JAVA INTRODUCTION: Java was conceived by James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Warth, Ed Frank and Mike Sheridan

at SUN Microsystems Incorporation in the year 1991. The SUN Microsystems wanted to develop a common remote control whose purpose is controlling the electronic consumables irrespective of architecture. Java is a powerful but lean object-oriented programming language. It has generated a lot of excitement because it makes it possible to program for Internet by creating Applets. Programs that can be embedded in web page. The context of an applet can be an animation with sound, an interactive game or a ticker tape. With constantly updated stock prices. Applets can be just little decorations to liven up web page, or they can be serious applications like Word processor or Spreadsheet. But Java is more than a programming language for writing Applets. It is being used more and more for writing standalone applications as well. It is becoming so popular that many people believe it will become standard language for both general purpose and Internet programming. There are many buzzwords associated with Java, but because of its spectacular growth in popularity, a new buzzword has appeared ubiquitous. Indeed, all indications are that it will soon be everywhere. Java builds on the strength of C++. It has taken the best features of C+ + and discarded the more problematic and error prone parts. To this lean core, it has added garbage collection (automatic memory management), multithreading (the capacity for one program to do more than one thing at a time), security capabilities. This result is that Java is simple, elegant, and powerful and easy-to-use. Java is actually a platform consisting of 3 components:

Java Programming Language. Java Library of Classes and Interfaces. Java Virtual Machine

The following sections will say more about these components. JAVA IS PORTABLE: One of the biggest advantages Java offers is that it is portable. An application written in Java will run on all the major platforms. Any computer with a Java-based browser can run the applications or Applets written in the Java-Programming-Language. A programmer no longer has to write one program to run on a Macintosh, another program to run on a Windowsmachine still another to run on a UNIX-machine and so on. In other words, with Java developers write their programs only once. The Virtual Machine is what gives Java is cross platform capabilities. Rather being compiled into machine language, which is different for each OSs and computer architecture, Java code is compiled into Byte codes. With other languages, the program code is compiled into a language that the computer can understand. The problem is that other computers with different machine instruction set cannot understand that language. Java code on the other hand is compiled into Byte-Code rather than a machine language. These byte codes go to the JVM, which executes them directly or translates them into the language that is understood by the machine running it. In summary, these means that with the JDBC API extending Java, a programmer writing Java code can access all the major RDBMS on any platform that supports the JVM.

JAVA IS OBJECT-ORIENTED The Java programming language is OBJECT-ORIENTED, which makes program design focus on what you are dealing with, rather than on how your are going to do something. This makes it more useful for programming in sophisticated then be reused. Object-Oriented Languages use the paradigm of classes. In simplest term, a class includes both the data and the functions to operate on data. You can create an instance of a class, also called an object, which will have all the data members and functionality of its class. Because of this, you can think of a class as being like template, with each object being a specific instance of a particular type of class. The class paradigm allows one to encapsulate data so that specific data values are those using the data cannot see the function implementation. Encapsulation makes it possible to make the changes in code without breaking other programs that use that code. If for example, the implementation of a function is changed, the change is invisible to any programmer who invokes that function, and does not affect his/her program, except hopefully to improve it. Java includes inheritance, or the ability to derive new classes from existing classes. The derived class, is also called as Sub-Class, inherits all the data in the functions of the existing class. Security The Java language is secure in that it is very difficult to write incorrect code or viruses that can corrupt/steal your data, or harm hardware such as hard disks. There are two main lines of defense: projects, because one can break the things into understandable components. A big benefit is that these components can

Interpreter level: No pointer arithmetic Garbage collection Array bounds checking No illegal data conversions Browser level (applies to applets only): No local file I/O Sockets back to host only No calls to native methods The Java language is robust. It has several features designed to avoid crashes during program execution, including: No pointer arithmetic Garbage collection--no bad addresses Array and string bounds checking No jumping to bad method addresses Interfaces and exceptions

Robustness

Versions Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates: JDK 1.0 (January 23, 1996) JDK 1.1 (February 19, 1997) J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998) J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000) J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002) J2EE 5.0 (September 30, 2004) Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006) Java SE 7 (July 28, 2011)

