% 35%
8.84
39 26
40 1400 5
41 2
2% 42
0.16%
2015
2.
2015
17 -
46
45
42
40
40
39 (2008)
36
35
30
25
23
15
10
5
0
1990
45
10
100
4 80
30 5900
84%
38
50
17
2006
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
WHO/UNICEF2010 43
34. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: An Interim Report. TEEB 2008
35. Nagayets, O., Small farms: Current Status and Key Trends2005 6 26 29 356 http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/
publications/sfproc.pdf)
36. Irz, X., L. Lin, C. Thirtle S. Wiggins. Agricultural Growth and Poverty Alleviation. 194,2001 , 449466
37. Pretty, J., Nobel, A.D., Bossio, D., Dixon, J., Hine, R.E., Penning De Vries, F.W.T., Morison, J.I.L. Resource Conserving Agriculture Increases Yields in Developing Countries. 40 2006
, 1114
38. NREGA A Review of Decent Work and Green Jobs. ILO 2010
39. 2010 Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water, WHO/UNICEF2010 , 7
40. 22
41. The State of the Worlds Children 2005: Childhood under Threat. 2006 , II
42. Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Southeast Asia: A Four-Country Study Conducted in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam under the Economics of Sanitation Initiative (ESI).
-Water and Sanitation Programme 2008 , 32
16
44 1.1
40
45
27
46
2030
150
47 IEA
UNDPUNIDO
2010 2030
7560
360 48
-
-
2.
Grameen Shakti Grameen Energy 1996
Grameen BankGrameen Shakti
SHS 2009
32
Grameen Shakti 2015 100
Grameen Shakti
20%
6 50
2.3
8%51
52
53
2008
//
IOE/ITUC
54
55
SME
43. WHO/UNICEF2010 8
44. World Development Report 2010: 2009 ,192
45. Solar Lighting for the Base of the Pyramid: Overview of an Emerging Market. International Finance Corporation and the World Bank 2010 46-47
3000
46. Energy Poverty: How to Make Modern Energy Access Universal? OECD/IEA2010 9 7
47.
48.
49. Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers. UNEPWorld Tourism Organization2005 12
50. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for National and International Policy Makers Summary: Responding to the Value of Nature, TEEB2009 24
51. Guide for Social Dialogue in the Tourism Industry. Sectoral Activities Programme. 265 Dain Bolwell Wolfgang WeinzILO2008 1
52. Human Resources Development, Employment and Globalization in the Hotel, Catering and Tourism Sector. 2001 118
53. 63
54. Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in a Sustainable, Low-carbon World. UNEP/ILO/IOE/ITUC2008 9
55. http://www.bluegreenalliance.org
09 - 10
2030 2050
4%
2050
20%
10%
200 350
1%
3
2006 230
56
57
GER
2050
20%
3.
GDP 2%
25
20
15
10
0
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
1200 58
10 59
10%
2050
20-25%
2050
2030 500
1700
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
60
1015% 30% 61
45%
62
4.
2004
2009
56%
52%
44%
10%
-7%
200
173
162
157
150
109
100
72
50
46
0
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2002 2009
33%
63
2009 2008
1620 1730 2010
1800 2000
464
18
2008 9 215
Recommendations on Future Financing Options for Enhancing the Development, Deployment, Diffusion and Transfer of Technologies under the Convention. UNFCCC2009 33
Meeting Trade and Development Challenges in an Era of High and Volatile Energy Prices: Oil and Gas in LDCs and African Countries. UNCTAD2006 4
Policy Brief: Achieving Energy Security in Developing Countries. GNESD2010 4
Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2010: Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. UNEP/SEFI2010 13
5
11 - 12
40%
65
68
/
3
1-2%
66
2008
1%GER
GER
3.
