PrincipalofOperatingSystem

Operatingsystemoperatingsystemissystemsoftwarethatmanagesthedifferent
resourcesofacomputersystemeffectivelyandefficiently,providesaninterfacebetweenuser andhardwareandprovidestheplatformforexecutionofprograms.

Resourcesofos
1. 2. 3. 4. Processer Memory I/Odevices Files.

Objectiveofos
1 Maximum(Optima)lutilizationofresources 2 Easeofuseofcomputersystem. OSactasaResourcemanager.Itdecides 1 2 3 4 Whichprocessshouldgetwhatprocess. Inwhatquality. Atwhattime. Andforhowlong.

Multiprogrammingsimultaneouslystoringofmorethanoneprogramintothemain
memoryiscalledmultiprogramming.

Processprocessisainstanceofprograminexecution.
Processareoftwotypes 1 CpuboundprocessprocesswhichrequiremoreCPUtoexecuteincomparisontoI/O devices. 2 I/OboundprocessprocesswhichrequiremoreI/Odevicestoexecuteincomparisonto CPU.

Systemcallandsystemcommands
SystemcallstheyaremadebytheOSmodulesforallocationofresources.

SystemcommandstheyaremadebytheuserdirectlytoOSmodulesforallocationof resources.

FunctionsofOS.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 FileManagement ProcessManagement MainmemoryManagement SecondarymemoryManagement I/OdeviceManagement Networkmanagement. CommandInterpretation Systemprotection.

ProcessManagementloadingitfromsecondarymemorytomainandcommenceits execution. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Creationofaprocess Deletionofaprocess Schedulingofaprocess Suspendingaprocess Resumingaprocess Contextscheduling.

MainmemoryManagementkeepingtracksofwhichsegmentofmemoryisinuseandby whom. Decidingwhichprocessaretobeloadedintomemorywhenspacebecomesavailable. and 1 Allocation 2 DEallocation 3 Freespacemanagement SecondarymemoryManagement 1 2 3 4 Allocation DEallocation Freespacemanagement Diskscheduling.

I/OdevicemanagementanOSwillhavedevicedrivertofacilitateI/ofunctions. 1 Drivers 2 Interface Filemanagementfilemanagementisacollectionofrelatedinfo,definedbyitscreator.They areoriginsubdirectoriesanddirectories. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Creationofafile. Deletionofafile. Updatingofafile. Rename Move Accessrights.

Directories 1 Creation 2 Deletion 3 Renaming. Networkmanagement 1 Adistributivesystemcollectionofprocessersanddonotsharememoryclockand peripheralsdevices. 2 Eachprocessercommunicatewithotherthroughanetwork. Systemprotection Atatimeonly1processisenabledtotakecontrolofCPU. OnlyoneprocesshaveaccesstoanI/odeviceatatime. 1 Accessrights. 2 memory Commandinterpretation 1 SystemcallsApplicationprogram. 2 Systemcommandsuser.

Servicesofos
thesearetheoutputgivenbyOStotheuser.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Programexecution I/Ooperators Filemaupulators Communication Errordetectionandrecovery Systemprotection Accounting.

ComponentsofOS
OSiddividedintosubsystemsinaccordancewiththefunctionsperformedthusitcomprisesof thefollowingcomponents. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 FileManagementcomponent ProcessManagementcomponent MainmemoryManagementcomponent SecondarymemoryManagementcomponent I/OdeviceManagementcomponent Networkmanagementcomponent CommandInterpretationcomponent Systemcomponent Accountingcomponentkeepsaccountofsystemresourcesusedbyvarioususersina timesharingsystem&generatesbillatprespecifiedinterval.

OSstructure

Users Applicatonprograms OS modules Systemresources (CPU,Ram,I/O resources,filesetc)

TypesofOS
BatchOSitrequiresthatthattheprogram,itsrelateddataandrelevantcontrolcommands shouldbesubmittedtogether,inaformofajob. itallowsnointeractionb/wusersandapplicationprogram. Serialprocessing MultiprogrammingOS 1 MultitaskingOSexecutionofatwoormoreprogramonasingleprocesserbymultiple user. 2 MultiprocessingOSexecutionoftwoormoreprogramssimultaneouslyontwoormore processerbymanyuser 3 Multiprogrammingexecutionof2ormoreprogramssimultaneouslyonone processersbymultiplemanyusers TimesharingOSProcessingoftwoormoreprogramsbymultipleusersinroundrobinfashion ononeprocesser. RealtimesystemOSTheyareusedinenvironmentwherealargenumberofeventsmostly externaltothecomputersystem ObjectiveQuickresponsetimetomeetthescheduleddeadline. DistributiveOSacollectionofautonomoussystemcapableofcommunicationandco operationviatheirh/w. NetworkOSitisalsoacollectionofcomputersystemssothattheuseriswellawareofthefact thatheisworkingonanetworkandresourcesmaybeavailableonremotemachines.