Java is also unusual in that each Java program is both compiled and interpreted. With a compiler, you translate a Java program into an intermediate language called Java byte codes--the platform-independent codes interpreted by the Java interpreter. With an interpreter, each Java byte code instruction is parsed and run on the computer. Compilation happens just once; interpretation occurs each time the program is executed. Java byte codes can be considered as the machine code instructions for the Java Virtual Machine (Java VM). Every Java interpreter, whether it's a Java development tool or a Web browser that can run Java applets, is an implementation of the Java VM. The Java VM can also be implemented in hardware. What java can do? Probably the most well-known Java programs are Java applets. An applet is a Java program that adheres to certain conventions that allow it to run within a Java-enabled browser. However, Java is not just for writing cute, entertaining applets for the World Wide Web ("Web"). Java is a general-purpose, high-level programming language and a powerful software platform. Using the generous Java API, we can write many types of programs. The most common types of programs are probably applets and applications, where a Java application is a standalone program that runs directly on the Java platform. How does the Java API support all of these kinds of programs? With packages of software components that provide a wide range of functionality.

The core API is the API included in every full implementation of the Java platform. The core API gives you the following features:

The Essentials: Objects, strings, threads, numbers, input and output, data structures, system properties, date and time, and so on. Applets: The set of conventions used by Java applets. Networking: URLs, TCP and UDP sockets, and IP addresses. Internationalization: Help for writing programs that can be localized for users worldwide. Programs can automatically adapt to specific locales and be displayed in the appropriate language. Security: certificates. Both low-level and high-level, including electronic

signatures, public/private key management, access control, and Software components: Known as JavaBeans, can plug into existing component Object architectures such Allows as Microsoft's lightweight OLE/COM/Active-X persistence and architecture, OpenDoc, and Netscape's Live Connect.

serialization:

communication via Remote Method Invocation (RMI).

Java Database Connectivity (JDBC): Provides uniform access to a wide range of relational databases.

TOP TEN WEBSITES: 1. OReilly Java -- http://www.onjava.com 2. Sun Developer Network (SDN) -- http://java.sun.com 3. Developer.com -- http://www.developer.com/java/ 4. Java.net -- http://www.java.net 5. IBMs Developer works -- http://www.javaworld.com 7. Devx -- http://www.devx.com/Java/Door/6972 8. TheServerSide.com -- http://www.theserverside.com 9. Big Moose Saloon -- http://www.coderanch.com 10. Stack Overflow -- http://stackoverflow.com

MS.NET

INTRODUCTION:
MS.Net is a product of Microsoft. It is framework software. It was developed in response to the java platform used for developing web based applications which was being developed by Sun Microsystems in 1995. Now both Java and .Net framework software are competing to each other. Both are used for web based applications. Java platform supports only one programming language for developing the applications i.e., java programming language. MS.NET is also used to develop the web based applications. It is purely object oriented software. It was being developed by the Microsoft in 2002. The official version of MS.Net was released in 2002 and its version is 1.0. The drawback of the java platform is that it is language dependent so in order to overcome that drawback Microsoft has introduced framework software that is not language dependent. Satisfying the requirements Microsoft has developed a platform which can be implemented by many languages. MS.Net can support up to 60+ programming languages. The advantage of using this type of platform is that we can develop the application by using one of the known languages by the developers which are compatible with the framework. For example C & C++ are the

basic programming languages. The popular languages used for this platform are C,C++,Visual Basic etc., Visual C#.Net and ASP.Net are the most familiar platforms.

C#.Net: In c language we declare a variable of integer type as follows: int c; We use the same data type in order to declare a variable as integer in .Net platform but we have to give some access specifiers to it. It is being declared as: private int a; If we dont specify any of the specifier then the default type is private. C#.Net is most popular than Visual Basic.net because of its flexibility. The syntax of this is complex. The same declaration of the variable is as follows: dim a as Integer It is very difficult to remember the syntax for all programming languages for a programmer hence .Net has introduced default data types which can be used in any programming language used in the .net platform. The default data types are suffixed with number 32. For example the data type which represents the integer type is int32. .Net uses SQL as the back end for the database which is the windows product.