30 17 67 2008
2010 1300 MW
69
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
23%
71
35%72 20%
73
10% 2030
20%74
45
World Energy Outlook 2009: Executive Summary. International Energy Agency2009 5
Renewables 2010 Global Status Report. REN212010 38-9
Barbier, E. Scarcity & Frontiers: How Economies have Developed through Natural Resource Exploitation, Cambridge University Press2010 34
Decoupling the Use of Natural Resources and Environmental Impacts from Economic Activity: Scoping the Challenges. The International Resource Panel, UNEP2011
Trends in Global Resource Extraction, GDP and Material Intensity 1980-2007. Sustainable European Research Institute (SERI)2010 (http://www.materialflows.net/index.php?option=com_content&tas
k=view&id=32&Itemid=48)
World Development Indicators. World Bank for Reconstruction and Development (WBRD)2009
Slicing the Pie: Sector-based Approaches to International Climate Agreements. World Resources Institute2007
Energy Technology Perspectives. International Energy Agency (IEA). 2008 2010
Charting Our Water Future. Water Resources Group, McKinsey & Company2009 )
5. GDP
1980 = 100
1980 - 2007
CHP
225
200
40
175
150
125
100
75
50
1980
1985
GDP
1990
1995
2000
2005
SERI2010 70
*
1980 100
17%
1-5%75
1 070 76
5%
75.
76.
77.
78.
6
2050 131
2009 20%
25%
4
100 77
4
5
100%
15%
2050
85%
2030
20% 30%
20 //
30% 50%78
World Development Indicators. World Bank for Reconstruction and Development (WBRD) 2008
Steinhilper R, Remanufacturing: The Ultimate Form of Recycling. Fraunhofer IBC Verlag 1998
Chalmin P. and Gaillochet C. From Waste to Resource: An Abstract of World Waste Survey. Cyclope, Veolia Environmental Services, Edition Economica2009 25
IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change AR4, 10, http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter10.pdf
13 - 14
GDP
6.
79
45,000
23,000
0
0
450
900
: US EPA 2007; Borzino 2002; Kumar Gaikwad 2004; Methanetomarkets 2005; World Bank 2005; OECD 2008; Yatsu 2010GHK 2006
*23,000
4.
2003
EPR 2003 2007 600 14%
16 80
2003 2009
220
300 81
WtE
2008 200
2014 30%82
1400
500 83
2050
79. 27GDPhttp://esa.un.org/unpp/GDP
80. http://eng.me.go.kr/content.do?method=moveContent&menuCode=pol_rec_pol_rec_sys_responsibility
81. Nahma, Anton. Food Packaging in South Africa: Reducing, Re-using and Recycling. Government Digest20102; Hasson, R., Leiman, A. Visser. M. The Economics of Plastic Bag Legislation in South Africa.
South African Journal of Economics2007 75 1 66-83
82. Argus Research Company, Independent International Investment Research Plc and Pipal Research Group 2010
83. Nakamura T. Waste Agriculture Biomass Convention, IETC2009 11 18-20 http://www.biomass-asia-workshop.jp/biomassws/06workshop/presentation/25_Nakamura.pdf
5.
95% 84 55% 85
20 86 1 000 87
50 88 0.3% 89
50
90 6 91
92
PNRS201082
4 600
7.
2000 93
40% 483
3.5 40 94
95
4600
4000
4 000
77
2800
3 000
2 000
2000
20
40
60
80
100
%
1 000
* LIC
84. Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in a Sustainable, Low-Carbon World, UNEP2008 214
85. Nascimento, Luis Felipe, Marcelo Trevisan, Paola Schmitt Figueir, Marilia Bonzanini Bossle. PET Bottle Recycling Chain: Opportunities for the Generation of Employment and Income. Greener
Management International Issue, 56, No. 562010 44
86. Oliveira, L., L. Rosa. Brazilian Waste Potential: Energy, Environmental, Social and Economic Benefits. Energy Policy 31, No. 142003 11 1481-1491 1486
87. 1490
88. National Solid Waste Policy Now its the Law. Compromisso Empresarial para Reciclagem (CEMPRE)2010
89. Oliveira, L, L Rosa. Brazilian Waste Potential: Energy, Environmental, Social and Economic Benefits. Energy Policy 31, No. 14 2003 11 1481-1491, 1490
90. Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in a Sustainable, Low-Carbon World, UNEP2008 17
91. 215
92. Samson, Melanie. Formal Integration into Municipal Waste Management Systems. In Refusing to be Cast Aside: Waste Pickers Organising around the World. Cambridge, Women in Informal
Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO)2009 52
93. Adapted from Chalmin P. Gaillochet C. From Waste to Resource: An Abstract of World Waste Survey, Cyclope, Veolia Environmental Services, Edition Economica2009
94. The Environmental Food Crisis. UNEP2009 , http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/FoodCrisis_lores.pdf
95. The Environmental Food Crisis. UNEP2009 ,http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/FoodCrisis_lores.pdf, 30 Lundqvist , Saving Water: From Field to Fork, 2008 5 Godfray
, Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People 2010 Science, 327 , No. 5967 812-818 Cabinet Office, Food Matters: Towards a Strategy for the 21st Century (Cabinet Office
Strategy Unit, , 2008 ); Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP), The Food We Waste (WRAP, Banbury, , 2008 ); T. Stuart, Uncovering the Global Food Scandal (Penguin, , 2009
15 - 16
50% 96
50%97
60-80% 75% 98
100 1000
3000
99
6% 100
55%101
86
105
IPCC AR4
8
12%
40%IPCC
2030
156
30%106
35 35
107
3000
10000
2050
108
Lundqvist, J., C. de Fraiture and D. Molden. Saving Water: From Field to Fork Curbing Losses and Wastage in the Food Chain. SIWI Policy Brief. Stockholm International Water Institute2008
Kamal-Chaoui, L. Robert, A. Competitive Cities and Climate Change. OECD Regional Development Working Papers 2009/2. OECD, Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate.
