INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

16 (2007) 132138

PLASMA SOURCES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY doi:10.1088/0963-0252/16/1/018

Plasma-induced ignition and plasma-assisted combustion in high-speed ow

Sergey B Leonov and Dmitry A Yarantsev
Institute of High Temperatures RAS (IVTAN), Izhorskaya str., 13/19, Moscow, 125412, Russia E-mail: s.leo@relcom.ru and d.yaran@rambler.ru

Received 17 March 2006, in nal form 10 July 2006 Published 20 December 2006 Online at stacks.iop.org/PSST/16/132 Abstract The suitability of the electrical discharge technique for application in plasma-induced ignition and plasma-assisted combustion in high-speed ow is reviewed. Nonequilibrium, unsteady and nonuniform modes are under analysis to demonstrate the advantage of such a technique over heating. A reduction in the required power deposition is possible due to unsteady operation and non-homogeneous spatial distribution. Mixing intensication in non-premixed ow could be achieved by nonuniform electrical discharges. The scheme of fuel ignition behind the wallstep and in the cavity is under consideration. Experimental results on multi-electrode discharge maintenance in the separation zone of supersonic ow are presented. The model test on hydrogen and ethylene ignition is demonstrated at direct fuel injection. An energetic threshold of fuel ignition under separation and in the shear layer is measured under the experimental conditions. (Some gures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)

1. Introduction. Plasma-assisted combustion approach

Analysis of supersonic combustor performance shows that several principal problems related to supersonic combustion and ame stabilization are to be solved for the practical implementation of such a technology, especially in the case of hydrocarbon fuels. The plasma-based methods of combustion management under scramjet conditions are now considered as one of the most promising technologies in this eld [17]. Electrical discharge properties strongly depend on the conditions of excitation, ow parameters and characteristics of the supplying electromagnetic power. The analysis of applicable discharge types can be done from the viewpoint of the plasma-assisted combustion concept, which consists of three important items: ignition and combustion chemistry enhancement due to heating and active particle generation (1), airfuel mixing intensication in ow (2) and ow structure management for ame front stabilization (3). At least four

This paper was presented at the Second International Symposium on Nonequilibrium Processes, Combustion, and Atmospheric Phenomena (Dagomys, Sochi, Russia, 37 October 2005).

mechanisms of the plasma effect on ow structure, ignition and combustion processes might be listed: fast local ohmic heating of the medium (1), nonequilibrium excitation and dissociation of air and fuel molecules due to electron collisions and UV radiation (2), momentum transfer in electric and magnetic elds (3) and shocks/instabilities generation (4). The electrical discharges, which are generated under the conditions of highspeed ow, possess several specic properties. These features might be important for the discharge applications for ow parameter and structure control and combustion enforcement under unfavourable conditions. Local heating of the medium leads to intensication of the chemical reactions in these areas. A controlled energy deposition affects the ow structure, including generation of zones with articial separation at a sufciently high level of input power [8, 9]. It is a method of ow structure steering. It allows increasing local residence time to provide a zone of local combustion. The airfuel mixing is intensied as well. Active radical generation is due to molecule dissociation and excitation by electrons in the electric eld, radiation and more complex processes. The presence of chemical radicals (for example, O, OH, H, NOx ) or vibrationally excited 132

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Plasma-induced ignition and plasma-assisted combustion

