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Physics Qualifying Examination

Problems 16 Problems 712

Thursday, August 26, 2009 Friday, August 27, 2009

15 pm 1-5 pm

1. Solve each problem. 2. Start each problem solution on a fresh page. You may use multiple pages per problem. 3. At the top of each solution page put the problem number (112) and your Social Security number, but not your name or any other information.

Academic Honor Code Students are expected to uphold the Academic Honor Code published in The Florida State University Bulletin and the Student Handbook. The first paragraph is: The Academic Honor System of Florida State University is based on the premise that each student has the responsibility (1) to uphold the highest standards of academic integrity in the student's own work, (2) to refuse to tolerate violations of academic integrity in the University community, and (3) to foster a high sense of integrity and social responsibility on the part of the University community. Specific rules for this exam: 1. Sit only in your assigned seat. 2. All cell phones must be turned off during the exam. 3. You are allowed to bring a hand calculator and a book of math tables, but not one that has a list of physics formulas (e.g. Maxwell's equations or the equations of fluid flow or thermodynamics, etc) or physical constants (e.g. electron mass, acceleration of gravity, etc). If such information should be supplied, it will be included in the statement of the problem (and that is generally the case with numbers like the electron mass, Planck's constant, etc.). 4. you may ask questions to the faculty proctor during the exam. If it is decided something is unfairly left out, that will be announced to everyone in the room. 5. You must not receive any information verbal, written, or otherwise from anyone during the exam except the faculty proctor. 6. You must not give any information to anyone during the exam.

Problem 1 One mole of an ideal monatomic gas at an initial volume V1 = 25 L and pressure P1 = 105 Pa is subjected to the following three step cycle. First, it is heated at constant volume to P2 = 2105 Pa. Second, it is then isothermally expanded to V3 = 2V1. Third, the volume is reduced back to V1 at constant pressure. All processes are quasi-static. The gas constant is 8.314 J/(mole K). (a) Draw the PV diagram of the cycle indicating the pressure and volume after each step. (b) Find the temperature of the gas at each step of the cycle.

(c) Find the heat flow for each part of the cycle. (d) Calculate the efficiency of the cycle.

Problem 1

Problem 2 A mass m is hung from a fixed support on the end of a light unstretchable cord of length L forming a simple pendulum. The mass is pulled to the side so that the cord makes an angle of 1 with the vertical. (a) Find the potential energy of the system relative to its lowest position. (b) If the mass is released at 1 from rest, determine the velocity of the mass when it is at its lowest position. (c) Find both the potential and kinetic energies of the mass when its cord makes an angle 2 < 1 with the vertical if the mass is released at 1 from rest. Solution

Problem 3 Let the Lagrangian of two interacting point particles be

L=

m1 2 m2 2 r1 + r2 2 2 r1 r2

1. Explain why the energy of this system is, or is not, conserved. 2. Write down the expression for the center of mass R (t ) of the system. How is the center of mass reference frame defined? 3. Let r = r1 r2 and express the Lagrangian in the center of mass reference frame as a function of the coordinate r and the velocity r . 4. Rewrite the resulting Lagrangian in spherical coordinates (polar angle , azimuthal angle , and magnitude r = r ). 5. Write down the Euler-Lagrange equations for the two angles and identify from one of these equations a conserved quantity. 6. Prove that the motion is confined to a plane.

Problem 3 Solution

Problem 4

Consider two donut shaped permanent magnets with magnetization parallel to the z-axis (vertical in the figure), which slide without friction on a vertical rod. Treat the magnets as dipoles, with mass M and dipole moment m. If you put the magnets back-to-back (NSSN), the upper magnet will float. a) Determine the height at which it floats. b) Determine the angular frequency of small oscillations about the equilibrium height. c) Use dimensional analysis to determine the frequency dependence of the power radiated by the oscillating magnetic dipole.

Solution:

0 m 2 a) The interaction energy between the two anti-aligned dipoles is U m = 2 z 3 m2 So including the gravitational energy we have U tot = 0 3 + Mgz 2 z
The equilibrium height is determined by the minimum of the total energy with respect to z so 3 m 2 0 = U tot = 0 4 + Mg z 2 zeq
3 m 2 zeq = 0 2 Mg
1 4

b) From the Lagrange equations of motion we have Mz =

30 m2 Mg 2 z 4 z Expanding near the equilibrium height we have z = 4 g zeq


1 2

4g From here we see that = z eq

c) The power radiated must have units of energy/time. The energy must be the m2 dipole energy and so dimensionally P Length3 The length-scale is obtained from the speed of light and frequency so P 4

Problem 5 Consider two identical spin particles with mass m which move in 3D and attract each other via harmonic potential with spring constant . a) Write down the Hamiltonian for this system. b) Determine the energy spectrum. c) Assuming a center of mass momentum coordinate system, determine the spin structure of the lowest and the first excited state(s). What are the degeneracies of each of these states?