.NET FRAMEWORK:
Microsoft .net is frame work software. Framework is nothing but a collection of libraries that provide services in order to develop different types of applications with the help of any .net programming language such as visual c#, visual basic .net etc.,

.net is purely object oriented programming software. There are many predefined libraries available with many predefined functions. For eg., Sort is a predefined function available in a class called Array. It can be shown as Array.Sort() Languages used: There are mainly two languages used in .net. They are C# and visual basic (VB). Of them C# is more flexible. The initial language used is VB 6.0. Later it is added to .net with advanced features. The first product released is .net 1.0 with C#. ASP.NET: It is used for developing web based applications. HTML is also used for same purpose but its design is static where as ASP.Net is both static as well as dynamic. Applications that can be developed using MS.net are: Console application Windows applications Web based applications XML web services Mobile applications WPF applications WCF applications Class library Windows Control Library

Web control library

EXECUTION OF THE PROGRAM:

The program written should be saved using some extension based on the programming language we use in the framework. In C#.Net we use cs extension i.e., to save a file we give the filename as filename.cs In VB.Net we use VB extension i.e., to save a file we give the filename as filename.VB

C#.NET:
After writing the program we have to compile the program to convert the source file into object code. For that process of compilation we use csc. After the compilation with csc a new code called MSIL code is being created. This MSIL code is created only if there are no errors at the compile time. This MSIL code is platform independent and cannot be understood by any Operating System. For the execution of the MSIL code a special component called CLR is used. This CLR is used to convert the MSIL code into the native code (machine level code). CLR is known as Common Language Runtime. It is equivalent to JVM in java. Csc----- MSIL-----CLR------Native code. In VB.Net we use vbc compiler. Vbc----MSIL------CLR-----Native code. CLR is the run time environment for the .Net platform. It is partially platform independent. To run the program at the runtime we need a special component called CLR which is different for different operating system.

Microsoft doesnt provide CLR for all the operating system it provides CLR only for windows operating system. Features: Microsoft has invested a great portion of its budget to research and development this brand new way of doing things. It is not just on offering to the programming world. It introduces a combined and consistent effort between operating system, services and programming languages. These are the following shortlist of elements that make up the .NET architecture: A set of .Net languages that can be said to function in a common environment. A set of services provided by the .NET enterprise servers. A distributed application services. A service for .NET enabled devices.

Different versions of .net framework SDK (software development kit) .net framework 1.0 -2002 .net framework 1.1-2003 .net framework 2.0-2005 .net framework 3.0-2006 .net framework 3.5-2007 .net framework 4.0-2010

Different versions of C#.net (programming language) C# 1.0-2002

C# 1.1-2003 C# 2.0-2005 C# 3.0-2007 C# 4.0-2010

Different versions of VB.net (programming language) VB 7.0-2002 VB 7.1-2003 VB 8.0-2005 VB 9.0-2007 VB 10.0 (VB 2010)-2010

Components added to framework 2.0 to get 3.0 versions are WPF, WCF and WF Windows Card Space. Windows card space is used for providing the digital identity signature for security. ASP.Net (Server side technology) ASP.Net 1.0 ASP.Net 1.1 ASP.Net 2.0 ASP.Net 3.5 ASP.Net 4.0

Visual Studio is the .net editor designed by Microsoft. It is licensed software. It is a development tool for any application which can be supported by .net technology. Different versions of visual studio

Visual studio is IDE (Integrated Development Environment) VS.net 2002 for frame work 1.0 VS.net 2003 for frame work 1.1 VS.net 2005 for frame work 2.0 or 3.0 VS.net 2008 for frame work 3.5 VS.net 2010 for frame work 4.0

In java for importing any package we use import keyword. In C# to import any library we use using keyword. Console application runs on MS. Dos. TOP TEN WEBSITES: 1 .Code Plex -- http://www.codeplex.com 2. Stack Over Flow -- http://www.stackoverflow.com 3. Bing Shopping -- http://www.bing.com/shopping/ 4. Kelley Blue Book -- http://www.Kbb.com 5. Market Watch -- http://www.marketwatch.com/ 6. Ruths Chris -- http://www.ruthschris.com/ 7. Dot Net Shout Out -- http://www.Dotnetshoutout.com 8. Serve fault -- http://www.leandrovieira.com 9. Server Fault -- http://www.Serverfault.com 10. DotNetKicks -- http://www.DotNetKicks.com

PHP

Php is a widely used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded in to HTML.

