Sie sind auf Seite 1von 26

Physics 212

Lecture 7
Today's Concept: Conductors and Capacitance

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 1

Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Ricky Skaggs Bill Monroe Mark OConnor Chris Thile Mike Marshall

Why?
Final Ellnora Tribute: Mandolin virtuoso who played with Michael Daves on guitar Friday afternoon.. Great show !! My Favorite? Hard to say.. There were many, but if I had to pick one, Ill go with Richard Thompson.
Physics 212 Lecture 7

LOGISTICS
1) EXAM 1: WED Sep. 21 at 7pm Sign Up in Gradebook for Conflict Exam at 5:15pm if desired BY THURS. SEP. 15 at 10:00 p.m. MATERIAL: Lectures 1 - 8

2) EXAM 1 PREPARATION? Old exams are on-line (Practice Exams), also Worked Examples

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 3

Your Comments
I found most of this lecture to be confusing because it's something completely new. Go over it all please! I think this stuff is tough, but I can get a handle on it. A little more about the neutral plate in the middle of capacitors. Can we see some capacitor demo's? Possibly very large capacitors being discharged? It would be nice to discuss examples of capacitors other than the parallel plates in a bit more depth.

We will do all of these in this lecture, including a calculation of a cylindrical capacitor


Can we please talk about homework problems a little bit at the end of the lecture? So that we can have an idea about how to start on the homework...
05

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 4

Conductors
You did well on the questions on charge distributions on conductors

The Main Points Charges free to move E = 0 in a conductor Surface = Equipotential E at surface perpendicular to surface

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 5

Checkpoint 1a
Two spherical conductors are separated by a large distance. They each carry the same positive charge Q. Conductor A has a larger radius than conductor B.

Compare the potential at the surface of conductor A with the potential at the surface of conductor B. A. VA > VB B. VA = VB C. VA < VB

The surface of conductors are equipotentials so they are equal in potential despite the increased radius. V=kQ/R! Since the Ra is greater than Rb, the Va<Vb

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 6

Checkpoint 1b

The two conductors are now connected by a wire. How do the potentials at the conductor surfaces compare now? A. VA > VB B. VA = VB C. VA < VB

No matter what the initial conditions are,


when both spheres are making contact, their potential has to be equal since they are connected by a wire that makes them behave like a single conductor.

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 7

Checkpoint 1c

What happens to the charge on conductor A after it is connected to conductor B by the wire? A. QA increases B. QA decreases C. QA doesnt change

Charge will always move to a place with lower potential, and the larger sphere has a lower potential than the smaller sphere. the charge would decrease in order to compensate for the lower charge on the particle B When you connect two conductors by a wire and charge moves between them as to make difference in potential of the system zero what is the charge of the wire? Or does it not matter?
8

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 8

Parallel Plate Capacitor


Two parallel plates of equal area carry equal and opposite charge Q0. The potential difference between the two plates is measured to be V0. An uncharged conducting plate (the green thing in the picture below) is slipped into the space between the plates without touching either one. The charge on the plates is adjusted to a new value Q1 such that the potential difference between the plates remains the same.

THE CAPACITOR QUESTIONS WERE TOUGH! THE PLAN: Well work through the example in the Prelecture and then do the Checkpoint questions.

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 9

Capacitance
Capacitance is defined for any pair of spatially separated conductors

Q C V
How do we understand this definition ??? Consider two conductors, one with excess charge = +Q and the other with excess charge = -Q

+Q d -Q
These charges create an electric field in the space between them We can integrate the electric field between them to find the potential difference between the conductor This potential difference should be proportional to Q !! The ratio of Q to the potential difference is the capacitance and only depends on the geometry of the conductors
9

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 10

Example (done in Prelecture 7)


First determine E field produced by charged conductors:
y

+Q d
x

What is ??
E

-Q

E= o

Q = A
A = area of plate

Second, integrate E to find the potential difference V


d

V = E dy
0

d 0

d 0

V = ( Edy) = E dy =

Q d o A

As promised, V is proportional to Q !!

12

Q Q C = V Qd / o A

C=

0 A
d

C determined by geometry !!
Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 11

Question Related to Checkpoint 2


+Q0
Initial charge on capacitor = Q0

d -Q0 +Q1

Insert uncharged conductor Charge on capacitor now = Q1 How is Q1 related to Q0 ?? A. Q1 < Q0 B. Q1 = Q0 C. Q1 > Q0
14

d -Q1
Plates not connected to anything

CHARGE CANNOT CHANGE !!


Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 12

Where to Start??
+Q0 d -Q0
What is the total charge induced on the bottom surface of the conductor?

A. B. C. D. E.

+Q0 -Q0 0 Positive but the magnitude unknown Negative but the magnitude unknown

17

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 13

WHY ??
+Q0 -Q0 E=0 +Q0 -Q0
WHAT DO WE KNOW ???

E must be = 0 in conductor !!

Charges inside conductor move to cancel E field from top & bottom plates

19

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 14

Calculate V
Now calculate V as a function of distance V ( y ) = E dy from the bottom conductor. 0 d +Q0 y t V -Q0 What is V = V(d)? A) V = E0d B) V = E0(d t) C) V = E0(d + t) y
The integral = area under the curve
Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 15

E
-E0

t y

E=0

21

Back to Checkpoint 2a
Two parallel plates of equal area carry equal and opposite charge Q0. The potential difference between the two plates is measured to be V0. An uncharged conducting plate (the green thing in the picture below) is slipped into the space between the plates without touching either one. The charge on the plates is adjusted to a new value Q1 such that the potential difference between the plates remains the same.

