March 22-24, 2004

Symposium on Interdisciplinary Shock Wave Research

Sendai, Japan

Diraction of shock into weak waves by shock-vortex interactions of variable strength

K-S Chang1 and S-M Chang2 1 Department of Aerospace Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Gusong-dong, Yusung-gu, Taejon 305-701, Korea; kschang-ks@kaist.ac.kr 2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Kunsan National University, San 68 Miryong-dong, Kunsan- Shi, Chonbuk 573-701, Korea; smchang@kunsan.ac.kr Abstract. Vortices are omnipresent in the uid where viscous friction plays an important role, particularly if there is solid surface or turbulent eddy in the ow. In the supersonic ow, shock waves are easily generated, transported and eventually dissipated at a distance. When a shock wave interacts with a vortex, it produces quite dierent shock diraction patterns depending on intensity of shock-vortex interaction. They are so complex that it is helpful to make simplied models in order to understand essential feature of the interaction. Schlieren, Shadowgraph and holographic interferograms are experimentally useful but they are, in some cases, not sucient to disclose shock wave physics. In the present paper, we summarize the research conducted by the authors in the last seven years on shock-vortex interaction. We consider four interaction models: weak shock with weak vortex, strong shock with weak vortex, weak shock with strong vortex, and nally strong shock with strong vortex. Navier-Stokes equations are solved using the nite volume method with quadrilateral unstructured adaptive grid. The numerical results show quite a variation in the shock diraction patterns. Strong shock results in triple point, slip line that is pulled into the vortex core in a spiral form, and Mach reection from the impinging shock. In contrast, strong vortex causes partial reection of shock from the vortex edge and partial transmission of shock through the vortex core like a beam-splitter. It indicates that the interaction becomes acoustically a quadrupole noise source. When a moving shock interacts with a series of tandem vortices, the above interaction occurs repeatedly one after another and the accumulated result yields diverging acoustics. It has been consequently possible to identify some of the complex shock diraction patterns obtained optically from experiment.

1. Introduction
Shock-vortex interaction was rst investigated in the 1950s by some researchers in uid dynamics and acoustics. They noticed that quadrupole noise was a key sound source of screech tone in supersonic jets. Shock-vortex interaction also lays a brick to a more complex problem like shock-shear layer interaction. Weeks and Dosanjh (1965, 1967) approached this 87

problem with shock tube experiment and acoustic analogy in the 1960s. Recently, many computational investigations have appeared for shock-vortex interaction models. Ellzey et al. (1995) pointed out two aspects of shock-vortex interaction: severe distortion of shock wave by the surrounding ow, and quadrupole sound propagation. A series of later papers includes Chatterjee (1999) who studied transition of incident shock wave from regular to Mach reection. Inoue and Hattori (1999) observed acoustic waves as well as shock waves generated by shock-vortex interaction. Grasso and Pirozzoli (2000) conducted parametric study in the lower vortex Mach number range, Mv < 1, where Mv is a ratio of the maximum tangential speed of the vortex to the speed of sound in the ambient eld. In the present paper, we describe the shock-vortex interaction study extended to the higher vortex Mach number range, Mv > 1. An isolated shock-vortex interaction is then extended to shockmultiple vortex interaction in order to explain optical images obtained by experiment such as Schardins (1957). A similar eort can be found in Barbosa and Skews (2001).

2. Methods
We carried out experiments using shock tube and optical method such as holographic interferometry and shadowgraph. For Navier-Stokes computation, we used the quadrilateral unstructured adaptive-grid technique to capture delicate weak waves radiated by the shockvortex interaction. Details of both experiment and computation can be found in Chang and Chang (2000).