molecules can effectively improve ignition conditions but the problem is at the level of the required electric power. If the chain chemical reactions are realized, the production of even a small amount of active particles can lead to a large (synergetic) benet in total reaction rates, as well as in diminishing of the required power input. Gas discharge potentials for the gas non-equilibrium excitation are widely discussed as an advanced technology. Generally speaking, any type of excitation (dissociation, ionization, electron excitation or vibrational excitation) affects the reaction rates positively. Two main processes can result in excitation of an atom or molecule: electron impact and photo-excitation. The rst one is effective at a high magnitude of the reduced electric eld, E/N. The second one is effective at superheating of the discharge channel (high intensity of the thermal radiation). The rst effect occurs mostly in high-frequency and short-pulsed discharges or at intensive cooling of the discharge area [9]. The second one could be realized at high values of specic energy input (several eV per atom/molecule) [10]. Shock wave generation promotes the mixing processes in a heterogeneous medium and initiates chemical reactions due to heating in the shock front zone. Also there can exist various types of plasma instabilities, for example, longitudinaltransverse instability of plasma lament, which has been revealed recently [9]. It leads to intensive small scale mixing inow. It should be noted that in general there are no methods to separate the specic mechanisms of the plasma effect because of interference between them. Typical conditions for discharge maintenance in aerospace science: pressure P = 0.11 bar, velocity of the ow V = 1001000 m s1 . Characteristic temperature of gas varies from T = 200 K (ambient conditions) to T 2 kK for the combustion chamber. As a rule, at such conditions the plasma of electric discharges appears in the lamentary form due to instabilities mostly associated with the mechanism of electrical eld enhancement in the vicinity of the heated plasma channel. At present, there are no reliable universal rules for the appearance of any electric discharges at high temperature. Under high pressure and high-speed ow most types of discharge are nonuniform and nonequilibrium. The high-pressure glow discharge [11, 12] is a rather homogeneous one, and the highcurrent longitudinal arc produces the equilibrium plasma. The strong non-uniformity of the plasma inow renders a chance for a signicant decrease in the required electrical power for a predened effect. This idea is in local multi-points inuence with sequential expansion of ame fronts. The complete management of the combustion process under any conditions requires a large level of additional energy deposition (in a range of ow enthalpy) that is beyond practical interest. The idea is not related to the strong effect of energy release but to the gentle control of the chemical reaction rate and local multi-ignition. The second direction is to give the gear to force the combustor to work under off-design conditions. It may be a temporal mode when the level of required electric energy is not vitally important. Unfortunately, specic information available now is not quite sufcient for the proper choice of the discharge type. Our understanding is that there is no versatile solution to the design and method of application of plasma for combustion. Each specic situation has to be considered separately. But it seems

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Figure 1. Basic scheme of electrode arrangement.

clear that the nonequilibrium and nonuniform operation modes are preferable. Our understanding also is that plasma has to be generated in situ just in the location of the fueloxidizer interaction but not by an external device.

2. Experimental facility pwt-50

A deeply renovated experimental facility PWT-50 is used for testing of the hydrogen ignition by the electrical discharge behind the wallstep and in a cavity of the high-speed duct. The following gasdynamic parameters of the test are provided by PWT-50: Mach number in duct M = 1.92; initial static pressure Pst = 0.120.25 bar; stagnation temperature of the air T0 = 300 K; test section dimensions 7260 mm; steady-stage operation time 0.30.5 s. The measuring system includes the sensors of pressure and temperature of the initial ow, pressure transducers (pressure distribution measurements), spectroscopic system, optical sensors, Schlieren system, fast video cameras, electrical parameter sensors, IR camera and IR spectroscopy. The data acquisition system includes PC-based individual devices for pressure distribution records, video camera control, spectroscopic and operation parameter records. The plasma generator was designed and constructed for applications in high-speed ow on the basis of experimental results obtained during a previous study of quasi-dc, pulse periodic and modulated RF discharges [810, 13]. The electrode conguration (line near the edge of the wallstep and line at the bottom of the separation zone) was proposed and described in [16]. Figure 1 presents the scheme of electrode arrangement and corresponding photo of the real device. It consists of two insertions made of refractory insulating material. The rst insertion is arranged on the edge of the backward wall-step, and the second one is located at the bottom of the separation zone. Both of them are ush mounted as 133

S B Leonov and D A Yarantsev

well as the electrodes themselves. Each insertion has the same construction: nine electrodes in two rows arranged in an interlacing manner (4 + 5). In the rst insertion the rst row is applied for the discharge primary initiation, whereas the second row contains working anodes. The rst line of electrodes in the second insertion is reserved for extra control of the discharge and measurements of the cathode voltage drop; the second line is operated as working cathodes. Such electrode arrangement allows for quite exible operation. The discharge operates with the following parameters: type of dischargelamentary quasicontinuous; operation time of dischargetpl = 50500 ms; current through each electrodeIpl 1 = 14 A; mean electrical input powerWpl = 110 kW that is equivalent to mean gas temperature elevation less than Tav = 20 K. The fuel injectors are installed directly on the bottom wall of the test section as shown in gure 1. They contain a fuel capacitor at 56 bar of pressure and fast pulse valve with EM control. The fuel dose and duration of the injection depends on the EM pulse duration and the repetition rate. Minimal dose at the single pulse is about 1 mg. Maximal mass ow rate is about 5 g s1 .

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Figure 2. Discharge appearance in the supersonic mode at the cavity and behind the backward wallstep.