World Urbanisation Prospects: The 2005 Revision. Executive Summary, Fact Sheets, Data Tables. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN Population Division 2006
Hasan, A., Sadiq, A. and Ahmed, S. Planning for High Density in Low-income Settlements: Four Case Studies from Karachi. Human Settlements Working Paper Series. Urbanization and Emerging Population
3 2010 7
100. Melo, P., Graham, D. and Noland, R.B. A Meta-Analysis of Estimates of Urban Agglomeration Economies. Regional Science and Urban Economics 2009 , 39:3, 332-342
101. Webster, D., Bertaud, A., Jianming, C.Zhenshan, Y. Toward Efficient Urban Form in China. 2010/97. World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER). UNU-WIDER2010,12
102. Indias Urban Awakening: Building Inclusive Cities, Sustaining Economic Growth. McKinsey Global Institute2010
103. World Urbanisation Prospects: The 2009 Revision. UN Population Division, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs2010
104. Chen, H., Jia, B. and Lau, S.S.Y. Sustainable Urban Form for Chinese Compact Cities: Challenges of a Rapid Urbanized Economy. Habitat International2008 , 32, 1, 28-40
105. Sustainable Building Construction Initiative. UNEP (2009), http://www.unep.org/sbci/pdfs/UNEPSBCI-GlobalCompactBrochure-Final.pdf [2011 1 11 ] 1
106. IPCC2007Climate change 2007: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
107. Averting the Next Energy Crisis: The Demand Challenge. McKinsey Global Institute2009
108.
96.
97.
98.
99.
8. 2030 CO
C02/
/EIT*
7
EIT*
6
5
4
3
2
1
00
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<2
00
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<2
00
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00
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00
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00
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<2
00
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0
/ CO2
1.6-2.5
5.3-6.7
2.5-5.5
2.3-6.4
1.3-4.2
0.4-1.0
* EIT
SBCI
11%
10% 10%110
17 - 18
6.
7 111 20%112
113 BRT14%114
115 116
117
SSA
9.8 118
30%
GER 2010 2050
0.34%
1950
80% 10%
1.3
2050
2030
Threshold 21 (T21)
2%
2011-2050
GER
2%
5-10
9
10 7
10
111. Congestion Charging Central London: Impacts Monitoring. Transport for London 2004
112. Beevers, S. Carslaw, D. The Impact of Congestion Charging on Vehicle Emissions in London. Atmospheric Environment, 39 2005 1-5
113. Goh, M. Congestion Management and Electronic Road Pricing in Singapore. Journal of Transport Geography, 10: 12002 29-38
114. Rogat, J., Hinostroza, M. and Ernest, K. Promoting Sustainable Transport in Latin America through Mass Transit Technologies. Colloque international Environnement et transports dans des contextes diffrents,
Ghardaa, Algerie, 2009 2 16-18 Actes, ENP ed., Alger 83-92
115. EcoPlan (2000). The Famous Zurich U-Bahn. [online] 2000 3 20 , http://www.ecoplan.org/politics/general/zurich.htm [2010 12 10 ]
116. Nobis, C. Car Sharing as Key Contribution to Multimodal and Sustainable Mobility Behavior: Carsharing in Germany. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1986
2006 , 89-97
117. Geroliminis, N. Daganzo, C. F. A Review of Green Logistics Schemes Used in Cities Around the World. UC Berkeley Center for Future Urban Transport: A Volvo Center of Excellence. Institute of Transportation
Studies, 2005
118. Sub-Saharan Africa Refinery Project Final Report. ICF International2009 http://www.unep.org/pcfv/PDF/Final_Executive_Summary_6-08-09.pdf
2050
40%
9.