3. Schardins experiment (1998-2000)

In the Schardins (1957) experiment, a planar shock impinges to a nite wedge with reection and diraction. The impingement produces ow elements such as Mach stems, triple points, reected and scattering shocks, slip lines, acoustic waves, and smaller vortices, with many of them interacting each other, making the ow complex. The authors reproduced this experiment using a shock tube with cross section of 150 mm 60 mm. One of the important results in Fig. 1 is the diverging acoustic wave, presumably generated by interaction of the incident wave with smaller vortexlets along the slip layer on the vortex edge. The two shocks transmitted through the vortex cores make 8-shape conguration.

4. Interaction of a shock and a starting vortex (2000-2002)

The make the shock-vortex interaction in Schardins experiment simpler, we modied the experimental model. We generated a vortex by a curved at plate or shock splitter as given in Fig. 2. An impinging Ms = 1.34 shock is split into a faster Ms,u = 1.41 upper shock and a slower Ms,l = 1.22 lower shock by the curved plate in the shock tube. The upper shock is rst diracted at the tip of the plate, generating a starting vortex. This vortex is almost symmetric but attached to the tip by a slip line. The lower shock arrives at the vortex to 88

Fig. 1 Shadowgraph of shock diraction behind a nite wedge

Fig. 2 A new experimental setup for the shock-vortex interaction

make a shock-vortex interaction. This model is free from the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability that would generate vortexlets along the slip line. An isolated small vortex is nevertheless observed on the slip line which is born by sudden expansion of the accelerated shock (A), through the gap between the plate and the vortex. Fig. 3 shows that the incident shock (I) is reected to the wave (R) at the vortex edge and transmitted through the vortex core to the wave (T). The R and T waves can be also veried from the simplied numerical model below. In Fig. 4, the incident shock (I) is reected to a wave (R) and transmitted to another wave (T) through the vortex core. As the pair of waves is propagated in the radial direction, the incident shock wave rotates around the vortex anticlockwise. The waves break into two pairs out of instability: the old pair, waves (e) and (c), and a new pair, waves R(e) and T(c) that are attached to the incident shock wave at a higher azimuthal angle. The wave (e) is an expansion wave and (c) the compression wave, composing the well-known quadrupole structure of sound due to shock-vortex interaction. 89

Fig. 3 Left: holographic interferogram, right: Navier-Stokes computation

Fig. 4 Shock-vortex Interaction: (left) Computational Result, (right) Schematic Diagram

5. Parametric study (2002-2004)

The weak, radially-scattering reected and transmitted waves have not been much discussed in the literature. The parameter plane, Fig. 5, illustrates why other researchers could not nd the wave elements (R) and (T). The earlier studies based on the simple numerical models seem all limited to the cases of subsonic vortex Mach number, i.e. Mv,max < 1. The maximum tangential Mach number of vortex in the previous section is Mv,max = 1.22, which is obviously situated in the supersonic region, Mv,max > 1. Fig. 6(a)-(b), the strong vortex cases, show existence of the waves (T) and (R). The transmitted wave is due to penetration of the incident shock (I) through the vortex core, and the reected wave is due to reection of the shock on the vortex edge made of slip layer. Note that core of the vortex is split into two parts in Fig. 6(a), and the core is not a circle but of the shape of digit 8 in Fig. 6(b) due to existence of waves (T) and (R). 90

Fig. 5 Parameter plane of the shock-vortex interaction

Table 1.

Four categories of interaction Strong Shock with Weak Vortex (SSWV) Ms =1.5, Mv =0.58 Strong Shock with Weak Vortex (SSWV) Ms =1.5, Mv =1.17

Weak Shock with Weak Vortex (WSWV) Ms =1.1, Mv =0.58 Weak Shock with Weak Vortex (WSWV) Ms =1.1, Mv =1.17