3. Discharge appearance near the backward wallstep and cavity (experiment and CFD)
Numerous experiments were done at different conditions: subsonic and supersonic ow; wallstep, long cavity (l/d = 6.5) and short cavity (l/d = 3.3); different pressure; current from 5 to 20 A; both polarities, etc. Here the data for the wallstep in supersonic mode are shown for the typical electric current. 3.1. Plasma lament dynamics in high-speed ow The discharge dynamics in ow behind the wallstep was explored using a high-speed digital CMOS camera with a typical frame rate of 2000 fps at 1280250 pixels and exposure down to 30 s. As a sample in gure 2 two selected frames are presented for operation in supersonic mode in the cavity and behind the wallstep correspondingly. It is seen that in the rst case the discharge cord looks unstable. A full frame sequence shows a fast movement of them in the separation zone. The S-type of the plasma cord shape reects the ow velocity distribution under separation. An intensication of ow circulation due to energy release is proved also by simulation (see below). In contrast with that the shape of the discharge cords is very stable in the supersonic mode with the backward wallstep. Cord location repeats the edge of the separation zone (in this case the zone has a minimal size among others). 3.2. Voltagecurrent measurements Measurements of voltagecurrent characteristics were made for the 5-cords plasma generator. Figure 3 presents oscillograms of the discharge voltage, current and recalculated power for two cases: discharge in the cavity and behind the backward wallstep. The input power weakly depends on static pressure under the explored conditions (M = 1.9). The greatest effect can 134
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Figure 3. Typical oscillograms of the discharge operation in supersonic operation mode, M0 = 1.9, short cavity (a) and wallstep (b). Average power is calculated.

be obtained by electric current regulation. In the case of supersonic ow over the cavity (short cavity and long cavity both) electric parameter behaviour is very similar to in the subsonic mode. It is characterized by a signicant level of

Plasma-induced ignition and plasma-assisted combustion

voltage vibrations. This fact reects the close aerodynamic situations when the plasma laments migrate in the separation zone with wide variation of their length that is a result of gas movement (see above). In the case of discharge in the cavity the characteristic frequency of the voltage oscillations was about f = 1 2 kHz, which corresponds to the internal ow velocity in a range V = 10 40 m s1 . In the case of the supersonic mode in the duct with the backward wallstep the amplitude of such vibrations was much less which is seen in the following graphs. The appropriate frequency is higher. The plasma cord position is quite stable in the shear layer and the laments are shorter themselves. The elds magnitude is signicantly higher than in the case of the subsonic ow. Due to eld elevation (E/n 51016 V cm2 ) the electron temperature has to be increased from Te = 0.8 ev to Te = 1.5 ev approximately. Plasma-chemical reactions have to be activated as well. 3.3. Measurements of plasma temperature Optical spectroscopy is used to measure the plasma temperature [17, 18]. Measurements were carried out at three different values of ballast resistance (1+0.2 kOhm, 1+1 kOhm and 1+2 kOhm) in the separation zone of the duct. Temperature was measured by tting of the experimental and the calculated spectra of the N2 second positive system (00, 337.1 nm) and of the violet system of CN (388.9 nm). By the analysis of N2 spectra the rotational temperature was found to be the same for different conditions; its value is Trot = 3.0 0.2 kK. Temperature measurements carried out by the CN spectrum give the following results: Tvib = 7.5 0.5 kK; Trot = 7 0.5 kK. Such high values are explained by the fact that we measure temperature of the exited state of the CN molecules whereas rotational temperature measured by the N2 spectrum is equal to the temperature of the N2 ground state. It is clear that under conditions of high nonuniformity of the discharge structure the measured magnitude of temperature is between the maximal and average values. As a result the different molecular bands can give different formal temperatures. The averaged gas temperature in the cavity is evaluated at Tcav = 200 K. 3.4. Discharge effect on ow structure near the wall step and cavity Two methods were utilized mainly to study the discharge effect on ow structure behind the wallstep and in the cavity: pressure measurements and Schlieren visualization. A 16-channel pressure recorder was used in the tests. The sensor arrangement is shown near an appropriate picture. Typical data are presented in gure 4. Summarizing the discharge effect on pressure distribution in the cavity and behind the wallstep it should be considered that, as a rule, the pressure rises noticeably just near the discharge zone and its distribution occurs more smoothly in the cavity as a whole. 3.5. Schlieren visualization The Schlieren system was adjusted to work in the pulse mode of the ash-lamp with frame frequency f = 100 Hz. The

Figure 4. M = 1.9, discharge is switched on before ow start and switched off in t = 0.17 s.

