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Lecture 17
Faradays Law
d B emf = E d = dt
Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Oscar Peterson Kenny Barron Dave Brubeck Thelonius Monk Marcus Roberts
Why? Time to return to classic jazz Most unique piano player?? Check out the Jazz Biography CD (couldnt find a picture) great recordings from 40s and 50s
Your Comments
Everything is coming together, electricity and magnetism...woah! Teardrop =( I HAVE NO IDEA WHAT IS GOING ON! I think the best way to understand electricity would be to put a fork into an outlet. THIS LECTURE IS WAY TOO HARD The falling loop problem DEMOS The most difficult part of this section is determining which direction a current is induced when it has a changing magnetic flux through it.
Well go through the concepts in some detail again.
I never thought I would B INtroDUCED to a concept as confusing as this Man, this stuff if giving me acid reFLUX.
Signup for conflicts TODAY! (Hard deadline Thu. Oct. 20 10:00 p.m.)
05
Faradays Law:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
F = qv B
to wires
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 4
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop.
A
Think of B as the number of field lines passing through the surface There are many ways to change this
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 5
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop.
A
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 6
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop.
A
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 7
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop.
A
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 8
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop.
A
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 9
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop.
A
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 10
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop. 2) The emf will make a current flow if it can (like a battery).
Checkpoint 1a
A copper loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field as shown. You are looking from the right.
Suppose the loop is moving to the right. The current induced in the loop is: A. zero B. clockwise C. counterclockwise
Since the loop is not rotating there is a constant B*dA. d(B*dA)/dt is zero The current induced must cause a B field that opposes the flux. Since there is an increasing flux to the left in this case, the induced current will be clockwise to induce a magnetic field to the right. The current induced in the loop will create a magnetic flux that will oppose the magnetic field that created it.
Checkpoint 1a
A copper loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field as shown. You are looking from the right.
Suppose the loop is moving to the right. The current induced in the loop is: A. zero B. clockwise C. counterclockwise
Motional emf is ZERO vXB=0 no charge separation no E field no emf The flux is NOT changing B does not change the area does not change the orientation of B and A does not change
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 13
A copper loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field as shown. You are looking from the right.
Checkpoint 1b
Now suppose the that loop is stationary and that the magnetic 1b is Checkpoint field decreasing in time. The current induced in the loop is: A. zero B. clockwise C. counterclockwise
No motion means no current is being induced. It will want to increase flux in the opposite direction, ie the direction of the original field. The induced current opposes the change in flux, and since the B-field induces a clockwise current, the changing B-field will result in a counterclockwise current.
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 14
A copper loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field as shown. You are looking from the right.
Checkpoint 1b
Motional emf is ZERO There is no motion of conduction electrons ! HOWEVER: The flux IS changing B decreases in time current induced to oppose the flux change clockwise current puts back B that was removed THIS IS NEW !! Faradays Law explains existence of emf when the motional emf is ZERO!
Clockwise restores B
Now suppose that the loop is spun around a vertical axis as shown, and that it makes one complete revolution every second.
Checkpoint 1c
The current induced in the loop: A. Is zero B. Changes direction once per second C. Changes direction twice per second
the current would be zero since the flux would cancel out. The current experiences sinusoidal change, so in one period (second), the current will change directions once. It goes from increasing field lines through the loop to decreasing field lines through the loop twice per rotation
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 16
Now suppose that the loop is spun around a vertical axis as shown, and that it makes one complete revolution every second.
Checkpoint 1c
The current induced in the loop: A. Is zero B. Changes direction once per second C. Changes direction twice per second
Current changes direction every time the loop becomes perpendicular with the B field emf ~ d/dt (B dA = max) d/dt (B dA ) = 0
X O
dA
dA
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop. 2) The emf will make a current flow if it can (like a battery). 3) The current that flows generates a new magnetic field.
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop. 2) The emf will make a current flow if it can (like a battery). 3) The current that flows induces a new magnetic field. 4) The new magnetic field opposes the change in the original magnetic field that created it. (Lenz Law)
dB/dt
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 19
Faradays Law:
In Practical Words:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
1) When the flux B through a loop changes, an emf is induced in the loop. 2) The emf will make a current flow if it can (like a battery). 3) The current that flows induces a new magnetic field. 4) The new magnetic field opposes the change in the original magnetic field that created it. (Lenz Law)
Demo
dB/dt
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 20
Faradays Law:
emf = E d =
d B dt
where
B B dA
Executive Summary:
A horizontal copper ring is dropped from rest directly above the north pole of a permanent magnet
Checkpoint 2
(copper is not ferromagnetic) Will the acceleration a of the falling ring in the presence of the magnet be any different than it would have been under the influence of just gravity (i.e. g)? A. a > g B. a = g C. a < g
Please do not display this in lecture but that picture on this checkpoint with the falling conducting loop looked a LOT McDonalds like french fries.
