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641 Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion, Spring 2005

Please use the following citation format: Markus Zahn, 6.641 Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion, Spring 2005. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare). http://ocw.mit.edu (accessed MM DD, YYYY). License: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike. Note: Please use the actual date you accessed this material in your citation. For more information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn Lecture 3: Electroquasistatic and Magnetoquasistatic Fields and Boundary Conditions I. Conditions for Electroquasistatic Fields A. Order of Magnitude Estimate [Characteristic Length L, Characteristic time ]

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

iE =

E L = E= L

H =

E H E EL L2
= H= = t L
E H H L2 L3 error = = E = error t L
2

E = Eerror E
Eerror E

L3 L

L2
2

L2

( c )

c =

L
c

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 3 Page 1 of 12

B. Estimate of Error introduced by EQS approximation

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

E=
_ V_ i z = E0 i z d

E0 su = +E0

z=d z=0

Kr 2b + b2

dsu b dsu b dE = 0 Kr = = 0
dt 2 dt 2 dt

H i ds = t ( E) i da H 2r = r

dE0 r dE0 H = dt 2 dt

E i ds = t i da
S

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn Lecture 3 Page 2 of 12

d2E0 Ez (b ) Ez (r ) d = + r ' dr ' d 2 dt2

d2E0 d 2 b r2 4 dt2

Ez (r ) = E0 +

d2
E0
4 dt2

(r

b2

If E0 ( t ) = A cos t
Eerror
E0
Eerror E0 f = c =

d2
E0
4E0 dt2
1

(b

r2 =

1 2 b2 r2 4

2 b2 4

1b

2c 2b2 2 =c= = 2 b2 2 4

f=1 MHz in free space = If b

100 m

3 108 106

= 300 m

EQS approximation is valid.

II. Conditions for Magnetoquasistatic Fields

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 3 Page 3 of 12

H = J

H = J H = JL L

E =

E H H HL JL2 = E= = L t

Herror =

H E EL JL3 E error = Herror = 2 = L t 2 1L c

Herror JL3 L2 L2 = 2 = 2 = H JL ( c )2

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

L =L c

em =

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 3 Page 4 of 12

III. Boundary Conditions 1. Gauss Continuity Condition

Courtesy of Krieger Publishing. Used with permission.

E i da = dS (E
0 s 0 S

2n

- E1n ) dS = sdS

0 (E2n - E1n ) = s n i 0 (E2 - E1 ) = s

2. Continuity of Tangential E

Courtesy of Krieger Publishing. Used with permission.

E i ds = (E

1t

- E2t ) dl = 0 E1t - E2t = 0 n E1 - E2 = 0

Equivalent to 1 = 2 along boundary

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn Lecture 3 Page 5 of 12

3. Normal H

H i da = 0

0 (H an - Hbn ) A = 0

H an = Hbn
n i H a - H b = 0

4. Tangential H

H i ds = J i da + dt E i da
0 S S

Hbt ds - H at ds = Kds Hbt - H at = K

n H a - H b = K

5. Conservation of Charge Boundary Condition

J i da + dt dV = 0
S V

n i J a - Jb +

s = 0 t

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 3 Page 6 of 12

6. Electric Field from a Sheet of Surface Charge a. Electric Field from a Line Charge

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 3
Page 7 of 12

dEr =

40 r2 + z2
+

dq

cos =

0rdz 40 r2 + z2

Er =

z =

dEr =

0r 40

z =

dz

(r

+ z2

0r 40

z r2 z2 + r2

2 z =

0 20r

Another way: Gauss Law

E i da = E 2rL =
0 0 r S

Er =

0 20r

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 3 Page 8 of 12

b. Electric Field from a Sheet Charge

dEy =

d 20 x2 + y2
+

cos =
2

0 ydx 20 x2 + y2

Ey =

x =

dEy =

0 y 20

x =

dx x + y2
+

0 y 1 x tan1 20 y y

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 3 Page 9 of 12

 0 20 = 0 20

y>0 y<0

Checking Boundary condition at y=0

Ey ( y = 0+ ) Ey ( y = 0
) = 0 0 20 20 0 = 0 0

c. Two sheets of Surface Charge (Capacitor)

0 _ iy 20 E1 = _ 0 i y 2 0 E = E1 + E
= 2 y > a y < a , E2 0 _ iy 20 =
_ 0
i y 2 0 y>a y<a

0 0

i y

y <a
y >a

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 3 Page 10 of 12

7. Magnetic Field from a Sheet of Surface Current

From a line current I H =

_

I 2r
_ _

i = sin i x + cos i y

Thus from 2 symmetrically located line currents dHx = dI 2 x + y

( sin )

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 3 Page 11 of 12

K dx y = 0
2 x2 + y2

Hx =

K0 y 2

x =

dx x + y2
+

K0 y 1 x tan1
2 y y
x = y>0 y < 0

K0 2 =
+ K0 2

Check boundary condition at y=0:

Hx ( y = 0 + ) Hx ( y = 0 ) = K 0

K 0 K 0 = K 0 2 2

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 3 Page 12 of 12