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Figure 5. Schlieren photos of the discharge effect on ow structure. Supersonic mode, wallstep.

images are presented as a pair (discharge off/on) for the operation modes when the power deposition is in the range Wav = 57 kW, static pressure in the supersonic M1.9 mode Pst = 120180 Torr. The exposure time of the photos in gure 5 was t = 1 s. As can be easily recognized, the discharge effect on the ow structure in the cavity and behind the wallstep lies in an intensive turbulization of gas in the interaction area at a simultaneous slight increase in the separation zone volume. Numerical modelling of ow in the experimental set-up was based on the solution of 3D time-dependent Reynolds averaged NavierStoke equations (URANS-method) with the utilization of the widely used two-equation SST-model of turbulence. Calculation of three-dimensional turbulent ow in the frame of the model of perfect gas (5 components) in the experimental set-up was executed by modelling a heat supply caused by the direct current electric discharge. Constant values of velocity V = 317 m s1 , total pressure P0 = 105 Pa and temperature T = 250 K were specied in the initial section of the calculation domain being the critical section of supersonic nozzle M = 2. Zero gradients of ow parameters in the outlet section of the calculation domain were xed. Nonslip and adiabatic conditions were specied on the upper, 135

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Figure 6. Isothermal surfaces Tg = 2000 K.

lower and lateral walls of the duct as well as on the cavity walls. Symmetry conditions were used in the median section of the duct to decrease the calculation domain which contained 600000 mesh points. The results of computational analysis were obtained for power deposition Wpl = 5 kW that is close to the experimental value. As far as possible, the results of simulations are compatible with experimental data. The isothermal surfaces are presented in gure 6 for a sample. The essentially threedimensional character of the considered ow is demonstrated by this. The important issue is a rate of gas exchange between the main ow and the separation zone. The calculated values are equal to G0 = 0.0054 kg s1 and GQ = 0.0074 kg s1 , respectively, without heat input and with it. The experimental value on the velocity of gas circulation in the cavity gave a similar result. On the basis of these data the rst approximation for the required amount of the injected fuel to provide a stoichiometric gas composition in the cavity can be calculated: GH2 0.15 g s1 and GC2 H4 0.4 g s1 .

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4. Hydrogen ignition under separation in supersonic ow (experiment)

Preliminary results of hydrocarbon fuel ignition behind a backward wallstep were published in [1,1315]. The results of the recent tests on hydrogen ignition in the separation zone of low-temperature supersonic ow are presented in this section. Several diagnostics were applied: natural observations, Schlieren photos, spectroscopy, pressure record, etc. The most reliable way to recognize combustion was a great pressure growth in the separation zone. Figure 7 presents typical experimental data on the hydrogen ignition by the discharge in the short cavity. The rst frame shows the discharge just before the fuel injection, the second frame related to the combustion. The third plot shows time behaviour of pressure near the zone of interaction: total pressure P 0 downstream of the cavity and normalized static pressure P s in the separation zone P s = Pst 1 Pst 0 + Pst 0(t = 0), where Pst 1 is static pressure in cavity, Pst 0 the static pressure upstream. The data are synchronized with the discharge current. The temperature of the downstream (inclined) wall is shown as measured by a thermocouple (it reects the trend only). The heating of this wall by the discharge does not exceed 30 K. The fourth picture presents the Schlieren photos of interaction. An estimation and comparison with numerical simulations indicate a level of pressure step 136

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Figure 7. Discharge interaction with injected hydrogen. Photos (a), (b), pressure (c), Schlieren photos (d).

P = 1020 Torr in the cavity in case the oxidizer is provided by circulating air. Two modes of discharge-fuel-ow interaction were observed: fuel ignition and combustion just in a cavity and fuel combustion in a shear layer of supersonic freestream. In the case of hydrogen injection both the modes were detected. Under experimental conditions, the ethylene combustion was detected in the cavity only.

Plasma-induced ignition and plasma-assisted combustion

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Figure 9. Samples of time behaviour of the discharge spectrum under ethylene (a) and hydrogen (b) injection. Each spectrum has 10 ms exposure.

Figure 8. Discharge interaction with injected hydrogen behind wallstep. Pressure (a), Schlieren photos (b).

