UNIT 2: Powers and roots. Rounding numbers.

1. Powers
-Powers of positive exponent. To raise a fraction to a power both the numerator and the denominator rises up to the exponent. y Example: a1 = a an = aa a (n of times)

Properties
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a4a3 = (aaaa)(aaa) = a43 (a4)3 = a43 = a12 (ab)3 = a3b3 [a/b]3 = a/ba/ba/b=a3/b3 a4/a3 = a4-3 (2/7) 3 = 2/72/72/7

For example: 81 = 8, (-6) 4 = (-6)(-6)(-6)(-6),

2. Exacts Roots
-Square Roots.
= 5, because 52 = 25 , because (5/2)2 = (52/ 22) =

-Cube Roots. They are similar to the square roots.

= 2, because 23 = 8 -Other Roots. Of the same form, we interpret roots of superior index to 3. 25 = 32, =2 = 10, because 104 = 10000

 In general: if a = bn , so

=b

3. Radical
 The expressions in that they appear indicated roots are denominated radical.

y Some rules for the managing of radical. -Sum. Radicals with the same radicand and the same index:
3 +5 =7

The sum of radical of different radicands or different indexes has to be made indicated, since it is not possible to simplify: + y +

-Product. Radicals with the same index:

= =

Radicals with different indexes can t multiply directly: (It is not possible to multiply if one does not transform before both radical ones)

-Power. The power of the radical one can be simplified if the exponent of
the power is multiple of the index of the root. ( )6 = ( ) 32 = 72 ( ) 5 It isn t possible to simplify.

4. Rational and Irrational Numbers

-Rational Numbers. A rational number is any number that can be
expressed as the quotient of two integers, with the denominator b not equal to zero. For example: =

Terminating Decimals Fractions Rational Numbers Integers Recurring Decimals

-Irrational Numbers.
as a simple fraction. Example:

An irrational number is a number that cannot be written

(pi) is an irrational number. The value of

is:

3.1415926535897932384626433832795 (and more )

5. Approximation and Rounding

-When rounding numbers to a given degree of accuracy, look at the next digit. If it is 5 or more then round up, otherwise round down. Example: To round 654.394 to 2 decimal places, look at the thousandths digit.

654.394

654.395

654.39

654.40

The thousandths digit is 4, so round down to 654.39. 654.394 654.39 (to 2 decimal places) Numbers can be rounded: y y To decimal places -> 4.16 = 4.2 to 1 decimal place To the nearest unit, 10, 100, 1000, 32 559 = 33000 to the nearest thousand The first non-zero digit in a number is called the 1st significant figure it has the highest value in the number. When rounding to significant figures, count from the first non-zero digit. Examples: 62.89 63 (to 2 significant figures) 0.00205 0.0021 (to 2 significant figures) 4.267 4.27 (to 3 significant figures) You can estimate the answer to a calculation by rounding the numbers. Example: = 1.35

6. Standard Index Form.

You use standard form to represent large numbers. A number is written as A10n -A is a number between 1 and 10 -The value of n is an integer. For example: 16000= 1,6104

Standard Form For Small Numbers.

It is useful to write small numbers, like 0.0002 in standard form. Example: 0.000034=3.410-5

M Isabel Rodrguez y Alba Ruiz

I have used yellow to highlight the most relevant mistakes. Could you tell me why? Luis Rodrguez.