CA - Ex - S2M01 - Introduction To Routing and Packet Forwarding - PPT (Compatibility Mode)

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding
CCNA Exploration 4.0
Objectives

Identify a router as a computer with an OS and hardware designed for the routing process. Demonstrate the ability to configure devices and apply addresses. Describe the structure of a routing table. Describe how a router determines a path and switches packets
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Labs
Inside the Router
Routers are Computers

Routers have many of the same hardware and software components
that are found in other computers including: CPU RAM ROM Operating System

Routers are at the network center

A router connects multiple networks. This means that it has multiple interfaces that each belong to a different IP network. Each network that a router connects to typically requires a separate interface. These interfaces are used to connect a combination of both Local Area Networks (LANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs).
Routers determine the best path The primary responsibility of a router is to direct packets destined for local and remote networks by: Determining the best path to send packets Forwarding packets toward their destination
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Routers determine the best path

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Router as a Computer
Describe the basic purpose of a router Computers that specialize in sending packets over the data network. They are responsible for interconnecting networks by selecting the best path for a packet to travel and forwarding packets to their destination Routers are the network center Routers generally have 2 connections: WAN connection (Connection to ISP) LAN connection Not common: PSTN connection
Router as a Computer
"How Routers Work" http://computer.howstuffworks.com/router.htm Activity 1.1.1.4

Evolution of Routers
Multiprotocol devices providing pure data delivery with minimal access control and QoS. Intelligent Network Services, this allowed us to provide security capabilities like integrated firewall and encryption. Integrated voice and data capabilities, allowing routers to provide voice gateway features for IP telephony. Today the router is an integrated platform for providing advanced services in security, content delivery, and voice.
Cisco Router Series
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Extra: Integrated Services Routers
The network router is quickly evolving from a device dedicated to connecting disparate networks to an integrated services device capable of multiple functions beyond routing. Now, Integrated Services Routers can deliver voice, video, data and Internet access, wireless, and other applications. Benefits of the Integrated Services Network Router One Device, Multiple Functions Same Access at Headquarters and Remote Sites Centralized Management Integrated Network Security
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Router Components
Router components and their functions
CPU - Executes operating system instructions Random access memory (RAM) - Contains the running copy of configuration file. Stores routing table. RAM contents lost when power is off Read-only memory (ROM) - Holds diagnostic software used when router is powered up. Stores the routers bootstrap program. Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) - Stores startup configuration. This may include IP addresses (Routing protocol, Hostname of router) Flash memory - Contains the operating system (Cisco IOS) Interfaces - There exist multiple physical interfaces that are used to connect network. Examples of interface types: Ethernet / FastEthernet interfaces Serial interfaces Management interfaces
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Router Components
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Router Components
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Cisco router 1841s Architecture - Front Panel
LED SYS PWR SYS ACT CF
Color Green Green Blinking green
Status Router has successfully booted up and the software is functional. Slow, steady blinking when system is booting or in the ROM monitor. Blinking when packets are transmitted or received on any WAN or LAN interface, or when monitoring system activity. Flash memory is busy. Do not remove the CompactFlash memory card when this light is on.
http://www.cisco.com/cdc_content_elements/flash/nextgen/webversion/1800/kaon/1841/index.html?NO_NAV
Cisco router 1841s Architecture - Back Panel
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Cisco router 1841s Architecture - Internal
A SO-DIMM, or small outline dual in-line memory module, is a type of computer memory integrated circuit H c vi n m ng Cisco Bch Khoa - Website: www.ciscobachkhoa.com 23
Demo: View Interactive 3D Model of the Cisco 1841 Integrated Services Router
http://www.cisco.com/cdc_content_elements/flash/nextgen/webversion/1800/kaon/1841/index.html?NO_NAV
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Router Components
Activity 1.1.2.2
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Internetwork Operating System
Cisco IOS manages the hardware and software resources of the router, including memory allocation, processes, security, and file systems. Cisco IOS is a multitasking operating system that is integrated with routing, switching, internetworking, and telecommunications functions. Cisco creates many different types of IOS images, depending upon the model of the router and the features within the IOS. The command line interface (CLI) is a much more common method of configuring Cisco routers.
Cisco IOS Software Architecture for 1800 Series
Identified IOS Software includes: Feature and Version
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Cisco IOS Packaging
Baseentry level image (IP Base, Enterprise Base) Servicesaddition of IP Telephony Service, MPLS, Voice over IP
(VoIP), Voice over Frame Relay (VoFR), and ATM (SP Services, Enterprise Services) Advancedaddition of VPN, Cisco IOS Firewall, 3DES encryption, SSH, Cisco IOS IPsec and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) (Advanced Security, Advanced IP Services) Enterpriseaddition of multi-protocols, including IBM, IPX, AppleTalk (Enterprise Base, Enterprise Services)
Product Research Tools
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Router Boot-up Process