The hydrogen combustion in the cavity takes place if the power deposition in the discharge W > 1 kW. If the discharge was turned off, the combustion in the cavity reaches the unstable mode. Increase in the hydrogen ow rate over the stoichiometric ratio pushes the combustion above the cavity, if the power deposition is not less than Wpl = 3 kW. When the thermal power of combustion grows more than Wfuel = 20 kW a thermal choking of the duct occurred. It is well known that some widening of the gasdynamic duct downstream helps to prevent a thermal chocking. Figure 8 demonstrates the hydrogen combustion in the shear layer of free stream in a conguration with the backward wallstep for the hydrogen mass ow rate increased up to GH2 = 4 g s1 . The reactions were very intensive without blockage of the supersonic operation mode. It is seen how the ow disturbances produced by combustion occupied almost an entire duct. The discharge switching off destroys this regime immediately. It is clear that the ash of radiation does not reect the fact of fuel combustion itself. One important feature of the discharge-fuel interaction is the dramatic growth in radiation intensity from the volume, especially for hydrocarbon fuel. Sometimes it exceeds a factor of magnitude 103 . This rise take place in continuous spectra and molecular bands CN, C2 and others. In [14] the effect was named as cyan catastrophe. For

illustration purposes, some results of spectral measurements are shown in gure 9 for the ethylene and hydrogen injection. Analysis of the spectral data leads to consideration of the important role of atomic oxygen generated by the discharge for the combustion chemistry. Figure 9(b) presents a spectral sequence when the discharge is operated slightly before the hydrogen injection. It is seen that the amplitude of the resonant spectral line of atomic oxygen grows in the discharge area and drops at combustion. Generally, this situation should be analysed in more detail to nd the quantitative relations between radiation intensity and concentration of excited atoms. Of interest is the fact that the discharge switching-off leads to immediate extinction of the hydrogen ame in a free stream, but the combustion in the cavity can continue. The power threshold of hydrogen ignition in the shear layer was measured by variation of power deposition. It is about Wpl = 3 kW under the conditions of the test.

5. Conclusions
Control of ignition in aircraft jet engines is of crucial importance for their performance over a wide range of operation parameters, such as altitude, ight speed and thrust. Reduction in ignition delay time, ameholding and ame stability improvement, ame blow-off prevention and extension of fuel ammability limits are some of the key technical issues in this eld. In this paper the extra mechanisms 137

S B Leonov and D A Yarantsev

(plasma technology) are described as promising contenders for the mechanical methods. A conception of plasma-assisted combustion has been formulated. Methods for high-speed combustion control were considered: plasma-induced ignition, plasma-intensied mixing and ame-holding by plasma generation. The main physical mechanisms of the plasma effect are described. Previously proposed multi-electrode quasi-dc discharge through the separation zone was developed for utilization in the cavity and wallstep of the supersonic duct. The peculiarities of the lamentary discharge maintenance in high-speed ow under separation were explored experimentally. 3D CFD simulation was performed for getting a deeper insight into and prediction of critical parameters for the plasma-ignition experiment. The results of model experiments on the ignition of nonpremixed air-fuel (hydrogen and ethylene) streams in highspeed low-temperature ow behind a backward wallstep and in the cavity are presented. The energetic threshold of the hydrogen ignition in the shear layer was measured at a value W = 3 kW for the experimental conditions. It is concluded that the detection of the radiation increase is not a reliable method of combustion monitoring, if an electric discharge is maintained. Experimental and theoretical efforts for a broader range of parameters are planned for the future.

Acknowledgments
The authors express their gratitude to Dr Valentin Bityurin for multiple discussions regarding CFD efforts, Mr Konstantin Savelkin of IVTAN for valuable assistance in experimental work, Dr Valery Sermanov of TsAGI for consultation on the high-speed combustion technique and Dr Michail Starodubtsev for CFD efforts. The results would not be possible without the excellent work of IVTANs laboratory personnel who participated in the experimental efforts. Currently the work is funded by EOARD (ISTC Project 3057p, Dr Campbell Carter technical supervision). Some parts of this work were supported by Program #20 of the Russian Academy of Science (co-ordinator Academecian. Gorimir Cherny).