A) Q1 < Qo

B) Q1 = Qo

C) Q1 > Qo

C has gone down so Q must go down as well to maintain


same V. The charge remains the same since it is supplied through the battery or whatever It order to make up for the conductor interrupting its potential Q1 must be bigger.

How do you get the same V0 in less space? Physics 212

Lecture 7, Slide 16

Two parallel plates of equal area carry equal and opposite charge Q0. The potential difference between the two plates is measured to be V0. An uncharged conducting plate (the green thing in the picture below) is slipped into the space between the plates without touching either one. The charge on the plates is adjusted to a new value Q1 such that the potential difference between the plates remains the same. What happens to C1 relative to C0?

Checkpoint 2b

A) C1 > Co

B) C1 = Co

C) C1 < Co

We can determine C from either case same V (Checkpoint) same Q (Prelecture) C depends only on geometry !! Same V: V0 = E0d V0 = E1(d t) C0 = Q0/E0d C1 = Q1/(E1(d t))

E = Q/0A
C0 = 0A/d C1 = 0A/(d t)
Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 17

Energy in Capacitors

BANG

31

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 18

Homework for Lec. 7&8

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 19

cross-section
a4 a3 a2 a1

Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai).

metal

What is the capacitance C of this device ?

metal

Conceptual Analysis: Q C But what is Q and what is V? They are not given?? V
Important Point: C is a property of the object!! (concentric cylinders here) Assume some Q (i.e., +Q on one conductor and Q on the other) These charges create E field in region between conductors This E field determines a potential difference V between the conductors V should be proportional to Q; the ratio Q/V is the capacitance.

33

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 20

cross-section
a4 a3 a2 a1

Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai).

metal

What is the capacitance C of this capacitor ?

metal

Q C V

Strategic Analysis:
Put +Q on outer shell and Q on inner shell Cylindrical symmetry: Use Gauss Law to calculate E everywhere Integrate E to get V Take ratio Q/V: should get expression only using geometric parameters (ai, L)

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 21

cross-section + + +
metal metal

Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai). What is the capacitance C of this capacitor ?
+ +

+ + + +

-Q

+ + +

Where is +Q on outer conductor located? (A) at r=a4 (B) at r=a3 (C) both surfaces
Why?

Gauss law:

E dA =

We know that E = 0 in conductor (between a3 and a4)

+ +

a2 a1

a4 a3

+Q

Q C V
(D) throughout shell

Qenclosed

o
Qenclosed = 0

Qenclosed = 0
+Q must be on inside surface (a3), so that Qenclosed = + Q Q = 0
Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 22

cross-section + + +
metal

Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai). What is the capacitance C of this capacitor ?
+ + +

-Q + + + + metal + + + + +

Where is -Q on inner conductor located? (A) at r=a2 (B) at r=a1 (C) both surfaces
Why?

Gauss law:

E dA =

We know that E = 0 in conductor (between a1 and a2)

+ +

a2 a1

a4 a3

+Q

Q C V
(D) throughout shell

Qenclosed

o
Qenclosed = 0

Qenclosed = 0
+Q must be on outer surface (a2), so that Qenclosed = 0
Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 23

cross-section + + +
metal

Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai). What is the capacitance C of this capacitor ?
+ + +

-Q + + + + metal + + + + +

a2 < r < a3: What is E(r)? (A) 0


Why?

(B)

4o r 2

Gauss law:

E dA =

+ +

a2 a1

a4 a3

+Q

Q C V
(C)
Q 2o Lr 1

(D)

2Q 1 2Q (E) 2o Lr 4o r 2

Qenclosed

E 2rL =

E=

Q 2 Lr
0

Direction: Radially In
Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 24

cross-section + + +
metal

Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai). What is the capacitance C of this capacitor ?
+ + +

-Q + + + + metal + + + + +

r < a2: E(r) = 0 since Qenclosed = 0


What is V? The potential difference between the conductors

What is the sign of V = Vouter - Vinner? (A) Vouter-Vinner < 0 (B) Vouter-Vinner = 0

+ +

a2 a1

a4 a3

+Q

Q C V
Q (20a2L)

a2 < r < a3: E =

Q 2 Lr
0

(C) Vouter-Vinner > 0


Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 25

cross-section + + +
metal

Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai). What is the capacitance C of this capacitor ?
+ +

-Q + + + + metal + + + + +

What is V Vouter - Vinner?


a ln 1 2o L a4 Q

a ln 4 2o L a1

(A)
Q (20a2L)

(B)
a3
2

+ +

a2 a1

a4 a3

+Q

Q C V
Q

a2 < r < a3:

Q E= 2o rL

a ln 3 2o L a2

a ln 2 2o L a3

(C)
Q dr V = a 2o L r

(D)
dr 2o L a r 2 Q
a3

V=

V=

Q 2 L
0

ln

a a

V proportional to Q, as promised

Q 2 L = V ln(a / a )
0 3 2

Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 26

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen