CCNA Exp3 - Chapter05 - STP - PDF

Chapter 5 - Spanning Tree Protocol
CCNA Exploration 4.0
Objectives

Explain the role of redundancy in a converged network. network Summarize how STP works to eliminate Layer 2 p g loops in a converged network. Explain how the STP algorithm uses three steps to converge on a loop-free topology. Implement rapid PVST+ in a LAN to prevent loops between redundant switches.
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Layer 2 redundancy
Redundancy in a hierarchical network
Layer 2 redundancy improves the availability of the network by implementing alternate network paths by adding equipment and cabling.
Examine a redundant design
In a hierarchical design, redundancy is achieved at the distribution and core layers through additional hardware and alternate paths through the additional hardware hardware.
Types of Traffic
Unknown U i U k Unicast
Types of traffic ( y 2 p p yp (Layer perspective) ) Known Unicast: Destination addresses are in Switch Tables Unknown Unicast: Destination addresses are not in Switch Tables Multicast: Traffic sent to a group of addresses g p Broadcast: Traffic forwarded out all interfaces except incoming interface.
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Issues with Redundancy
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A redundant switched topology (STP disabled) may cause: Layer 2 Loops y p Broadcast Storms Duplicate Unicast Frames MAC address table instability
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Layer 2 Loops
When multiple paths exist between two devices on the network and STP has been disabled on those switches, a Layer 2 loop can occur.
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Broadcast Storms
A broadcast storm occurs when there are so many broadcast frames caught in a Layer 2 loop that all available bandwidth is consumed.
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Duplicate Unicast Frames
Unicast frames sent onto a looped network can result in duplicate frames arriving at the destination device.
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Incorrectly learn the MAC address
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Real-world Redundancy Issues

Loops in the Wiring Closet If the network cables are not properly labeled when they are terminated in th i the patch panel in th wiring closet. N t t h l i the i i l t Network l k loops th t are a result that lt of accidental duplicate connections in the wiring closets are a common occurrence.
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Real-world Redundancy Issues

Loops in the Cubicles
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Prevent loop, storm bordcast?

Block redundant link and auto unblock redundant link when primary link down. Via Spanning Tree Protocol
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Spanning Tree Protocol p g
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The Spanning Tree Algorthm

STP ensures that there is only one logical path between all destinations on the network by intentionally blocking redundant paths that could cause a loop. This is Critical. A port is considered blocked when network traffic is prevented from entering or leaving that port. The physical paths still exist to provide redundancy, but these paths are disabled to di bl d t prevent th l t the loops f from occurring. i If the path is ever needed to compensate for a network cable or switch failure, STP recalculates the paths and unblocks the necessary ports to allow the redundant path to become active active.
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Spanning-Tree Protocol
Layer 2 protocol STP executes an algorithm called Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) (STA). STA chooses a reference point, called a root bridge, and then determines the available paths to that reference point. If more t a t o pat s exists, S o e than two paths e sts, STA p c s t e best pat a d b oc s picks the path and blocks the rest STP calculations make extensive use of two key concepts in creating a loop-free topology: Bridge ID Path Cost
STP Algorithm

STP uses the Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) to determine which switch ports on a network need to be configured for blocking to prevent loops from occurring.
Root Bridge The lowest BID Root Ports - Switch ports closest to the root bridge. Designated ports - All non-root ports that are still permitted to forward traffic on the network. Non-designated ports - All ports configured to be in a blocking state to prevent loops.
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The Root Bridge
Every spanning-tree instance (switched LAN or broadcast domain) has a switch designated as the root bridge. The root bridge serves as a reference point for all spanning tree calculations to determine which spanning-tree redundant paths to block.
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Bridge ID (BID)

For each Network, the switch with the highest switch priority (the lowest numerical priority value) is elected as the root switch. The details f Th d t il of each BID fi ld are di h field discussed l t b t it i useful t d later, but is f l to know now that the BID is made up of a priority value, an extended system ID, and the MAC address of the switch.
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Bridge ID (BID)
Priority-based decision
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Bridge ID (BID)
Priority-based decision
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Bridge ID (BID)
Configure and Verify the BID
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Best Paths to the Root Bridge
When the root bridge has been designated for the spanning-tree instance, the STA starts the process of determining the best paths to the root bridge from all destinations in the broadcast domain.
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Best Paths to the Root Bridge