References
[1] Leonov S B, Yarantsev D A, Napartovich A P and Kochetov I V 2006 Plasma assisted chemistry in high-speed ow Proc. XVI Int. Conf. on Gas Discharges and their Applications (Xian, China, 1115 September 2006) vol 2, pp 8736 [2] VanWie D, Risha D and Suchomel C 2004 Research issues resulting from an assessment of technologies for future hypersonic aerospace systems 42th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit (Reno, NV, 58 January 2004) AIAA-2004-1357 [3] Jacobsen L, Carter C, Baurie R and Jackson T 2003 Plasma-assisted ignition in scramjet 41st AIAA Aerospace Meeting and Exhibit (Reno, NV, 69 January, 2003) AIAA-2003-0871 [4] Starikovskii A 2004 Plasma supported combustion invited lecture 30th Int. Symp. on Combustion Proc. Combustion Institute (Chicago, 2004) (Invited Lecture) p 326

[5] Buriko Yu Ya, Vinogradov V A, Goltsev V F and Waltrup P J 2002 Inuence of radical concentration and fuel decomposition on ignition of propane/air mixture J. Propul. Power 18 104958 [6] Bao A, Lou G, Nishihara M and Adamovich I 2005 On the mechanism of ignition of premixed COair and hydrocarbonair ows by nonequilibrium RF plasma 43rd AIAA Aerospace Meeting and Exhibit (Reno, NV, 1013 January 2005) AIAA-2005-1197 [7] Klimov A, Bityurin V, Brovkin V and Leonov S 2000 Plasma generators for combustion Workshop on Thermo-chemical Processes in Plasma Aerodynamics (Saint Petersburg, May 30June 3, 2000) p 74 [8] Leonov S, Bityurin V, Savelkin K and Yarantsev D 2003 Progress in investigation for plasma control of duct-driven ows 41th AIAA Aerospace Meeting and Exhibit (Reno, NV, 610 January 2003) AIAA-2003-0699 [9] Leonov S B, Savelkin K V, Yarantsev D A and Gromov VG 2005 Aerodynamic effects due to electrical discharges generated inow Proc. European Conf. for Aerospace Sciences (EUCASS) (Moscow, July 2005) [10] Leonov S B, Yarantsev D A and Isaenkov Yu I 2005 Properties of lamentary electrical discharge in high-enthalpy ow 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit (Reno, NV, 1013 January 2005 ) AIAA-2005-0159 [11] Akishev Yu S, Kochetov I V, Leonov S B and Napartovich A P 2003 Production of chemical radicals by self-sustained discharge in air gas ow Proc. 5th Int. Workshop on Magneto-Plasma Aerodynamics for Aerospace Applications (Moscow, IVTAN, April 2003) [12] Napartovich A, Kochetov I and Leonov S 2005 Study of dynamics of air-hydrogen mixture ignition by non-equilibrium discharge in high-speed ow J. High Temp. 43 667 (in Russian) [13] Leonov S, Bityurin V, Bocharov A, Savelkin K, VanWie D and Yarantsev D 2002 Hydrocarbon fuel ignition in separation zone of high speed duct by discharge plasma Proc. 4th Workshop PA and MHD in Aerospace Applications (Moscow, April, 2002, IVTAN) paper no. 32, pp 20010 [14] Leonov S, Bityurin V, Savelkin K and Yarantsev D 2003 Plasma-induced ignition and plasma-assisted combustion of fuel in high speed ow Proc. 5th Workshop PA and MHD in Aerospace Applications (Moscow, IVTAN, 710 April 2003) [15] Leonov S B, Bityurin V A, Yarantsev D A, Napartovich A P and Kochetov I V 2005 Plasma-assisted ignition and mixing in high-speed ow Proc. 8th Int. Symp. on Fluid Control, Measurement and Visualization (Chengdu, China, 1923 August 2005) [16] Leonov S, Bityurin V, Bocharov A, Gubanov E, Kolesnichenko Yu, Savelkin K, Yuriev A and Savischenko N 2001 Discharge plasma inuence on ow characteristics near wall step in a high-speed duct Proc. 3rd Workshop on Magneto-Plasma Aerodynamics in Aerospace Applications (Moscow, IVTAN, 2426 April 2001) [17] Yarantsev D A, Leonov S B, Biturin V A and Savelkin K V 2005 Spectroscopic diagnostics of plasma-assisted combustion in high-speed ow AIAA/CIRA 13th Int. Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conf. (Capua, Italy, 1620 May 2005) AIAA-2005-3396 [18] Leonov S B, Biturin V A and Yarantsev D A 2005 Plasma-induced ignition and plasma-assisted combustion in high speed ow Non-Equilibrium Processes, vol 2: Plasma, Aerosols, and Atmospheric Phenomena ed G D Roy, S M Frolov and A M Starik (Moscow: Torus Press) pp 10415 [19] Leonov S and Bityurin V 2002 Hypersonic/supersonic ow control by electro-discharge plasma application 11th AIAA/AAAF Int. Symp. Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologie (Orl ans, 29 September4 e October 2002) AIAA-2002-5209

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