CHAPTER 2 FORCES AND MOTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Distance , d is the total length of the path traveled by an object.

Displacement , s is the distance of its final position from its initial position in a specified direction. d Speed, v is the rate of change of distance. [ v = ; SI unit : ms-1 ] t s Velocity, v is the rate of change of displacement . [ v = ; SI unit : ms-1 ] t Acceleration, a is the rate of change of velocity . Acceleration = ( Final velocity - Initial velocity ) / time vu a = ; SI unit : ms-2 t (i) positive acceleration
(a) (b) (a)

velocity increases
-

2 ms-1 , 4 ms-1 , 6 ms-1 , 8 ms-1, 10 ms-1 1 ms-1 , 5 ms-1 , 12 ms-1 , 23 ms-1 , 40 ms-1

1 1 ms-1 , 15 ms-1 , 19 ms-1 , 23 ms-1 , 40 ms-1

(ii)

negative acceleration / deceleration

(a) (b) (c) 15 ms-1, 10 ms-1 , 5 ms-1 5ms-1 , 10 ms-1 ,15 ms-1 , 20ms-1 60ms-1 , 50 ms-1 , 40 ms-1 , 30 ms-1

velocity decreases
-

(iii)

zero acceleration

uniform, consistant velocity

2 ms-1 , 2 ms-1 , 2 ms-1 , 2 ms-1, 2 ms-1 Example 1 : A car accelerated uniformly form 20 ms-1 to 5 ms-1 in 2.5 s. What was the acceleration of the car. [a=- 6.0ms-2]

Example 2 :

A van travelling at 40 ms-1 slowed sown when the traffic light turned red and the van stopped in front of the traffic light after undergoing uniform deceleration for 4 s. Calculate the acceleration of the car.[a = -10ms-2]

Ticker timer

1. 2. 3.

Ticker timer is used to study the linear motion of an object for a short time interval. Ticker timer is connected to an alternating current ( a.c. ) power supply ( usually 12 V ). The vibrator vibrated at frequency of 50 Hz which is produced 50 dots per second. Hence, the time 1 for 1 tick ( between 2 dots ) is = s = 0.02 s 50

4.

Types of motion (a) (b) (c) constant velocity acceleration deceleration

Example 1 : Find the velocity of the trolley. [v=125.00cms-1] 15.0 cm

Example 2 : Find the acceleration for the object. [v=750.00cms-1] 1.0 cm 2.5 cm

Example 3 : Find the acceleration for the object. [a=500.00cms-2]

5.

Type chart

Example 4 : Find the acceleration for the object.

Equations of linear motion 1. 2. For an object moving with uniform velocity, v, its displacement, s after t is given by s = v x t. The equations for an object moving with uniform acceleration, a are (a) (b) (c) (d) Exercise 1. By applying the brakes, a driver reduces his cars velocity from 20 ms -1 to 10 ms-1 after travelling a distance of 30 m. Find the deceleration of the car.[a = -5 ms-2] v = u + at v2 = u2 + 2as s = (v+u)/ t s = ut + at2

2.

Salina is driving her car at a velocity of 10 ms-1. On seeing an obstacle in front, she applies the brakes to stop her car. If the deceleration of the car is 2 ms-2, what is the distance her car travels before it comes to a halt ? [s = -25 m]

3.

A bus accelerates from rest and covers a distance of 9- m in 10 s. What is its acceleration ? [a = ms-2]

4.

A ball of mass 0.5 kg is thrown upwards at a speed of 3 ms-1, what is the maximum displacement and the time taken to return back to the ground ?[t = 3/5 s]

5.

A light plane needs a velocity of 33 ms-1 for take-off. It the plane can accelerate at 3 ms-2, calculate the minimum length of the runway for the plane reach the proper speed to take-off.[s = 149m]

Motion Graphs (a) 1. Displacement-time graphs The gradient of the s-t graph of an object gives the rate of change of displacement (velocity) of the object. (i) s (ii) s (iii) s (iv) s

t No gradient Zero velocity / rest Example s/m B 15 C

t Constant gradient Uniform velocity

t increasing gradient increasing velocity

t decreasing gradient increasing velocity

D A 0 5 (a) t/s 5 15 18 22 E

Find velocity of the object at AB, BC, CD and DE.[AB=3ms-1, BC=0 ms-1, CD=-5 ms-1, DE =1.25 ms-1]

(b)

Calculate the total distance and displacement of the object. [220m]

(c)

What is the average speed and velocity of the object.[10ms-1]

(d)

Sketch the velocity-time graph for the motion.