EvolutionofOS
BareMachineApproach NoOS Computerwasprogrammeddirectlyinmachinelanguage. Eg.PDPII Inputdevicefrontpanelswitches Outputdevicelightemittingdiodes

Disadvantage

 Need SerialProcessing Programsareexecutedstrictlyinserialmanner I/OdevicesPunchcards,papertapes,magnetictapes&lineprinters Useofassembly&highlevellanguages Useoflinkers&loaders Useofsecondarymemory I/Odevices Secondarystoragedevices Highlevellanguage&theirtranslators Linkersandloaders Userunfriendly Timeconsuming Powerfailurerentertheprogram Poorthroughput

Disadvantage Inefficient Sequencingofoperationsdonemanually,thuspoorutilizationofresources Samesequenceisfollowedforexecutioninwhichinputisgiven

(Eg.5progs2Pascal,2COBOL,1FORTRAN) BatchProcessing BatchOS:usedtoread,interpret&executesystemcommandsautomatically&groupthe pooledjobsintoseparatebatchesplacingsimilarjobsinsamebatch,basedonpre specifiedcriteria Batchjobsareexecutedautomaticallyoneafteranother,withoutanymanualintervention Improvessystemutilizationbyreducingoverheadperprogram

Disadvantages Concurrentexecutionofprogramsisnotpossible Nointeractionb/wuser&programwhenitwasunderexecution>Prog.Development timeincreases

 Offlinedebugging>timeconsuming Turnarounddelays

Multiprogramming Morethanoneprogramsusedtobeactivatedconcurrently >OneoftheactivatedprogramsbeinginrunmodeusingCPU >OthersusingI/Odevicesorbeinginwaitstatewaitingforresourcestobeavailable Improvedutilizationofsystemresources Increasedthroughput

Disadvantage OSbecomescomplex

Interactivetimesharingsystems Inadditiontomultiprogramming,supportsuserinteractionwiththesystem,throughOS commands EachinteractiveuserisassignedatimesliceinRRfashionduringwhichitcontrolstheCPU Providesquickterminalresponsetime Allowsonlinedebugging Shortprogramdevelopmenttime

OSStructure

Designed&implementedbyfewpeople Providemostfunctionalityinleastspace Notdividedintomodulescarefully

Limitedbyh/wfunctionality Consistsof2partskernel&systemprograms Largefunctionalitycombinedintoonelevel(kernel) Difficulttoenhance(modificationmayaffectotherareas)

LayeredApproach
OSisbrokenupintoanooflayers,eachbuiltontopoflowerlayers. Bottomlayersishardware,highestlayerisuserinterface. Advantageofthissapproachismodulatiry. Eachlayerusesthefnsandservicesofonlylowerlevellayers(withoutknowinghowtheyare performedabstractions/encapsulation.Itsimplifiesdebuggingandverification.\ Difficultycarefuldefinitionoflayers Disadvantagelessefficient Eg.I/OoperationexecutesystemcallIOlayer(executedbyusers) Memorymanagementlayerscpuschedulinglayerh/w Eachlayeraddoverheadtosyscall Conclusion Fewerlayerswithmorefunctionalityaredesigned

 Egos/2 5 4 3 2 1 0 Userprograms BufferingforI/Odevices Devicedrivers Memorymanager Cpuscheduling H/w

KernelapproachitisthatpartofOSwhichdirectlymakesinterfacewithH/wsystem.
Mainfunctionsare 1 Toprovidemechanismforcreationanddeletionofprocesses. 2 Toprovideprocesserscheduling,memorymanagement,andI/omanagement. 3 Toprovidemechanismforsynchronizationofprocessessothatprocessessynchronizetheir actions. 4 Toprovidemechanismforinterprocesscommunication.

Microkernels(clientservermodel)

Removingallnonessentialcomponentsfromthekernel Implementthemassystem&userlevelprograms Smallkernelprovidesminimalprocess&memorymgmt.

Communicationfacility

 MainfunctionofkernelprovideCFb/wclientprogram&variousservicesrunninginuserspacethen msgpassing. Eg:Ifclientwishestoaccessafile,itmustinteractwithfileserver.Theclientprograms&theservice neverinteractdirectly.Theycommunicateindirectlybyexchangingmsgswithmicrokernel.gf Advantage EaseofextendingOS(changesaretobemadeinuserspacedonotrequiremodificationofthe kernel) OSiseasiertoportfromoneh/wtoanother Providesmoresecurity&reliability(mostservicesrunningasuser.Ifaservicefailstherestof OSremainsuntouched)

Eg:tru64UNIX(DigitalUNIX),AppleMacOSXserverOS,QNX(RTS)

Virtualmachines
Itisaconceptwhichcreatesanillusionofarealmachine ItiscreatedbyvirtualmachineOSthatmakesasinglerealmachineappeartobeseveralreal machines EachusercanrunOSofhisownchoice Invirtualmultiprogrammingsystemasinglerealmachinegivesanillusionofseveralvirtual machine,eachhavingitsownvirtualprocesser;storageandI/Odevicespossiblywithmuch largercapacitiesusingprocessschedulingandvirtualmemory.

Uses&advantages ConcurrentrunningofdissimilarOSbydifferentusers Eliminationofcertainconversionprob. S/wdev.:programscanbedev.Formach.configthatisdifferentfromthatofhost Security&privacy.Ofindependentvirtualmachines

Creationofvirtualmachine Theyarecreatedbysharingtheresourcesofphysicalcomp. Theheartofthesystem,knownasVirtualMachineMonitorrunsonbareh/w&does multiprogrammingi.e.providingseveralvirtualmachinestothenextlayerup

Eg:VMOSofIBM

himansh u agrawal

Digitally signed by himanshu agrawal DN: cn=himanshu agrawal, o=texvns, ou=shardamca, email=himanshu.aman@gmail.co m, c=IN Date: 2012.01.22 16:52:30 +05'30'