This parametric study results in the schematic diagram shown in Fig. 7. In short, the strong shock causes a Mach-type shock-shock reection while the strong vortex results in the reected and transmitted waves. Fig. 6(a)-(b), the strong vortex cases, show existence of the waves (T) and (R). The transmitted wave is due to penetration of the incident shock (I) through the vortex core, and the reected wave is due to reection of the shock on the vortex edge made of slip layer. Note that core of the vortex is split into two parts in Fig. 6(a), and the core is not a circle but of the shape of digit 8 in Fig. 6(b) due to existence of waves (T) and (R). This parametric study results in the schematic diagram shown in Fig. 7. In short, the strong shock causes a Mach-type shock-shock reection while the strong vortex results in the reected and transmitted waves. 91

(a) WSSV Case

(b) SSSV Case

Fig. 6 Shock reection and penetration

Fig. 7 Shock-vortex interactions of variable strength

6. Shock-a series of tandem vortex interaction (2002-Present)

The present numerical model is designed to provide an answer to the question raised in the Schardins experiment, What mechanism gives birth to the diverging acoustics? In this model we adopt the Foppls idea that each of the vortices has independent concentrated vorticity. In Fig. 8, the birth of weak waves I, I1 , I2 , c, and A, A1 , A2 , c are traced back to earlier interactions between the impinging shock and each vortex. They are, in fact, originated by the decelerated and accelerated shocks made at each of the shock-vortex interactions. 92

Fig. 8 Shock-multiple vortex interactions: Left, shock after second vortex and right, shock after fth vortex. Ms =1.5 and Mv =1.0

Fig. 9 Shock-multiple vortex interactions: experimental model (a), for circular array of vortices vs. numerical model (b), for linear array of vortices.

The vortices themselves are also aected by the traveling shock: circulation of the vortex should increase because the interval between the vortices becomes narrower while the total vorticity is conserved. Moreover centers of vortices should rotate clockwise by the mutual interaction of the vortices. A schematic drawing is given in Fig. 9 to illustrate how the diverging acoustics in in Fig. 1 can be compared to the present model.

7. Summary
Intrigued by complex wave structure in the optical images of Schardin and of our own experiments, we have conducted a series of shock tube experiment and numerical study with simplied shock-vortex interaction models in the last seven years. The experimental model is one of the simplest to investigate an impinging shock interacting with a single vortex. The shock-single vortex interaction model made it possible to identify quadrupolar noise source as a result of reected and transmitted shocks. The shock-multiple vortex interaction model, 93

on the other hand, elucidated genesis of diverging acoustics. The four category of shockvortex interactions in the parametric plane presented much physical insight into variation of shock diraction phenomena, namely, scattering of a shock into weak waves.

References
Barbosa FJ, Skews BW (2001) Shock wave interaction with a spiral vortex, Physics of Fluids, 13: 3049-3060. Chang SM, Chang KS (2000) On the shock-vortex interaction in schardins problem, Shock Waves, 10: 333-343. Chang SM, Chang KS, Lee S (2004) Reection and penetration of a shock wave interacting with a starting vortex, AIAA Journal, 42: in print. Chatterjee A (1999) Shock wave deformation in shock-vortex interactions, Shock Waves, 9: 95-105. Dosanjh DS, Weeks TM (2001) The interaction of a starting vortex as well as a vortex street with a traveling shock wave, AIAA Journal, 3: 216-223. Ellzey JL, Henneke MR, Picone JM, Oran ES (1995) The interaction of a shock with a vortex: shock distortion and the production of acoustic waves, Phys. Fluids, 7: 172184. Grasso F, Pirozzoli S (2000) Shock wave-vortex interaction: shock and vortex deformations, and sound production, Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, 13: 421-456. Inoue O, Hattori Y (1999) Sound generation by shock-vortex interaction, J. Fluid Mechanics, 38: 81-116. Meadows KR, Kumar A, Hussaini MY (1991) Computational study on the interaction between a vortex and a shock wave, AIAA Journal, 29: 174-179. Schardin H (1957) High frequency cinematography in the shock tube, J. Photo Science, 5: 19-26. Weeks TM, Dosanjh DS (1967) Sound generation by shock-vortex interaction, AIAA Journal, 5: 660-669.

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