(b) 1. 2.

Velocity-time graphs The gradient of the v-t graph is the rate of change of velocity which is the acceleration of the object. The area under the graph gives the displacement of the object. (i) v Zero velocity Object at rest t (iii) v Increasing velocity Constant acceleration Area = vt t (iv) v Decreasing velocity Constant deceleration Area = vt t t (ii) v Constant velocity Zero acceleration Area = Vt

Example v/m B 15 D A 0 5 (a) t/s 5 15 18 22 E C

Find acceleration of the object at AB, BC, CD and DE.[AB=3ms-2, BC= 0ms-2 ,CD= -5ms-2, DE= 1.25ms-2 ]

(b)

Calculate the total distance and displacement of the object.[ m]

(c)

What is the average speed and velocity of the object.

(d)

Sketch the acceleration-time graph for the motion.

Inertia 1. 2. Inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest/stationary, or if moving, to continue its uniform motion in a straight line. Examples of inertia; (a) The 50 cent coin is placed on a cardboard covering the top of a glass. When the cardboard is pulled away quickly, the coin resting on the cardboard drops straight into the glass. The inertia of the coin maintains its state at rest. After the card is withdrawn, the coin falls into the glass due to gravitational accerelation [g = 10ms-2]. The bottle with tomato sauce inside is given a quick downward move and stopped suddenly. The sauce is forced out of the bottle because the inertia of the sauce tends to keep it moving downward. When a stationary bus starts to move with forward acceleration, the passengers lurch to the back or when the bus stops suddenly, the passengers lurch to the front.

(b)

(c) 3.

Newtons first law of motion ( Law of inertia ) states that if the net force acting on a body is zero, it will stay at rest if the body is at rest or it will keep on moving at a constant velocity in a straight line if the body is moving. The inertia of a body increases when its mass increases. Hence, it is easier to start and stop the motion of the small mass of the object compare to the larger mass. Ways of reducing the negative effect of inertia; (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) safety belt air bag system strong structure behind the drivers cabin Subdivision of the mass Fastening of the objects to the carrier.

4. 5.

Momentum, p 1. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. Momentum = mass x velocity -1) p (kgms = m (kg) x v (ms-1) Momentum is a vector quantity. The direction of the momentum is the same as the direction of the velocity. * Taking the direction to the right as positive. The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum in a closed system is constant, if not external force acting on the system. Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision

2. 3.

4.

There are two types of collision : [3 types] (a) Elastic collision Example : Both objects dont stick together after collision Total amount of momentum is conserved Total amount of kinetic energy is conserved Total energy is conserved A 0.5 kg object traveling at a velocity of 8 ms-1 collides head on with a 4 kg object at a velocity of 10 ms-1. If after the collision, the 0.5 kg object move in the opposite direction with 6 ms-1, find the velocity for the 4 kg object after collision.

(b)

Inelastic collision/ explosion Both objects move together after collision Total amount of momentum is conserved Total amount of kinetic energy is not conserved Total energy is conserved A 45 kg student at 4 ms-1 jumps onto a 15 kg stationary trolley. The trolley and the students together move forward in the original direction. What is the velocity of the trolley with the students on it ?

Example :

5.

Explosion The total momentum is conserved and equal to zero . Example : A bullet of mass 10 g is fired from a 5 kg rifle with a velocity of 300 ms-1. Find the recoil velocity of the rifle.

6.

Applications of conservation of momentum

Jet engine (a) Jet engine - Air is taken in from the front and is compressed by the compressor. Fuel is injected and burnt with the compressed air in the combustion chamber. The exploding hot gases are forced through the engine to turn the turbine blade, which turns the compressor. High-speed hot gases are ejected from the back with high momentum to propel the jet plane and move forward.

Rocket engine (b) Rocket engine Mixture of oxygen and hydrogen fuels burn explosively in the combustion chamber. Hot exhaust gases are expelled at very high speed from the rocket. There high-speed hot gases produce a large amount of momentum downward. According to the principle of conservation of momentum, an opposite momentum and forward thrust of momentum is produced and acted on the rocket, propelling the rocket upwards.

Exercise 1. A bullet of mass 200 g is shot horizontally with a velocity of 300 ms -1 so that it hits an initially stationary block of wood of mass 3.3 kg. The bullet enters the block of wood and they move together with a common velocity. Calculate the common velocity.[17.14ms-1]

2.

