CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission

on channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands. One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies. This concept is called multiple access CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signaling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated Spread-spectrum techniques are methods by which a signal (e.g. an electrical, electromagnetic, or acoustic signal) generated in a particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the frequency domain, resulting in a signal with a wider bandwidth The spread spectrum techniques are used for a variety of reasons, including the establishment of secure communications, increasing resistance to natural interference, noise and jamming, to prevent detection, and to limit power flux density (e.g. in satellite downlinks) Analogy An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid confusion: o people could take turns speaking (time division) o speak at different pitches (frequency division) o speak in different languages (code division) CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but other languages are perceived as noise and rejected Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can communicate Each user in a CDMA system uses a different code to modulate their signal. Choosing the codes used to modulate the signal is very important in the performance of CDMA systems. The best performance will occur when there is good separation between the signal of a desired user and

the signals of other users. The separation of the signals is made by correlating the received signal with the locally generated code of the desired user. If the signal matches the desired user's code then the correlation function will be high and the system can extract that signal. If the desired user's code has nothing in common with the signal the correlation should be as close to zero as possible (thus eliminating the signal); this is referred to as cross correlation. If the code is correlated with the signal at any time offset other than zero, the correlation should be as close to zero as possible. This is referred to as auto-correlation and is used to reject multi-path interference. In general, CDMA belongs to two basic categories: synchronous (orthogonal codes) and asynchronous (pseudorandom codes) Synchronous CDMA Synchronous CDMA exploits mathematical properties of orthogonality between vectors representing the data strings. Each user in synchronous CDMA uses a code orthogonal to the others' codes to modulate their signal. Examples of orthogonal signals:

Asynchronous CDMA When mobile-to-base links cannot be precisely coordinated, particularly due to the mobility of the handsets, a different approach is required. Since it is not mathematically possible to create signature sequences that are both orthogonal for arbitrarily random starting points and which make full use of the code space, unique "pseudo-random" or "pseudo-noise" (PN) sequences are used in asynchronous CDMA systems A PN code is a binary sequence that appears random but can be reproduced in a deterministic manner by intended receivers. These PN codes are used to encode and decode a user's signal in Asynchronous CDMA in the same manner as the orthogonal codes in synchronous CDMA. Why CDMA?

Higher capacity Lower mobile transmit power = longer battery life Allows soft handoff Sectorization gain High peak data rates can be accommodated Combats other-user interference = lower reuse factors

Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) - cdmaone CDMA : Code Division Multiple Access - a multiple access scheme for digital radio It is a 2G mobile telecommunications standard that uses CDMA to send voice, data and signaling data between mobile telephones and cell sites CDMA permits several radios to share the same frequencies Unlike TDMA, used in 2G GSM, all radios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the number of active radios Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller numbers of cell-sites, CDMAbased standards have a significant economic advantage over TDMA-based standards Today, there are two versions of IS-95, called IS-95A and IS-95B The IS-95A protocol employs a 1.25-MHz carrier, operates in radio-frequency bands at either 800 MHz or 1.9 GHz, and supports data speeds of up to 14.4 Kbps IS-95B can support data speeds of up to 115 kbps by bundling up to eight channels CDMA2000 Also known as IMT MultiCarrier (IMTMC) Is a family of 3G mobile technology standards, which use CDMA channel access, to send voice, data, and signaling data between mobile phones and cell sites The set of standards includes: o CDMA2000 1X o CDMA2000 EV-DO(Evolution-Data Optimized) Rev. 0 o CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. A o CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. B All the above standards are approved radio interfaces for the ITU's IMT-2000 backward-compatible with its previous 2G iteration IS-95 (cdmaOne)

Figure 1: CDMA2000 Network

Figure 2: Wireless Network Access

Figure 3: 3G Network Architecture