Beruflich Dokumente
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Aims
Know how information is stored and
handled into a computer
Outline
1. What computers do 2. A bit about bits 3. The computer core: CPU and memory 4. Buses, ports and peripherals
What computers do
Receive input data Process this information: perform
to the outside world memory arithmetic or logic (decision-making) operations
Basic components
Storage
CPU
Memory
4626. Introd to Computer Science
system bus(*)
memory
i/o bus
input/output
Bits as numbers
There are only 10 types of people in the world: those who understand binary and those who dont
4626. Introd to Computer Science
decimal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
binary
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Bits as characters
Each character has its representation in bits ASCII (see table) the most widely spread xed codication (1 character = 1 byte) Unicode (UTF) until 65,000 char., language independent variable codication (1 or 2 bytes)
4626. Introd to Computer Science
ASCII code
ASCII code uses 8 bits 8 bits produce 2 =256 possibilities Its not enough, several codes added mutually incompatible changes in special letters (, , , ...)
8
4626. Introd to Computer Science
Bit-related terminology
1 Byte 1 kilobyte (kB) 1 megabyte (mB) 1 gigabyte (gB) 1 terabyte (tB) 1 petabyte (pB) 1 exabyte (eB)
CPU equivalence
Intel
Obsolete Low-end
AMD
Pentium 4 Athlon 64 Celeron Sempron Core 2 Duo, i3, i5 Athlon 64 x2 Desktop Core 2 Quad, i5, i7 Phenom Laptop Centrino, i3, i5 Turion Netbook Atom ----Xeon Opteron Servers/ Workstation Itanium -----
CPU performance
The computers overall performance is
determined by (among others) second
the internal clock (gHz): cycles per Two technologies: CISC and RISC Multiple core and Hyperthreading tech.
4626. Introd to Computer Science
CPU compatibility
Each CPU has its own instruction set
depending on the manufacturer (Intel, Alpha...) maintain backwards compatibility (new models interprets all instructions from earlier CPU)
RAM memory
Stores temporally program instructions and data
its volatile divided in smaller elements (bytes) identied by its address and managed individually
Other memories
CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor): Special low-energy kind of RAM Flash memory: used in phones, PDA or cameras
They have 32 or 64 parallel wires Expansion slots, bays and ports: connect
additional devices
4626. Introd to Computer Science