Example
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STP BPDU
The BPDU Fields
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STP BPDU
The BPDU Process
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STP BPDU
The BPDU Process
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STP BPDU
The BPDU Process
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STP BPDU
The BPDU Process
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STP BPDU
The BPDU Process
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STP BPDU
The BPDU Process
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STP BPDU
The BPDU Process
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STP BPDU
The BPDU Process
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STP BPDU
The BPDU Process
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Port Roles
There are four distinct port roles that switch ports are automatically configured for during the spanning-tree process. Root Port The root port exists on non-root bridges and is the switch port with the best path to the root bridge. Designated Port The designated port exists on root and non-root bridges. For root bridges, all switch ports are designated ports. For non root bridges, a designated port is the switch port that receives and non-root forwards frames toward the root bridge as needed. Only one designated port is allowed per segment. g Non-designated Port The non-designated port is a switch port that is blocked, so it is not forwarding data frames and not populating the MAC address table with source addresses.
A non-designated p is not a root port or a designated p g port p g port.
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Port Roles
Disabled Port The disabled port is a switch port that is administratively shut down. A disabled di bl d port does not function in the spanning-tree process. td tf ti i th i t
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Port Roles
Configure Port Priority The port priority values range from 0 - 240, in increments of 16. The default d f lt port priority value i 128 t i it l is 128.
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Port Roles
Port Role Decisions
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Port Roles
Port Role Decisions
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Port Roles
Port Role Decisions
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Port Roles
Port Role Decisions
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Port Roles
Port Role Decisions
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Port Roles
Port Role Decisions
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Port Roles
Port Role Decisions
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Port Roles - Summary

One Root bridge per network One Root port on nonroot bridge p g One Designated port on segment Nondesignated ports are blocked
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STP Port States and BPDU Timers

Port States
Blocking - The port is a non-designated port and does not participate in frame forwarding. forwarding The port receives BPDU frames to determine the location and root ID of the root bridge switch and what port roles each switch port should assume in the final active STP topology. Listening - STP has determined that the port can p g p participate in frame p forwarding according to the BPDU frames that the switch has received thus far. At this point, the switch port is not only receiving BPDU frames, it is also transmitting its own BPDU frames and informing adjacent switches that the switch port is preparing to participate in the active topology topology. Learning - The port prepares to participate in frame forwarding and begins to populate the MAC address table. Forwarding - The port is considered part of the active topology and forwards frames and also sends and receives BPDU frames. Disabled - The Layer 2 port does not participate in spanning tree and does not p forward frames. The disabled state is set when the switch port is administratively disabled.
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BPDU Timers
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Cisco PortFast Technology PortFast is a Cisco technology. When a switch port configured with PortFast is configured as an access port that port transitions from blocking to forwarding port, state immediately, bypassing the typical STP listening and learning states.
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STP Convergence

The STP algorithm uses three simple steps to converge on a loop-free topology. Switches go through three steps for their initial convergence: STP Convergence Step 1 Elect one Root Bridge p Step 2 Elect Root Ports Step 3 Elect Designated Ports All STP decisions are based on a the following predetermined sequence: FourFour-Step decision Sequence Step 1 - Lowest BID Step 2 - Lowest Path Cost to Root Bridge Step 3 - Lowest Sender BID Step 4 - Lowest Port ID
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STP Convergence STP Convergence Step 1 Elect one Root Bridge Step 2 Elect Root Ports Step 3 Elect Designated Ports
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STP Convergence
Step 1 Elect one Root Bridge
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Step 1 Elect one Root Bridge
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Step 1. Elect one Root Bridge
Verify Root Bridge Election
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Step 2. Elect Root Ports
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Verify the Root Port
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Step 3. Electing Designated Ports and NonDesignated Ports
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Verify DP and Non-DP
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STP Topology Change

STP Topology Change Notification Process
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STP (802.1D) Enhancements

UplinkFast is an access-layer STP solution that provides fast failover when the root port or root switch fails. BackboneFast is a distribution and access-layer STP solution that provides fast convergence in the network for indirect link failures failures. PortFast is an access-layer STP solution that causes a port to enter the spanning tree forwarding state immediately, bypassing the listening and learning states.
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Cisco and STP Variants
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PVST+

Cisco developed PVST+ so that a network can run an STP instance for each VLAN in the network. And Creating different STP root switches per VLAN creates a more redundant network. t d d t t k With PVST+, more than one trunk can block for a VLAN and load sharing can be implemented.
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PVST+

PVST+ Bridge ID The following provides more details on the PVST+ fields: Bridge priority - A 4-bit field carries the bridge priority Extended system ID - A 12-bit field carrying the VID for PVST+. MAC address - A 6-byte field with the MAC address of a single y g switch.
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PVST+
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PVST+
Configure PVST+
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PVST+
Configure PVST+
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RSTP
What is RSTP? RSTP (IEEE 802.1w) is an evolution of the 802.1D standard. RSTP can achieve much f t convergence i a properly configured hi h faster in l fi d network, sometimes in as little as a few hundred milliseconds.
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New Features

New Port States and Port Roles New BPDU Format New BPDU Handling Rapid Transition to Forwarding State Proposal/Agreement Handshake Sequence New Topology Change Mechanisms
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RSTP Port States and Port Roles