Solution: a)
2 p12 p2 1 + + (r1 r2 ) 2 2m 2m 2 2 2 K 1 2 + n + where n=0,1,2 and = b) E = = m 2 mred m c) The ground state of a harmonic oscillator is even under parity transformation and therefore even under exchange. By Pauli exclusion principle, this means that the spin wavefunction is odd and therefore it is a singlet. This level is non-degenerate.

H=

There are three first excited states of the harmonic oscillator and each is odd under parity and therefore odd under exchange. Therefore, each is spin triplet. There are therefore 9 first excited states.

Problem 6 A water molecule can vibrate in the flexing mode in which the hydrogen atoms move towards and away from each other without stretching the HO bond. The oscillation of this mode is approximately harmonic with a frequency of 5.0 x 1013 Hz. What is the probability of a water molecule in its flexing ground state and in the first excited state? Assume that the water is in equilibrium at room temperature. The Boltzmann constant k is 1.38 x 10-23 J/K and Plancks constant h is 6.63 x 10 -34 J.s.

Solution: The energy levels of a harmonic oscillator are given by En = (n +1/2) hf, where f is the frequency and n = 0, 1, 2, 3,------- . So the partition function is Z = e-(1/2)hf/kT + e-(3/2)hf/kT + e-(5/2)hf/kT + e-(7/2)hf/kT + -------------At T= 300 K, hf/kT = 8.01. Therefore, Z= e-3.85 + e-11.5 + e-19.2 + e-27.0+ --------- = 0.0187 The probability of being in first excited state is P1 = e-(3/2)hf/kT/ Z = e-11.5/0.0215 = 3.3 x 10-4. The probability in being ground state is e-(3/2)hf/kT/ Z = e-3.85/0.0215 = .9997.

Physics Qualifying Examination

Problems 16 Problems 712

Thursday, August 26, 2009 Friday, August 27, 2009

15 pm 1-5 pm

1. Solve each problem. 2. Start each problem solution on a fresh page. You may use multiple pages per problem. 3. At the top of each solution page put the problem number (112) and your Social Security number, but not your name or any other information.

Academic Honor Code

Students are expected to uphold the Academic Honor Code published in The Florida State University Bulletin and the Student Handbook. The first paragraph is:
The Academic Honor System of Florida State University is based on the premise that each student has the responsibility (1) to uphold the highest standards of academic integrity in the student's own work, (2) to refuse to tolerate violations of academic integrity in the University community, and (3) to foster a high sense of integrity and social responsibility on the part of the University community.

Specific rules for this exam: 7. Sit only in your assigned seat. 8. All cell phones must be turned off during the exam. 9. You are allowed to bring a hand calculator and a book of math tables, but not one that has a list of physics formulas (e.g. Maxwell's equations or the equations of fluid flow or thermodynamics, etc) or physical constants (e.g. electron mass, acceleration of gravity, etc). If such information should be supplied, it will be included in the statement of the problem (and that is generally the case with numbers like the electron mass, Planck's constant, etc.). 10. you may ask questions to the faculty proctor during the exam. If it is decided something is unfairly left out, that will be announced to everyone in the room. 11. You must not receive any information verbal, written, or otherwise from anyone during the exam except the faculty proctor. 12. You must not give any information to anyone during the exam.

Problem 7 A non-relativistic particle moves in one dimension along the x-axis with momentum p in the positive direction. At x = 0 there is a very narrow potential wall described by potential

h2 V ( x) = 2 ( x) 8 m
where is a positive parameter to characterize strength of the wall and (x) is the Dirac delta function. (a) Calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients. (b) Calculate the scattering states and the bound state for negative .