1. 2. 3. 4.
Performing the POST Loading the bootstrap program Locating and loading the Cisco IOS software Locating and loading the startup configuration file or entering setup mode
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Extra: Router Boot Process

1. ROM 1. POST 2. Bootstrap code executed 3. Check Configuration Register value (NVRAM) Forth Hex : 0 = ROM Monitor mode 1 = ROM IOS 2 - 15 = startup-config in NVRAM
1, 2 3
2. Check for IOS boot system commands in startup-config file (NVRAM) If boot system commands in startup-config a. Run boot system commands in order they appear in startup-config to locate the IOS b If boot system commands fail, use default fallback sequence to locate the IOS (Flash, TFTP, ROM) 3. Locate and load IOS, Default fallback sequence: No IOS boot system commands in startup-config a. Flash (sequential) b. TFTP server (netboot) - The router uses the configuration register value to form a filename from which to boot a default system image stored on a network server. c. ROM (partial IOS) or keep retrying TFTP depending upon router model - If no IOS located, get partial IOS version from ROM 4. Locate and load startup-config a. If startup-config found, copy to running-config b. If startup-config not found, prompt for setup-mode c. If setup-mode bypassed, create a skeleton default running-config (no startup-config)
Extra: Router Boot Process
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Extra: Check for IOS boot system commands in startup-config file (NVRAM)
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Verify the router boot-up process: The show version command is used to view information about the router during the bootup process. Information includes: Platform model number Image name & IOS version Bootstrap version stored in ROM Image file name & where it was loaded from Number & type of interfaces Amount of NVRAM Amount of flash Configuration register

Verifying Router Bootup Process The show version command can be used to help verify and
troubleshoot some of the basic hardware and software components of the router.
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Use this Packet Tracer Activity to experience setup mode and
investigate the show running-configuration command.
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Router Interfaces

Router Interface is a physical connector that enables a router to send or receive packets Each interface connects to a separate network Consist of socket or jack found on the outside of a router Types of router interfaces: Fixed Modular
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Router Interfaces
Two major groups of Router Interfaces
LAN Interfaces: Are used to connect router to LAN network Has a layer 2 MAC address Can be assigned a Layer 3 IP address Usually consist of an RJ-45 jack WAN Interfaces Are used to connect routers to external networks that interconnect LANs. Depending on the WAN technology, a layer 2 address may be used. Uses a layer 3 IP address
Router Interfaces
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Routers and the Network Layer

The main purpose of a router is to connect multiple networks and forward packets destined either for its own networks or other networks. A router is considered a Layer 3 device because its primary forwarding decision is based on the information in the Layer 3 IP packet, specifically the destination IP address. This process is known as routing.
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Routers and the Network Layer
Routers Operate at Layers 1, 2, and 3
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CLI Configuration and Addressing
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Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes
When designing a new network or mapping an existing network, document the network. At a minimum, the documentation should include a topology diagram that indicates the physical connectivity and an addressing table that lists all of the following information: Device names Interfaces used in the design IP addresses and subnet masks Default gateway addresses for end devices, such as PCs
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Activity 1.2.1.1
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Basic Router Configuration