2010 2050
7600
% 4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2010
2015
2020
7.
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
(SEEA)
119
GER
119. Where is the Wealth of Nations? Measuring Capital for the 21st Century2006
19 - 20
10.
2 %
%+ / -
30
21
20
16
14
8
10
3
0
2030 40%
300
2050 200 11
-1
2
-1
1
-3
-4
-10
-8
-13
-20
-20
-22
-22
-30
-40
-40
-50
-60
-48
GDP
2015
GDP
2030
2050
11.
CO2
GDP
2%
60
50
40
30
GDP2%
20
10
0
1970
1990
2010
2030
2050
120
121
21 - 22
35% 47%122
25%123
(a)
(b)
(c)
6-10%124
2005
125
126
127
128
500 130
2008
5 570 1000 131
132
2020
5.8%
6.9%133
8.
134
135
136
2005 10
1550 30 137 138 2008
5 15.2 139
-
Program Keluarga Harapan140
141
142
IMF2008 143
20 80
7%
62% 144
132. Reforming Energy Subsidies: Opportunities to Contribute to the Climate Change Agenda. UNEP (2008 ) 32 International Trade and Climate Change: Economic, Legal and Institutional
Perspectives. (2008 ) 12 el Sobki, M, Wooders, P., & Sherif, Y. Clean Energy Investment in Developing Countries: Wind Power in Egypt. IISD (2009 ) 8
133. Analysis of the Scope of Energy Subsidies and Suggestions for the G20 Initiative. IEA, OPEC, OECD (2010 ) 4
134. Reforming Energy Subsidies: Opportunities to Contribute to the Climate Change Agenda. UNEP(2008 ) 17
135. Fuel and Food Price Subsidies: Issues and Reform Options. IMF (2008 ) 25
136. 30
137. Bacon, R. and Kojima, M. Coping with Higher Oil Prices, ESMAP (2006 ) 93
138.
139. Lessons Learned from Indonesias Attempts to Reform Fossil-Fuel Subsidies. IISD (2010 ) 10
140. 24
141. Hutagalung, S., Arif, S., & Suharyo, W., Problems and Challenges for the Indonesian Conditional-Cash Transfer Programme Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH), (2009 ) 6 Bloom, K.,
Conditional Cash Transfers: Lessons from Indonesias Program Keluarga Harapan. (2009) 8
142. Fuel and Food Price Subsidies: Issues and Reform Options. IMF (2008 ) 30
143.
144. Taxation, Innovation and the Environment: Executive Summary. OECD (2010 ) 6
23 - 24
9.
1430 0.5%145
1999 2003
1.7%146
25 147 2010 3%148
152
20 70 80
149
2009 87
1440 150
(PES)
PES
151
PES
REDD
REDD+
PES
145. World of Work Report 2009: The Global Jobs Crisis and Beyond. ILO (2009 )x
146. Knigge, M. & Grlach, B. Effects of Germanys Ecological Tax Reforms on the Environment, Employment and Technological Innovation. (2005 ) 5
147. 8
148. Kohlhaas, M., Gesamtwirtschaftliche Effekte der kologischen Steuerreform. (2005 )13-14
149. Bluffstone, R., Environmental Taxes in Developing and Transition Economies. 2 (1), 143-175, (2003 ) 11-14
150. State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2010. (2010 ) 1
151. Global Green New Deal: Policy Brief. UNEP (2009 ) 24
152. http://www.un-redd.org/AboutREDD/tabid/582/Default.aspx
153
(UNFCCC)
154
32
155
7-13%156
153. Green Economy Success Stories from Developing Countries. UNEP (2010 )6
154. A/RES/64/236 20(a)
155. Terms of Reference for the Issue Management Group on a Green Economy. 2010 2 12 6
156. Warming Up to Trade: Harnessing International Trade to Support Climate Change Objectives. (2007 ) 6994
25 - 26
2050
157
46 2010 2030 7500
2030 2050 1.6
2020
5000 2C
HSBC 2010 2020
10
1.05 2.59
20102050 2%
2011-2050 1.3
10.