Solution

Problem 8

Problem 9

Problem 10

Neutron scattering is often done by cooling fast neutrons, which are among the fission products from a nuclear reactor, by thermalizing them in a moderator such as solid deuterium oxide (D2O) ice) held at constant cryogenic temperature T. The average kinetic energy of neutrons from such a source is

E=

1 3 m v 2 = kT 2 2

where m is the neutron mass,

v2

is the mean-square velocity, and

k is Boltzmanns constant. The neutron mass is mn = 1.68 x 10-27 kg.

a) What is the de Broglie wavelength n for neutrons, in terms of their energy, mass, and Plancks constant? b) What is the de Broglie wavelength for neutrons with the average kinetic energy in terms of the temperature of the source? c) Hydrogen freezes at 20.25K, and can be used to keep the D2O moderator at a fixed temperature. What is the de Broglie wavelength n (in ) for the neutrons with the average energy corresponding to that temperature? What is the average neutron energy E (in eV)? d) The neutrons are monochromatized at the 20.25K thermal energy maximum n and diffracted off a crystalline target with a lattice spacing of 4.21 . What is the scattering angle that would give Bragg diffraction of neutrons from this crystal? Use the convention for diffraction shown in the figure.

Solution Neutron scattering is often done by cooling fast neutrons, which are among the fission products from a nuclear reactor, by thermalizing them in a moderator such as solid deuterium oxide (D2O) ice) held at constant cryogenic temperature T. The average kinetic energy of neutrons from such a source is

E=

1 3 m v 2 = kT 2 2

where m is the neutron mass,

v2

is the mean-square velocity, and

k is Boltzmanns constant. The neutron mass is mn = 1.68 x 10-27 kg.

a) What is the de Broglie wavelength n for neutrons, in terms of their energy, mass, and Plancks constant? The de Broglie wavelength is = h/p = h/(mv), and since E = mv2/2 (note that we are assuming v <<c, so that a non-relativistic approximation can be used here.)
Thus

v = 2E / m

and so

h h = = mv m 2 E / m

h 2 mE

b) What is the de Broglie wavelength for neutrons with the average kinetic energy in terms of the temperature of the source? Solving for the average kinetic energy of the Boltzmann distribution in terms of temperature: Since E = 3kT/2, we have

h = 2 mE

h = 2 m (3kT / 2)

h 3mkT

c) Hydrogen freezes at 20.25K, and can be used to keep the D2O moderator at a fixed temperature. What is the de Broglie wavelength n (in ) for the neutrons with the average energy corresponding to that temperature? What is the average neutron energy E (in eV)? Substituting numerically into the answer from (b) gives:

h = 3mkT

6.63 x10 34 J s 3(1.68 x10 27 kg )(1.38 x10 23 J / K )(20.25 K )

= 5.587 x10 10 m = 5.58

d) The neutrons are monochromatized at the 20.25K thermal energy maximum n and diffracted off a crystalline target with a lattice spacing of 4.21 . What is the scattering angle that would give Bragg diffraction of neutrons from this crystal? Use the convention for diffraction shown in the figure. Referring to the diagram, we see that the path length difference for neutrons which scatter off adjacent planes in the crystal is just 2dsin(), so that we get constructive interference when this is an integer number of de Broglie wavelengths, i.e.: n =2dsin() so that we have

sin( ) =

n 5.587 =n = 0.6635n 2d 2(4.21 )

and we see that n=1 is the only possibility for . Giving an angle of

= sin 1 ( 0.6635 ) = 41.56

Problem 11 A superconducting (SC) solenoid is to be wound from superconducting wire having a critical current density J c = 105 A / cm 2 at 15 T and a diameter of 2 mm ( J c is the current density at which the resistance of the wire suddenly becomes very large compared to the resistance of the copper). The wire is clad with a copper sheath of thickness 0.5 mm. The magnet has a field of 15 T, a bore (inner diameter) of 1 m, and is 2 m long. Remember that the resistance of a superconductor in the superconducting state is exactly zero. Use the long solenoid approximation to determine the characteristics requested below, including the approximation that the flux is confined to the innermost winding. You may also assume the layer thickness is very small compared with the inner diameter of the solenoid, obviously a good approximation. (Note this magnet is approximately the size of the SC outsert of the new hybrid under construction at the NHMFL. These are to be only back of the envelope calculations to give some idea of the parameters).
m0 = 4 107 T m / A : the resistivity of Cu is 1.7 108 m .

a) What is the maximum current the SC wire can carry and remain superconducting at 15 T? b) How many layers of wire are needed to produce the 15 T field, and how many total turns? c) What is the resistance of the copper sheath? d) What is the inductance of the solenoid? e) How much energy is stored in the solenoid when it is at full field and superconducting? For the parts below assume the Cu part of the coils is shorted so the circuit is a resistance and inductance in series. f) If the magnet quenches, that is if the resistance of the SC suddenly becomes very large, what will be the maximum voltage across the solenoid (and thus the Cu sheath)? g) Find the current in the Cu sheath as a function of the time after quench. Assume the equivalent circuit is just the Cu sheath of the solenoid shorted with a conductor of negligible resistance. See the figure on the next page.