Basic Router Configuration Router name Passwords Banner
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Router Interface Configuration
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Activity 1.2.2.3 Verifying Basic Router Configuration
Issue the show running-config command Save the basic router configuration by Issuing the copy running-config startup-config command Additional commands that will enable you to further verify router configuration are: show running-config - Displays configuration currently in RAM show startup-config - Displays configuration file NVRAM show ip route - Displays routing table show interfaces - Displays all interface configurations show ip interface brief - Displays abbreviated interface configuration information
Building the Routing Table
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Introducing the Routing Table

The primary function of a router is to forward a packet toward its destination network, which is the destination IP address of the packet. Routing Table is stored in RAM and contains information about: Directly connected networks - this occurs when a device is connected to another router interface Remotely connected networks - this is a network that is not directly connected to a particular router Detailed information about the networks include source of routing information, Network address & subnet mask, and ip address of next-hop router, exit interface show ip route command is used to view a routing table
Introducing the Routing Table

Directly Connected Routes Static Routes Dynamic Routes
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Directly-Connected Networks
Once the interface is "up," the network of that interface is added to the routing table as a directly connected network.
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Static Routing
Static routes in the routing table Includes: network address and subnet mask and IP address of next hop router or exit interface Denoted with the code S in the routing table Routing tables must contain directly connected networks used to connect remote networks before static or dynamic routing can be used When to use static routes When network only consists of a few routers Network is connected to internet only through one ISP Hub-and-spoke topology is used on a large network
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Static Routing
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Dynamic Routing
Dynamic routing protocols are used by routers to share information
about the reachability and status of remote networks. Dynamic routing protocols perform several activities, including: Network discovery Updating and maintaining routing tables
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Dynamic Routing
Dynamic routing features:
Automatic Network Discovery: allows the routers to automatically learn about these networks from other routers. Maintaining Routing Tables: automatically share routing information with other routers and compensate for any topology changes without involving the network administrator. IP Routing Protocols: RIP (Routing Information Protocol) IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
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Routing Table Principles

Activity 1.3.5.1 3 principles regarding routing tables: 1. Every router makes its decisions alone, based on the information it has in its routing table. 2. One routers information in the routing table may not be the same as another routers routing table. 3. Routing information about a path to a network does not provide information on how to return to the original network.
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Path Determination and Switching Functions
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Packet Fields and Frame Fields

Internet Protocol (IP) packet format contains fields that provide information about the packet and the sending and receiving hosts Fields that are importance for CCNA students: Destination IP address Source IP address Version & TTL IP header length Precedence & type of service Packet length
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Packet Fields and Frame Fields

MAC Layer Frame Format MAC Frames are also divided into fields. They include: Preamble Start of frame delimiter Destination MAC address Source MAC address Type/length Data and pad Frame check sequence
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Best Path and Metric

A Metric is a numerical value used by routing protocols to assess a
given route Metrics may be based on a single path variable or multiple variables of a path 2 types of metrics used by routing protocols are: 1. Hop count - this is the number of routers a packet must travel through to get to its destination 2. Bandwidth - this is the speed of a link also known as the data capacity of a link
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Router Paths and Packet Switching

Equal cost metric is a condition where a router has multiple paths to
the same destination that all have the same metric To solve this dilemma, a router will use Equal Cost Load Balancing. This means the router sends packets over the multiple exit interfaces listed in the routing table. Equal Cost Paths and Unequal Cost Paths: a router can send packets over multiple networks even when the metric is not the same if it is using a routing protocol that has this capability.
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Load balancing
Two statements describe characteristics of

load balancing: Load balancing allows a router to forward packets over multiple paths to the same destination network. Unequal cost load balancing is supported by EIGRP.
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Path Determination