RSTP Port States RSTP provides rapid convergence following a failure or during reestablishment of a switch switch port or link switch, port, link. An RSTP topology change causes a transition in the appropriate switch ports to the forwarding state through either explicit handshakes or a proposal and agreement process and synchronization. synchronization
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RSTP Port Roles
The role is now a variable assigned to a given port. The root port and designated port roles remain. The blocking port role is now split into the backup and alternate port roles. The S Th Spanning T i Tree Al ith (STA) d t Algorithm determines th role of a port b i the l f t based on d Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs). To keep things simple, the thing to remember about a BPDU is that there is always a way of comparing any two of them and deciding whether one is more useful than the other. This is based on the value stored in the BPDU and occasionally on the port on which they are received.
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)
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Edge Ports
Edge Ports The edge port concept is already well known to Cisco spanning tree
users, users as it basically corresponds to the PortFast feature All ports feature. directly connected to end stations cannot create bridging loops in the network. Therefore, the edge port directly transitions to the forwarding state, and skips the listening and learning stages. , p g g g
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Link Types
The link type is automatically derived from the duplex mode of a port. A port that operates in fullduplex is assumed to be pointtopoint, while a halfduplex port is considered as a shared port by default RSTP can default. only achieve rapid transition to the forwarding state on edge ports and on pointtopoint links.
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RSTP
RTSP BPDU RSTP (802.1w) uses type 2, version 2 BPDUs, so an RSTP bridge can communicate 802.1D on any shared link or with any switch running i t 802 1D h d li k ith it h i 802.1D.
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RSTP Proposal or Agreement Process

In IEEE 802.1D STP, when a port has been selected by spanning tree to become a designated port, it must wait two times the forward delay before transitioning the port to the forwarding state state. RSTP significantly speeds up the recalculation process after a topology change, because it converges on a link-by-link basis and does not rely on timers expiring before ports can transition Rapid transition. transition to the forwarding state can only be achieved on edge ports and point-to-point links.
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RSTP Proposal or Agreement Process
View Flash on Curriculum 5.4.6 RSTP Port States and Port Roles
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Configuring rapid PVST+
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Design STP for Trouble Avoidance

Know Where the Root Is You now know that the primary function of the STA is to break loops that d d t links th t redundant li k create i b id networks. t in bridge t k
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VTP Pruning
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Manual Pruning VTP pruning can help, but this feature is not necessary in the core of the network.
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What is Layer 3 Switch? Layer 3 switching means routing approximately at the speed of switching. A router performs two main functions: it hi t f t i f ti It builds a forwarding table. The router generally exchanges information with peers by way of routing protocols. It receives packets and forwards them to the correct interface based on the destination address. High-end Cisco Layer 3 switches are now able to perform this second function, at the same speed as the Layer 2 switching function. In the figure: There is no speed penalty with the routing hop and an additional segment between C1 and C2. Core switch C1 and core switch C2 are Layer 3 switches. VLAN 20 and VLAN 30 are no longer bridged between C1 and C2, so there is no possibility for a loop.

Use Layer 3 Switching
The design ensures a convergence that is even faster than convergence with STP. STP no longer blocks any single port, so there is no potential for a bridging loop. Leaving the VLAN by Layer 3 switching is as fast as bridging inside the g y y g g g VLAN.
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Troubleshoot STP Operation

Switch or Link Failure view flash on curriculum
For some reason port F0/3 on switch S2 fails to receive BPDUs for the Default max_age max age time of 20 seconds seconds.
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Example: Switch or Link Failure Problem During normal operation, bridge B is designated on the link BC. Bridge B sends BPDUs down to C, which is blocking the port. The port is blocked while C sees BPDUs from B on that link. Now, consider what happens if the link BC fails in the direction of C. C stops receiving traffic from B, however, B still receives traffic from C.
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Example: Switch or Link Failure
Solution: U Uses U idi Unidirectional Link Detection f t ti l Li k D t ti feature on switch. it h
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Troubleshoot a Failure
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PortFast Configuration Error Problem You typically enable PortFast only for a port or interface that connects to a host. When the link comes up on this port, the bridge skips the first stages of the STA and directly transitions to the forwarding mode.
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PortFast Configuration Error Solution To prevent this situation, most Catalyst switches that run Cisco IOS software have a feature called BPDU guard. BPDU guard disables a PortFast-configured port or interface if the port or interface receives a BPDU. BPDU
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Network Diameter Issues The conservative default values for the STP timers impose a maximum network diameter of seven. t k di t f
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Activity
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Activity
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Lab - Basic Spanning Tree Protocol
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Challenge Lab Spanning Tree Protocol
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Troubleshooting Spanning Tree Protocol
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Summary
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CCNA Exp3 - Chapter05 - STP - PDF

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Chapter 5 - Spanning Tree Protocol

CCNA Exploration 4.0

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Redundancy in a hierarchical network

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Examine a redundant design

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Examine a redundant design

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Examine a redundant design

Hc vin mng Bch Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

Examine a redundant design

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Examine a redundant design

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Issues with Redundancy

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Issues with Redundancy

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Duplicate Unicast Frames

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Issues with Redundancy

Incorrectly learn the MAC address

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Real-world Redundancy Issues

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Real-world Redundancy Issues

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Prevent loop, storm bordcast?

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Spanning Tree Protocol p g

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The Spanning Tree Algorthm

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The Root Bridge

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Best Paths to the Root Bridge

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Best Paths to the Root Bridge

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The BPDU Fields

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A non-designated p is not a root port or a designated p g port p g port.

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