Solution:

Problem 12

Monochromatic blue light with a wavelength of 434.2 nm is incident on a sample of cesium. Electrons emitted from the cesium surface are observed having velocities ranging up to 5.491 x 105 m/s. Note that me = 0.511 MeV/c2, qe = 1.602 x 10-19 C, hc = 1240 eV.nm. e) What is the work function for this sample of cesium? f) Explain why there is a range of emitted electron energies. g) What is the wavelength of the fastest emitted electrons? h) Now assume that the hydrogen discharge lamp produces 2.0 W of power radiated in this particular blue Balmer series spectral line. If the lamp can be considered to be a point source and emits light isotropically, estimate how many blue photons per second strike a circular cesium sample 7.5 cm in diameter and placed 100 cm in front of the lamp.

Solution:

Monochromatic blue light with a wavelength of 434.2 nm is incident on a sample of cesium. Electrons emitted from the cesium surface are observed having velocities ranging up to 5.491 x 105 m/s. Note that me = 0.511 MeV/c2, qe = 1.602 x 10-19 C, hc = 1240 eV . nm. a) What is the work function for this sample of cesium? The photoelectric effect defines the kinetic energy of emitted electrons E = + KEmax thus: = E - KEmax = hc/ 1/2 mev2max = (1240 eV . nm)/(434.2 nm) 1/2 [0.511 MeV/(3x108m)2]( 5.491 x 105 m/s)2max = 2.856 eV 0.856eV = 2.00eV b) Explain why there is a range of emitted electron energies. The valence electrons within a metal form a continuum of energies up to an energy below the ionization threshold. When a photon strikes the surface, the electrons absorb the full photon energy. Those electrons nearest the surface can leave the surface with the maximum energy available, which is the photon energy minus the work function, . Electrons deeper inside the metal are more likely to interact with electrons around other atoms on their way out of the sample before leaving the surface, and these interactions will reduce their kinetic energies. c) What is the wavelength of the fastest emitted electrons? The deBroglie wavelength of electrons is

h h hc = = p me v me vc

= (1240 eV . nm)/ {[0.511 MeV/(3x108m)][5.491x105m/s]}

= 1.326 nm
d) Now assume that the hydrogen discharge lamp produces 2.0 W of power radiated in this particular blue Balmer series spectral line. If the lamp can be considered to be a point source and emits light isotropically, estimate how many blue photons per second strike a

circular cesium sample 7.5 cm in diameter and placed 100 cm in front of the lamp. The energy density per time (from an isotropic source) is given by the inverse square law of light, and energy per time is power;

I =

P 4 R 2

E/t = P

The fraction of that intensity which reaches the cesium sample has the same ratio as the solid angle subtended by that sample has to the solid angle of a full sphere (4).

E I t = = 4 I E t

(1)

The fraction of that intensity which reaches the cesium sample has the same ratio as the solid angle subtended by that sample has to the solid angle of a full sphere (4). It is actually a rather difficult geometrical problem to find the area cut out of a sphere by a circular disk which has its circumference touching the inside of the sphere. This fraction would give us the solid angle subtended by the cesium sample, and therefore also give us the fraction of the total energy absorbed by the sample. To attack this problem we will look at a cross-sectional cut of the disk and R sphere. We can visualize the disk edge-on as the solid line from 1 to 2, contained inside the sphere thus: If the radius of the disk, r, is small compared to the radius of the sphere, R, then we can use the small angle approximation; that is:

1 s

tan (= s/R) sin (= r/R)


which gives that r s. If this is true, the solid angle subtended by the disk ( = s2/R2) can be approximated by the surface area of the disk divided by the radius of the sphere squared ( = r2/R2). The fraction of the intensity reaching cesium sample can thus be calculated from (1) above: I = I [ E t ] = [ E t ] 4 4

2 r 2 R 2 = P r [ E t ] = [ E t ] 4 4 R 2 r2 r2 [ E ] = Pt = Pt 4 R 2 4R2

which can be solved:

( 7.5 cm / 2 ) = 0.0003516 P t [ E ] = P t ( ) 2 4 (100 cm ) = ( 0.0003516 ) ( 2 x10 6 watts ) (1sec )


2

7.03x1010 J = = 4.39 x109 eV 19 1.602 x10 J / eV


This is total energy deposited per second. Because this comes in discrete packets of energy (photons), which each have an energy E = h = hc/, the number of photons can be calculated Etotal = N .E

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