SEM SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS FAP0025: PHYSICS II

EXPERIMENT 5: INTRODUCTION TO OPTICS SYSTEM

PART I: THE LAW REFRACTION PART II: THE LAW OF REFLECTION PART III: DISPERSION AND TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION PART IV: FOCAL LENGTH OF A THIN LENS APPARATUS: Optics Bench Ray table and Base Slit Plate Cylindrical Lens Light Source (object) Component Holder Slit Mask Ray Optics Mirror Screen Bench Convex Lens Viewing Screen

PROCEDURE PART I: THE LAW OF REFRACTION Setup the equipment as shown in figure 1. Adjust the components so a single ray to light passes directly through the center of the Ray Table Degree Scale. Align the flat surface of the Cylindrical Lens with the line labeled of the Degree Scale will all be perpendicular to the circular surface of the lens. Without disturbing the alignment of the Lens, rotate the Ray table and observer the refracted ray for various angles of incidence.

Figure 1.0

SEM SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS FAP0025: PHYSICS II RESULTS FOR PART I: 1) Is the ray bent when it passes into the lens perpendicular to the flat surface of the lens? 2) Is the ray bent it passes out of the lens perpendicular to the curved surface of the lens? By rotating the ray table, set the angle of incidence to each of the settings shown in Table 1on the following page. For each angle of incidence, measure the angle of refraction (Refraction1). Repeat the measurement with the incident ray striking from the opposite side of normal (Refraction2). 3) Are you results for the two sets of measurement the same? If not, to what do you attribute the differences? On a separate sheet of paper, construct a graph with sin (single of refraction on the Xaxis and sin (single of incidence) on Y-axis. Draw the best fit straight line for each of your two sets of data. 4) Is your graph consistent with the Law of Refraction? Explain. 5) Measure the slope of your best fit lines. Take the average of your results to determine the index of refraction for acrylic (assumed that index of refraction for air is equal to 1.0) ANGLE OF: Refraction1 (clockwise)

Incidence 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Refraction2 (anti-clockwise)

Table 1.0

SEM SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS FAP0025: PHYSICS II

PROCEDURE PART II: THE LAW OF REFLECTION

Figure 2.0 1) Set up the equipment as shown in figure 2.0.

Figure 2.1

2) Adjust the components so a single ray of light is aligned with the bold arrow labeled Normal on the Ray Table Degree Scale. 3) Carefully align the flat reflecting surface of the mirror with the bold line labeled Component on the Ray Table. With the mirror properly aligned, the bold arrow on the Ray Table is normal (at right angles) to the plane of the reflecting surface. 4) By rotating the Ray Table, set the angle if incidence to each of the settings shown in table 2. For each angle if incidence, record the angle of reflection (Reflection1). 5) Repeat your measurement with the incidence ray coming the opposite of the normal (Reflection2).

SEM SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS FAP0025: PHYSICS II

RESULTS FOR PART II: 1) Are the results for two trials the same? If not, to what do you attribute the differences? 2) Part of the law of reflection states that incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane. Discuss how this is shown in your experiment. 3) What relationship holds between the angle if incidence and the angle of reflection? Incidence: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 ANGLE OF: Reflection1 (clockwise) Reflection2 (anti-clockwise)

Table 2.0 PROCEDURE PART III: DISPERSION AND TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION In this experiment you will look at two phenomena related to reflection: Dispersion and Total Internal Reflection. Dispersion introduces a complication to the Law of Refraction, which is that most materials have different indexes of refraction for different colors of lights. In Total Internal Reflection, it is found that in certain circumstances, light striking an interface between two transparent media can not pass through the interface.

Figure 3.0 4

SEM SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS FAP0025: PHYSICS II

Setup the equipment as shown in Figure 3.0, so a single light ray is incident on the curved Surface of the Cylindrical Lens. a) Dispersion 1) Set the ray table so the angle of incidence of the ray striking the flat surface of the lens (from inside the lens) is zero degrees. Adjust the ray table component holder so the refracted ray is visible on the Viewing Screen. 2) Slowly, increase the angle of incidence. As you do, watch the refracted ray on the viewing screen. RESULTS FOR PART III (a): a) At what angle of refraction do you begin to notice color separation in the refracted ray? b) At what angle of refraction is the color separation a maximum? c) What colors are present in the refracted ray? (Write them in order of minimum to maximum angle of refraction). d) Measure the index of refraction of acrylic for red and violet light? (n acrylic sin acrylic = n air sin air) NOTE: it is always assumed that the index of refraction of a given material is a constant. That statement was almost accurate, but not quite. As you can see, different colors of light refract to slightly different angles, and therefore have slightly different indexes of refraction

n red =___________________ n violet=___________________

b) Total Internal Reflection Without moving the Ray Table or the Cylindrical Lens, notice that not all of the light in the incident ray is refracted. Part of the light is also reflected.

SEM SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS FAP0025: PHYSICS II

RESULTS FOR PART III (3b): a) From which surface of the lens does reflection primarily occur? b) Is there a reflected ray for all angles of incidence? (Use the Viewing Screen to detect faint rays). c) Are the angles for the reflected ray consistent with the Law of Reflection? d) Is there a refracted ray for all angles of incidence? e) How does the intensity of the reflected and refracted rays vary with the angle of incidence? f) At what angle of refraction is all the light reflected (no refracted ray)?

THEORY FOR PART IV For a thin lens: 1 1 1 = + f do di Where; f is focal length, do is the distance between the object and the lens di is the distance between the image and the lens. See the figure:

Figure 4.0 6

SEM SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS FAP0025: PHYSICS II

PROCEDURE PART IV: FOCAL LENGTH OF A THIN LENS a) FOCAL LENGTH USING AN OBJECT AT INFINITY 1) Using one of the positive lenses focus a distant light on a paper. 2) Measure the distance from the lens of paper. This is the image distance. 3) Take the limit as the object distance goes to infinity in the Thin Lens Formula: 1 1 1 = + f do di

b) FOCAL LENGTH BY PLOTTING i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

1 1 vs do di

vii.

viii.

On the optical bench, position the lens between a light source (the object) and the screen. Be sure the object and the screen are at least one meter apart. Move the lens to position where an image of the object is formed in one screen. Measure the image distance and the object distance. Record all measurement in table 3. Measure the object size and the image size for this position of the lens. Move the lens to a second position where the image is in focus (Do not move the screen or Light Source). Measure the image distance and the object distance. Measure the image size for this position also. Move the screen toward the object until you can no longer find two position of the lens where the image will focus. Then move the screen a few centimeters further away from the object. Repeat part ii and iv for this position of the screen and for 4 other intermediate position of the screen. This will give you 6 sets of data points (a total of 12 data point). 1 1 Plot using the 12 data points. This will give a straight line and the X+ do di 1 and Y-intercepts are each equal to . f Find the percent difference between the two values of the focal length found from the intercepts. Then average these two values and find the percent difference between this average and the focal length found in Part 1.

SEM SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS FAP0025: PHYSICS II

ix.

For the first two sets of data points ONLY, use image and object distance to find the magnification at each position of this lens. Magnification = M = di

do

Then using your measurement of the size and object size, find the magnification my measuring the image size and object size. [M] = Image Size Object Size

Find the percent differences. RESULTS FOR PART IV Object Distance Image Distance Image Size
1 do 1 di

Table 3.0 x- intercepts f average y- interceps =_______________ =_______________ =_______________

% difference =_______________