A bullet of mass 0.03 kg is released with a velocity of 250 ms -1 from a pistol of mass 3 kg. What is the velocity of recoil of the pistol ?[2.5ms-1]

3.

Object P of mass 6 kg moves with velocity 6 ms-1 horizontally, collides with object Q of mass 2 kg which moves with velocity 4 ms-1 in the same direction. After collision, the velocity of object P is 4 ms-1 in the same direction, what is the velocity of object Q after the collision ?[10ms-1]

4.

Trolley A of mass 2 kg and trolley B of mass 1 kg are moving towards each other on a smooth horizontal surface with velocity 3 ms-1 and 2 ms-1 respectively. If trolley A moves at a velocity of 1 ms-1 in the same direction after the collision, find the velocity of trolley B after the collision. [2ms-1]

5.

A truck travels at a velocity of 15 ms-1 collie head on with a car that travels at 30 ms-1. The masses of the truck and the car are 6000 kg and 1500 kg respectively. What is the final velocity of the two vehicles after the collision if they stick together ? [6ms-1]

6.

A 2 kg block of ice is at rest on a frictionless surface. A 7 g bullet moving at 100 ms -1 hits the ice and passes through it with a final velocity of 50 ms-1. Find the change of the momentum of the bullet and the final velocity of the block of ice after collision.[5.33ms-1]

7.

The ticker tape bellow obtained form a collision between trolley P and Q. Trolley Q is initially at rest while trolley P is moving towards it with uniform velocity. If the mass of trolley P is 1 kg and after the collision, P and Q are sticked together, find the mass of trolley Q.[2.2 kg] 8 cm 5 cm

Force, F 1. 2. 3. A force can change the state of motion of an object, move a stationary object, stop a moving object, change the direction of a moving object and accelerate or decelerate a moving object. Force is a vector quantity. The SI unit of force is Newton , N. Newtons second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum is direction proportional to the applied force and acts in the direction of the force.
F mvmu m vu ma t t

4.

The force that opposes motion is called resultant, f / N . Applied force, F = 5 N f=2N Resultant force, F=52 =3N

Example :

A box with a mass of 1.2 kg is pushed along a surface with a force of 2 N. The frictional force between the box and the surface is 1.6 N. Find the acceleration of the box.[1/3 ms-2]

5.

When two or more external forces acting on a body produce no resultant force ( net force ), the forces are equal/balance ( equilibrium ) . If no resultant force acts on the object, the object will continue with whatever state it is in. If it is at rest, it will remain at rest. If it is moving, it will continue to move at uniform/constant velocity in a straight line. R

W (i) Books are resting on a hard surface. - Weight, W is acting vertically downwards. - Reaction force, R from the surface acted on the books. - W = R, thus resultant force = 0 N

(ii) An flying airplane at a constant height with constant velocity. - Engine thrust = air resistance - Lift from wings = weight of the aeroplane - These four forces are balance and the resultant force = 0 N 6. When there is a resultant force acting on the object, it means that the forces acting on the object are not equal . The unbalanced forces can cause the object to start or stop moving, to accelerate / decelerate and change the direction of the motion.

Exercise 1. A certain force is applied to a 1 kg object. The object is accelerated at 1.5 ms -2 . If the same force is applied to a 4 kg object, what is the acceleration of the object ?[3/8 ms-2]

2.

A car of mass 500 kg accelerates from rest to 100 kmh -1 in 12 s. What is the accelerating force developed by the car engine ?[1157.41N]

3.

A trolley of mass 2 kg placed on a rough surface and being pulled by a force of 4 N. The trolley moves at constant velocity. (a) Find the frictional force between the trolley and the surface[4N] (b) If the pulling force increase to 10 N, what is the acceleration of the trolley ?[3ms-2] (c) The pulling force is then removed, what is the acceleration of the trolley ?[0]

4.