THe induced emf will try to resist the increasing magnetic field from the magnet so it will produce a magnetic field opposite to that and fall faster. The force by the B field will always be horizontal and will not affect the vertical force on the ring. Some of the gravitational potential energy gets dissipated as heat AS the Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide loop is falling
22
A horizontal copper ring is dropped from rest directly above the north pole of a permanent magnet
Checkpoint 2
F
X O
B B
(copper is not ferromagnetic) Will the acceleration a of the falling ring in the presence of the magnet be any different than it would have been under the influence of just gravity (i.e. g)? A. a > g B. a = g C. a < g
This one is hard ! B field increases upward as loop falls Clockwise current (viewed from top) is induced
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 23
A horizontal copper ring is dropped from rest directly above the north pole of a permanent magnet
Checkpoint 2
B I I
This one is hard ! B field increases upward as loop falls Clockwise current (viewed from top) is induced Main Field produces horizontal forces Fringe Field produces vertical force
Demo !
dropping magnets e-m cannon
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 24
Calculation
A rectangular loop (height = a, length = b, resistance = R, mass = m) coasts with a constant velocity v0 in + x direction as shown. At t =0, the loop enters a region of constant magnetic field B directed in the z direction. What is the direction and the magnitude of the force on the loop when half of it is in the field?
y
a v0
B b x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x
Conceptual Analysis
Once loop enters B field region, flux will be changing in time Faradays Law then says emf will be induced
Strategic Analysis
Find the emf Find the current in the loop Find the force on the current
Calculation
A rectangular loop (height = a, length = b, resistance = R, mass = m) coasts with a constant velocity v0 in + x direction as shown. At t =0, the loop enters a region of constant magnetic field B directed in the z direction.
y
emf =
d B dt
a v0
B b x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x
What is the magnitude of the emf induced in the loop just after it enters the field? (A) = Babv02
y
a v0
B x x x x x x x b x x x x x x x a x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x
d B = Bavo dt
Calculation
A rectangular loop (height = a, length = b, resistance = R, mass = m) coasts with a constant velocity v0 in + x direction as shown. At t =0, the loop enters a region of constant magnetic field B directed in the z direction.
y
emf =
d B dt
a v0
B b x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x
What is the direction of the current induced in the loop just after it enters the field? (A) clockwise (B) counterclockwise (C) no current is induced
a v0
B b x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x
Flux is increasing into the screen Induced emf produces flux out of screen
Calculation
A rectangular loop (height = a, length = b, resistance = R, mass = m) coasts with a constant velocity v0 in + x direction as shown. At t =0, the loop enters a region of constant magnetic field B directed in the z direction.
y
emf =
d B dt
a v0
B b x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x
What is the direction of the net force on the loop just after it enters the field? (A) +y (B) -y (C) +x (D) -x
F = IL B
b a
B x x x x x x x v0 I x x x x x x x Force on top and bottom segments cancel (red arrows) Force on right segment is directed in x direction.
x Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 28
Calculation
A rectangular loop (height = a, length = b, resistance = R, mass = m) coasts with a constant velocity v0 in + x direction as shown. At t =0, the loop enters a region of constant magnetic field B directed in the z direction.
y
emf =
d B dt
a v0
B b x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x
What is the magnitude of the net force on the loop just after it enters the field? (A) F = 4aBvo R (B) F = a 2 Bvo R
2 (C) F = a 2 B 2vo / R
F = IL B
= Bav0
(D) F = a 2 B 2vo / R
F = IL B
y
F = ILB since L B
b a
B x x x x x x x v0 I x x x x x x x
x
Bavo I= = R R
B 2 a 2vo Bavo F = aB = R R
ILB
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 29
Follow-Up
A rectangular loop (sides = a,b, resistance = R, mass = m) coasts with a constant velocity v0 in + x direction as shown. At t =0, the loop enters a region of constant magnetic field B directed in a the z direction. What is the velocity of the loop when half of it is in the field?
y
t = dt: = Bav0 B x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x
v0
Which of these plots best represents the velocity as a function of time as the loop moves form entering the field to halfway through ? (A) (B) (C) D) (E)
X
b a Fright B x x x x x x x v0 I x x x x x x x
Follow-Up
A rectangular loop (sides = a,b, resistance = R, mass = m) coasts with a constant velocity v0 in + x direction as shown. At t =0, the loop enters a region of constant magnetic field B directed in the z direction. What is the velocity of the loop when half of it is in the field?
y
b a
v0
B x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x = Bav0
x
Which of these plots best represents the velocity as a function of time as the loop moves form entering the field to halfway through ? dv (A) (D) F = a B v/R = m Why (D), not (A)?
2 2
dt
a 2 B 2v dv F = =m R dt
v = vo e t
a2 B2 where = mR
Claim: The decrease in kinetic energy of loop is equal to the energy dissipated as heat in the resistor. Can you verify??
Physics 212 Lecture 17, Slide 31