2009
22%158
10
ESG
ESG 159
ESG
2007 2010
6270
2004 460 3 2008
1730 160
20 2008
8400
1
161 2009 70
162
163 3.3
16 5220
164
2011
12
4 680 2110
15-20
7430
2010 1660
8-10 165
1-2
2010 12
300
2012 2020
1000 166
-REDD
REDD+
-REDD 2008 9
REDD+-REDD
REDD+
2012
50 167
REDD+
GEF
ESG
163. Barbier, Edward. A Global Green New Deal: Rethinking the Economic Recovery. University Press, Cambridge, UK (2010 )
164. Barbier, Edward. Green Stimulus, Green Recovery and Global Imbalances. World Economics (2010 )11(2):149-175.
165. Annual Report 2009. (2010 ) 55
166. UNFCCC 2010 12 12 http://unfccc.int/files/press/news_room/press_releases_and_advisories/application/pdf/pr_20101211_cop16_closing.pdf;
http://treasury.worldbank.org/cmd/htm/WorldBankGreenBonds.html
167. http://www.un-redd.org/NewsCentre/COP16_Press_Release_en/tabid/6595/Default.aspx
168. World Development Indicators 2010
http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/11118,
http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_en/Institucional/The_BNDES_in_Numbers/Annual_Report/,
http://www.caissedesdepots.fr/en/the-group/who-are-we/key-figures.html,
http://www.cdb.com.cn/english/Column.asp?ColumnId=91,
http://www.dbsa.org/(S(4ilhomm44linm35501iztz45))/InvestorRelations/Pages/default.aspx,
http://www.eib.org/about/publications/annual-report-2009-activity.htm,
http://www.halkbank.com.tr/channels/10.asp?id=385,
http://www.jica.go.jp/english/publications/reports/annual/2009/index.html,
http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/KfW_Entwicklungsbank/Our_bank/Key_figures.jsp
27 - 28
2020
REDD +
GER
10 /
2011
1
10 /
1
2030 2800-3000 /
108
134
308
362
2010 ETP 3 4
233
500
2010 ETP 3 4
2010 2020
2C
611
460-1,500
2010 2020
108
50
90280
15
GER
2030 50
15
Balmford 2002 -
37
230
REDD +
5063
2010 ETP 3 4
76
134
194
325
108
108
18
50
2010 ETP 3 4
70
2015
2015
Hutton Bartram2008
2030
1,347 1,0532,593
2
1
1. GER 2010 2007
GER 2
2011 2050 2050 3.9 2010
GER
2.
29 - 30
3. 2010 2050
4. 2010 1.15
5. 2050 100
40 20
4500 169
2010 2020
2.9 6.9
T21Threshold 21170
T21
GER
T21
T21
1970 2010
40 2010-2050 40
T21
171
T21
31 - 32
2%
2011
2015
2020
(%)
2050
2030
(%)
(%)
(%)
69,344
79,306
-0.8
92,583
-0.4
119,307
2.7
172,049
15.7
9,992
10,959
-0.8
12,205
-0.4
14,577
2.4
19,476
13.9
3,187
3,419
0.6
3,722
-0.6
4,204
-1.5
4,836
0.6
2,787
2,857
0.3
2,946
0.3
3,050
1.4
3,273
3.4
3.94
3.92
1.4
3.89
3.2
3.83
7.9
3.71
21.0
3/
4,864
5,275
-3.7
5,792
-7.2
6,784
-13.2
8,434
-21.6
7.88
8.40
-4.9
9.02
-15.1
10.23
-38.3
12.29
-87.2
1.51
1.60
-7.5
1.68
-12.5
1.84
-21.5
2.23
-47.9
(/)
12,549
13,674
-3.1
15,086
-9.1
17,755
-19.6
21,687
-39.8
()
13
13
15
13
17
12
19
12
27
2010
(+/-) 2
GER
33 - 34
www.unep.org