A box of 1 kg is pushed along a surface with a force of 2 N. The frictional force between the box and the surface is 0.6 N. Find the acceleration of the box.[1.4ms-1]

Impulse and Impulsive force 1. Impulsive force, F / N is the rate of change of momentum in a collision or explosion. In other words, impulsive force is a large force acts over a short period of time during collision or explosion. Impulsive force, F mv mu t Examples of impulsive force are hitting a golf ball, collision o f cars and cannon firing. 2. Impulse is the change of momentum or the product of force and time. Unit SI of impulse is kgms-1 and NS . Impulse , Ft = mv mu = change of momentum Impulsive force inversly proportional to time. Increasing the time of impact to reduce the impulsive force. (a) (b) (c) The pit for long jump is filled with loose sand to prolong the time of impact when an athlete lands on it. This will reduce the impulsive force acting on the athlete and prevent injury. A height jumper fall on a thick piece of mattress. The soft mattress lengthens the time of impact and reduce the impulsive force acting on the high jumper. A goalkeeper catches a fast moving ball with his hands bends a bit to increase the time of contact when stopping a ball. The longer time of impact will have a smaller force acting on his hand.

3. 4.

(d)

Polystyrene, cardboard and rubber foam are usually used in packing fragile goods, The soft surface of these materials reduce the impulsive force during accidental dropping by lengthening the time of impact.

5.

Decreasing the time of impact to increase impulsive force : The beneficial effect of impulsive force. (a) (b) When a hammer is hits at a nail, the collision time is small and hence the impulsive force created is great. This will force the nail to penetrate a wooden material easily. During a baseball competition, the impulsive force acts on the ball when the bat hits it. The impulsive force is beneficial since the greater the force, the further the ball can move.

Exercise 1. ` A ball of mass 0.4 kg is moving a along a smooth surface at a constant velocity of 5 ms -1. It hits a wall elastically and moves back at the same speed. (a) What is the impulse ?[40Ns] (b) If the time of impact of the ball with the wall is 0.1 s, calculate the impulsive force acting on the ball.[400N]

2.

Seat belt in a car is used to reduce the impulsive force acting on the driver. A car travelling at speed of 18 ms-1 is brought to rest in 0.02 s. (a) If a 50 kg driver does not wear a seat belt, calculate the impulsive force acting on him.[45000N] (b) If the driver wears a seat belt now, he takes a time of 1 s to stop. Calculate the impulsive force acting on him again.[900N]

3.

A force of 500 N is applied to an object for 0.08 s. What is the impulse and the change of momentum experienced by the object ? [40N]

Safety features in vehicles 1. Safety features in a car : (a) Seat belt (b) Bumpers (c) Air bag (d) Dashboard (e) Windscreen (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) Bonnet automatically spring upward Headrest Anti-lock braking system (ABS) Door guard / Side impact bar Passenger safety cell / compartment

Gravity 1. 2. 3. Objects fall because they are pulled towards the earth by gravitational force . A gravitational field is a region in which an object experiences a force toward the centre of the earth. The gravitational field strength, g / ms-2 or N kg F [g= m ]
-1

is force per unit mass acting on the object.

4. 5.

An object that falls due to gravitational force only with g = 10 ms-2 is said to experience a free fall . The weight, W / N of an object is the force of gravity that acts on it. [ W = mg ]

Exercise 1. The gravitational field strength on the surface of the earth is 10 ms -2. If an object has a weight of 150 N on the surface of the earth. What is its mass ?[m = 15 kg]

2.

It is known that the acceleration due to gravity near the surface of the moon is just 1 of that on the 6 surface of earth. (a) Find the weight of a 50 kg man on the surface of moon.[8.33N] (b) If the 50 kg man can jump to a height of 50 cm on the earth, find the maximum height reached by him on the surface of moon.[3m]

3.

A spacecraft of mass 1200 kg experiences a gravitational force of 6000 N. Calculate the gravitational field strength at the location of the spacecraft.[5ms-2]

Action and Reaction 1. Newtons third law of motion states that for every action force there is an action and oppose reaction force.

Addition of Forces 1. 2. A resultant force is a single force that represents the combined effect of two or more forces with magnitude and direction. Resultant force can be drawn by using two method. A B C

(a)

Triangle method ( Tip to tail method ) (i) A+B (ii) BC (iii) A+C

(b)

Parallelogram method (i) A+B (ii) BC (iii) A+C

Resolution of forces 1. A single force can be resolved into two perpendicular components f x and f y. fy F Resultant force, F = Direction of F, = fx

Example Find the magnitude and the direction of the resultant force acting on the object below. [7.53 N 5454]

5N 5N 30 60 10 N

Pulley Example Find the tension in the string and the acceleration of the systems below. 1. T =37.5N a = -2.5ms-2 2. a = 30ms-2

5 kg

3 kg

30 N

1 kg

T =100/7 N a = 50/7 ms-2 3. 2 kg

5 kg

Incline Plane 1. Weight of the object can be resolved into 2 components. (a) W cos - perpendicular to the incline plane (b) W sin - parallel to the incline plane

Example 1. 3 kg of an object is pulled by a force of 50 N up to a plane inclined at 30 to the horizontal as shown in the figure bellow. The friction in between the object and surface is 5 N. Find the acceleration of the object. F f

30

2.