The path determination function is the process of how the router determines which path to use when forwarding a packet by searching its routing table. One of three path determinations results from this search: Directly connected network Remote network No route determined
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Switching Function

Switching Function of Router is the process used by a router to switch a packet from an incoming interface to an outgoing interface on the same router. A packet received by a router will do the following: Strips off layer 2 headers. Examines destination IP address located in Layer 3 header to find best route to destination. Re-encapsulates layer 3 packet into layer 2 frame. Forwards frame out exit interface.
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Switching Function
Step 1: PC1 has a packet to be sent to PC2
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
Step 2: Router R1 receives the Ethernet frame
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
Step 3: Packet arrives at router R2
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
Step 4: The packet arrives at R3
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
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Switching Function
Step 5:The Ethernet Frame with encapsulated IP packet arrives at PC2
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Switching Function
Step 5: The Ethernet Frame with encapsulated IP packet arrives at PC2 1. PC2 examines the destination MAC address, which matches the MAC address of the receiving interface, its Ethernet NIC. PC2 will therefore copy the rest of the frame into its buffer. 2. PC2 sees that the Ethernet Type field is 0x800, which means that the Ethernet frame contains an IP packet in the data portion of the frame. 3. PC2 decapsulates the Ethernet frame and passes the IP packet to the IP process of its operating system.
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Summary
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Configuration Register Setting 1800 Series

The order in which the router looks for system bootstrap information
depends on the boot field setting in the configuration register. The configuration register is a 16-bit register in NVRAM. To ensure that the upper 12 bits are not changed, first retrieve the current values of the configuration register using the show version command. Then use the config-register command, changing only the value of the last hexadecimal digit.
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Configuration Register
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Boot Field Configuration Register Bit Descriptions
Boot Field (Bits 3, 2, 1, and 0) 0000 (0x0) 0001 (0x01) 0010 - 1111 (0x02 - 0xF) Meaning
At the next power cycle or reload, the router boots to the ROM monitor. Boots the first image in flash memory as a system image. At the next power cycle or reload, the router sequentially processes each boot system command in global configuration mode that is stored in the configuration file until the system boots successfully. If no boot system commands are stored in the configuration file, or if executing those commands is unsuccessful, then the router attempts to boot the first image file in flash memory.
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CA - Ex - S2M01 - Introduction To Routing and Packet Forwarding - PPT (Compatibility Mode)

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Chapter 1 - Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding

CCNA Exploration 4.0

H c vi n m ng Cisco Bch Khoa - Website: www.ciscobachkhoa.com

H c vi n m ng Cisco Bch Khoa - Website: www.ciscobachkhoa.com

Inside the Router

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Routers are Computers

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Routers are Computers

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Routers are Computers

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Routers are Computers

Routers are Computers

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Routers are Computers

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Routers are Computers

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Routers are Computers

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"How Routers Work" http://computer.howstuffworks.com/router.htm Activity 1.1.1.4

Cisco Router Series

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Extra: Integrated Services Routers

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H c vi n m ng Cisco Bch Khoa - Website: www.ciscobachkhoa.com

H c vi n m ng Cisco Bch Khoa - Website: www.ciscobachkhoa.com

H c vi n m ng Cisco Bch Khoa - Website: www.ciscobachkhoa.com

Cisco router 1841s Architecture - Front Panel

LED SYS PWR SYS ACT CF

Color Green Green Blinking green

Cisco router 1841s Architecture - Back Panel

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Cisco router 1841s Architecture - Internal

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Internetwork Operating System

Cisco IOS Software Architecture for 1800 Series

Identified IOS Software includes: Feature and Version

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Cisco IOS Packaging

Product Research Tools

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Router Boot-up Process

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Router Boot-up Process

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Router Boot-up Process

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Extra: Router Boot Process

Extra: Router Boot Process

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Router Boot-up Process

Router Boot-up Process

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Router Boot-up Process

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Routers and the Network Layer