Chapter 18- Water Supply, Use, and Management 1)% of water -97% in oceans -2% in ice -Only 0.

001% in atmosphere 2) Water -Recharge Zone -Locations where surface waters move into the ground are -Discharge Zone -Places where it flows or seeps out -Vadose Zone -Area where water seeps through pore spaces -Aquifer -an underground zone from which groundwater can be obtained -When water is pumped from an aquifer forms a cone of depression 3) Effluent vs Influent Stream -Effluent stream -Flow is maintained during the dry season by seepage -Perennial stream -Influent stream -Entirely above the water table and flows only in direct response to precipitation -Ephemeral stream 4) Water Budget -A model that balances the inputs, outputs, and storage of water in a system. -Precipitation - evaporation = runoff

5) Desalination -a technology to remove salt from water -Seawater is 3.5% salt -Must be reduces to 0.05% to be fresh water -Increased cost -Requires large amount of energy, tied to fuel prices -Has place value- price increases quickly with transport distance 6) In-stream and off-stream use -Off-stream use -Refers to water removed from its source for use -May be returned to source after use ex cool towers. -Or consumptive use- water enters tissues, product or evaporates during use and not returned -In-stream use -The use of the river for navigation, hydroelectric power, fish and wildlife habitats, and recreation 7) Trends in water use -The major uses of water are for irrigation and the thermoelectric industry. -Water use for irrigation increased from 1950-1980. It decreased and leveled off from 19852000 -due to better irrigation efficiency, crop type and higher energy costs. -Water use by thermoelectric industry decreased slightly in 1980, and stabilized in 1985. -Due to recirculating water for cooling -Water for public and rural supplies continued to increase through the period from 1950 to 2000 -presumably related to the increase in human population.

Chapter 19- Water Pollution and Treatment 1)Water pollution -Degradation of water quality -Based on: -Intended use of the water -How far the water departs from the normal -It s effects on public health -It s ecological impacts 2) Water pollutants -Heavy metals -Sediment -Certain radioactive isotopes -Heat -Fecal coliform bacteria -Phosphorus -Nitrogen -Sodium, and other useful (even necessary) elements -Pathogenic bacteria and viruses 3) Dissolved Oxygen -Bacteria in stream decompose organic matter -Decomposition requires oxygen -More bacteria decomposition = less oxygen in the water available to fish and other organisms -Oxygen can be decreased to point where aquatic organisms die off -A stream with an low dissolved oxygen (DO) is considered polluted 4) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

-Amount of oxygen required for biochemical decomposition -Measure of the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms as they break down organic matter -Routinely measured as part of water quality at waste water treatment plants -Source of organic matter include: -Natural sources -Agricultural runoff -Urban sewage -US EPA defines the threshold for water pollution alert as -DO levels of less than 5 mg/L 5) Fecal coliform bacteria -Fecal coliform bacteria used as indicator of disease -Its presence indicates that fecal matter is present -Some species of this bacteria are a normal constituent of human and animal intestines -Others are not -Escherichia coli (E. coli) is deadly to humans - outbreaks result from eating contaminated meat -US EPA thresholds levels: -200 cells/100 ml water for swimming -0 cells/100ml water for drinking water 6) Nutrients that pollute -Two important nutrients that cause water pollution are phosphorous and nitrogen -Highest levels found in agricultural areas 7)Eutrophication -Process by which a body of water develops a high concentration of nutrients -Nutrients cause a large growth in aquatic plants and photosynthetic bacteria and algae

-Use up dissolved oxygen -High populations of bacteria and algae naturally die off -Input of organic matter into water- more nutrients -Oxygen content lowered to point where aquatic organisms die 8) Oligotrophic vs Eutrophic lake -Oligotrophic lake -Lake with relatively low concentration of nutrients required by life -Clear water -Low abundance of aquatic life -Eutrophic lake -Lake with high concentration of nutrients -Often with mats of algae and murky water -Abundance of life 9) Cultural eutrophication -Human processes that add nutrients to water 10) Sedimentation -Sediment consisting of rock and mineral fragments -Ranging in size from gravel (>2mm) to finer sand, silt and clay to even finer particles -Cause sediment pollution -By volume and mass, greatest water pollutant 11) Acid Mine Drainage -Refers to water with high concentration of sulfuric acid that drains from mines -Serious water pollution problem -Damages aquatic ecosystems, pollutes bodies of water and degrades water quality -Water runs through the mine tailings

-This acidic water then runs off into natural water ways or the groundwater 12) Septic Tank Disposal System -Common in many rural areas and outlying areas of cities -Basic parts of septic-tank disposal system -Sewer line from house to underground tank -Tank to separate solids from liquids -Digest and store solids -Liquid sent to absorption field -By the time water reaches any fresh water- should be safe 13) Primary, Secondary, and Advanced treatment -Primary and secondary required by law - Secondary treatment -Secondary treatment removes ~90% of BOD -Sludge from the digester is dried and disposed of in a landfill or applied to improve soil -Advanced -Additional pollutants can be removed by adding more treatment steps -Sand filters, carbon filters and chemicals applied to assist removal process -Treated water can then be used for agricultural or municipal irrigation

14) Chlorine Treatment -Chlorine is very effective in killing pathogens -Chlorine treatment byproducts may pose hazard to fish and cancer risk to humans 15) Wastewater and Wetlands -Natural and constructed wetlands can treat wastewater -Effective in treating -BOD, pathogens, phosphorus, nitrate, suspended solids, metals, pesticides, oils and other pollutants. -Nitrogen and phosphorus rich wastewater increases the production of wetland plants -Improving water quality -Helping wetlands accrete -Significant economic savings each year 16) Water Reuse -Three types: inadvertent, indirect or direct -Inadvertent -Results when water is withdrawn, treated, used, treated, and returned to the environment -Followed by furtherer withdrawal and use. -Common for people who live along large rivers. -Indirect water reuse -Planned reuse -Several thousand cubic meters of treated water per day applied to surface recharge areas -Eventually enters the groundwater -Direct water reuse -Use of treated wastewater piped directly from a treatment plant to the next user

-Normal for industrial processes. -Used for fountain and other water displays in Las Vegas -Little direct use for human consumption -Orange County, CA developing program to processes 70 million gal/day