Find the force, F onto the 2 kg object so that it can be rest on a smooth incline plane.

F
40

Three forces in equilibrium Example 1. Find the tension of the string and draw the equilibrium triangle.

60 5 kg 2. F = 100 N

Find the tension of the string A and B below. 30 A 10 kg 60 B

Lift

1.

Lift at rest.

2.

Lift move with constant velocity.

3.

Lift accelerates upwards.

4.

Lift accelerates downwards.

5. 6. Lift decelerates upwards. 7. Lift decelerates downwards.

* R = Reaction force Work, W 1. 2. work is the product of the applied force and the distance move in the direction of the force. W = Force x distance = Fs Symbol for work, w and the SI unit for work is joule or Newton Metre .

Example 1. Find the work done by the force, F. (a) F = 10 N 1m

(b) F = 10 N 25 2m

Energy 1. 2. 3. 4. Energy is the capacity to do work. The SI unit for energy is Joule . Kinetic energy, Ek is the energy for a moving object. ( EK =
1 2

mv2 )

Gravitational potential energy, Ep is the energy for an object because of its location ( Ep = mgh ) Principle of Conservation of energy states that energy can neither be create nor destroy, but can be converted from one form to another.

Example 1.
u = 0 ms-1 m = 1 kg

2.
u = 2 ms-1 m = 1 kg

5m

10 m

3.

u = 0 ms-1 m = 1 kg A 10 m B 1m

Find the velocity of the object at position B.

Power 1. Power is the rate of work done. The SI unit for power is joule persecond or watt .
work done

Power, P = Example 1.

time

W =energy /time t

A crane with an output power of 12 kW is used to lift a steel bar of mass 400 kg to a height of 20 m. What is the time taken by the crane to do this work ?

2.

An object is pulled by a force of 30 N on a smooth surface move with a constant velocity, v = 5 ms 1, find the power of the object. [150N]

3.

A car moves at a constant velocity of 72 km h-1. Find the power generated by the car if the force of friction that acts on it is 1500 N.[30kw]

Efficiency
energy output work output

1.

Efficiency =
energy input

x 100 % =
work input

x 100 %

Example : A force of 250 N is used to raise a load of 1000 N through a distance of 5 m in a pulley system. If the force moves through a distance of 30 m, find (a) the work done in raising the load (b) the work done by the effort (c) the efficiency of the pulley system

Elasticity 1. 2. Elasticity is the ability of a material to recover its original shape and size when the force that acting on it is removed. The elasticity of solid is due to the strong intermolecular forces between the molecules of the solid. (a) (b) (c) 3. 4. 5. Equalibium separation Strong repulsion Strong attraction

Hookes law states that if a spring is not stretched beyond its elastic limit, the force, F that acts on it is directly proportional to the extension of the spring, x. Elastic limit is the maximum weight that can be loaded on a spring so that it just remains its length and shape after the maximum weight removed. Force, F x F = k x , where k is the spring constant (coefficient of stiffness) k the SI unit N cm-1with. * hard or strong spring, has a bigger k ; soft spring, k is smaller .

6.

The value of spring constant can be determined by the slope of the graph F x. Force, F / N Hard spring, steel, thick, parallel, short spring, small diameter. Soft Spring cooper, thin wire, series, longspring, big diameter

Extension, x / m 7. Elastic potential energy, Ep is the energy stored in springs or elastic objects when they are deformed by stretching, compressing or bending. Ep = 1 Fx = 1 kx2 = area under the graph F- x. 2 2

Example 1. A 2 kg load is hung from the end of a spring with a spring constant of 160 Nm-1. (a) What is the tension in the spring ? [20N] (b) What is the extension of the spring ? [1/8 m] (c) Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.[1.25 J]

8.

Factors that affect elasticity

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

the length of the spring the diameter of the spring the area of cross section of the spring the material used to built the spring the arrangment of the spring are arranged.

Example : (a) Extension K = 10Nm-1

10 cm 1 cm 1 kg

(b)

Compression

K = -5 Nm-1 1 kg 2 cm

10 cm