COP 5614 Operating Systems

Dr. Jinpeng Wei weijp@cs.fiu.edu

Office: ECS 389

About Me
Jinpeng Wei, Ph.D. Research: computer systems security
High dependable systems Malware detection and mitigation (e.g., rootkits) Cloud computing security Information flow security

Web page: http://www.cis.fiu.edu/~weijp

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COP 5614 Chapter 1 Introduction

Dr. Jinpeng Wei

(Slides adapted from Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagnes original slides)

What is an Operating System?

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What is an Operating System?

A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware Operating system goals:
Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier Make the computer system convenient to use Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

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Computer System Structure

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Computer System Structure

Hardware
Provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices)

Operating system
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users

Application programs
Defines the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users E.g., word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video games

Users
People, machines, other computers
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Operating System Definition

No universally accepted definition Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system is good approximation
But varies wildly

The one program running at all times on the computer is the kernel
Everything else is either a system program (ships with the operating system) Or an application program
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Operating System Definition

OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use

OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer

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Introduction
What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Process Management Memory Management Storage Management

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Introduction
What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Process Management Memory Management Storage Management

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Introduction
What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Process Management Memory Management Storage Management

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Computer System Organization

One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus providing access to shared memory Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles

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How a Modern Computer Works

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I/O Operation
I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
Each device controller has a local buffer

CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from device controllers local buffers
Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by causing an interrupt

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Interrupt Timeline

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Common Functions of Interrupts

Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine
Through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines

A trap is a software-generated interrupt caused either by an error or a user request

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Storage Structure
Main memory
The only large storage media that the CPU can access directly

Secondary storage
Extension of main memory that provides large nonvolatile storage capacity

Magnetic disks: most common secondary storage

Rigid metal or glass platters covered with magnetic recording material
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Storage Device Hierarchy

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Introduction
What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Process Management Memory Management Storage Management

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Computer System Architecture

Many systems use a single general-purpose processor (smart phones through mainframes)
Many systems have special-purpose processors as well

Multiprocessors systems growing in use and importance

Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems

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Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

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A Dual-Core Design

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Introduction
What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Process Management Memory Management Storage Management

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Operating System Structure

Multiprogramming needed for efficiency
Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times Multiprogramming organizes jobs so CPU always has one to execute A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory One job selected and run via job scheduling When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job

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Operating System Structure

Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension of multiprogramming
CPU switches jobs very frequently so users can interact with each job Response time should be < 1 second Each user has at least one program executing in memory process If several jobs ready to run at the same time CPU scheduling If processes dont fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memory
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Introduction
What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Process Management Memory Management Storage Management

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Process Management
A process is a program in execution
A unit of work within the system Program is a passive entity, process is an active entity

Process needs resources to accomplish its task

CPU, memory, I/O, files Initialization data (initial input) Process termination requires reclaim of any reusable resources

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Process Management
Single-threaded process has one program counter specifying location of next instruction to execute
Process executes instructions sequentially, one at a time, until completion Multi-threaded process has one program counter per thread

A system typically has many processes

User processes + OS processes Running concurrently by multiplexing the CPUs

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Introduction
What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Process Management Memory Management Storage Management

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Memory Management
Process execution needs memory access
All instructions in memory in order to execute All data are in memory before and after processing

Memory management determines what is in memory

Optimizing CPU utilization and computer response to users

Memory management activities

Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom Deciding which processes (or parts thereof) and data to move into and out of memory Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed
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Introduction
What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Process Management Memory Management Storage Management

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Storage Management
OS provides uniform, logical view of information storage
Abstracts physical properties to logical storage unit file Each medium is controlled by device (e.g., disk drive, tape drive)
Varying properties of access speed, capacity, data-transfer rate, access method (sequential or random)

File-system management
Files usually organized into directories Access control on most systems to determine who can access what OS activities include
Creating and deleting files and directories Primitives to manipulate files and directories Mapping files onto secondary storage Backup files onto stable (non-volatile) storage media

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Storage Management
Mass-storage management
Disks store data that does not fit in main memory or data that must be kept for a long period of time OS activities
Free-space management Storage allocation Disk scheduling

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I/O Subsystem
One purpose of OS is to hide peculiarities of hardware devices from the user I/O subsystem responsible for
Memory management of I/O
Buffering: storing data temporarily while it is being transferred Caching: storing parts of data in faster storage for performance Spooling: the overlapping of output of one job with input of other jobs

General device-driver interface Drivers for specific hardware devices

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Introduction
What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Process Management Memory Management Storage Management

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Homework
1.1 1.2 1.8 1.22

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