Php may be processed by invoking the PHP which interprets the PHP segment and feeds the entire HTML back to the server. It then returns that complete content back to the client. PHP like everyone knows is a scripting language that was introduced in the year 1994 but released in 1995. It is specifically made to create lively and interactive pages and can be obtained as free download software. To increase your knowledge about PHP you need to have PHP editing software like you do with html editors. Editors are platforms like the FrontPage where html based web pages are developed. Using the editor you can administer changes to the PHP designed content PHP allows you to create dynamic html pages, files, and many other things. You can use PHP to for login into a site, redirecting a user to a certain page, counters, login etc. Now the PHP file would have to have the code to load google.com in a frame on your site so you use html and PHP together, but if you are just making a simple web page, you wouldn't need PHP. Plus your web space server would have to support PHP and have it installed so it would work also instead of using PHP, you could use CGI (PERL/C++, other) or asp, which all can use html. You can also use java and JavaScript to do a lot of things, but PHP all have their pros and cons. But PHP can be easier that just using plain html if you have logins, searching, weblogs, logs, counters etc. Also, if you set up your own server you can use PHP to allow people to download files from a certain folder and then log the IP address of the person that downloaded it. Basically if a web page has to save or change files on the server (log files, counter info etc) or generating user specific html pages, you would have to use PHP or another programming like asp or CGI. There are various programming languages including C++, Action script, .Net languages, JAVA, ADA, Python, Prolog, Ruby, Visual Prolog,

Objective C, Ocaml and ECMAscript and Eiffel that have built-in support for exception handling. PHP (version 5) also boasts an exception model just like other programming languages. The exception model in PHP follows some important statement keywords. These keywords are: Try, Throw and Catch Exception Handling is a programming language construct intended to handle a conditions occurrence that alters or changes the normal flow of execution. Exceptions are very significant and have a good control over error handling. In the process of development of software, any exception handling verification must be conducted in a highly automated manner. The test cases must be created in a scientific way. There are various systems available commercially. These systems perform testing in a scientific and repeatable manner. PHP is interpreted language (A scripting language) running on the side server (Such as scripts CGI, ASP ...) And not the client side (a script written in JavaScript or Java Applet running on your computer ...). The syntax of the language from those of C language Of Perl and Java. Its main advantages are:

1.free availability of source code (PHP is released under the GNU GPL); 2.The ability to include PHP script in a page HTML (Unlike CGI scripts, which require writing lines of code to display each line in HTML); 3.The simplicity of interfacing with databases (many DBMS are supported, but the most used language is MySQL DBMS available free on many platforms. 4. The integration within many web servers (Apache, MicImportance of PHP web development in India

We all very well know that for a successful online business, effective web development of the concerned company is essential. Web development in India has always been fulfilling this need in the most optimized way. Offering services like creating websites, website designing, and other services like cost effective web solutions Web development in India has become the favorite of all big organizations. Similarly PHP Development Company in India is considered the best option by all big as well as small business houses. They provide you with excellent PHP development services and PHP development programs which are highly interactive and ensure easy creation of PDF documents. Realizing the importance of PHP these days, it is being used along with MySQL as well. For those who are new to this term; MySQL is a command driven relational database query language. PHP MySQL programmers India efficiently use MySQL as well as PHP to create effective web applications, such as random fact generators and search engines. This field requires specialization and interestingly PHP web development India is considered the best for this. The reason behind this is that they have a team of dedicated and skilled PHP developers and programmers, well updated and acknowledged with the open source language. The benefits of PHP Web Development in India are as follows: * It costs low with cost effective database applications * Improves the visibility of organization by building excellent performance data warehouse applications * The experts are skilled with proper art of developing automated application development systems, which is useful in upgrading manual processes.

* Also they provide assistance to platforms like Microsoft Windows, IBM AIX, Linux, Sun Solaris, QNX, Mac OS X, etc. Apart from all this Indian PHP web development services also bring cost efficiency and their services include Python scripting/programming languages, Linux operating system, Apache Web server, Perl, My SQL database management system etc. All in all, hiring a PHP Development Company of India can be extremely beneficial for your enterprise.rosoft IIS, etc...). IMPORTANCE OF PHP OVER HTML The importance of PHP is that it is easy to learn. Well a lot of people will disagree with this point, but it is true, compared to html, learning PHP is as simple as ABC. Yes, you will need to master the codes but you bet that it is not as complicating as html tags. Secondly, it is nota new phenomenon, it has been around for quite some time, about 15 years and that is not a joke. Consider the fact that it is not as old as html but more popular and widely used and accepted than html, makes it a true advantage in the world of webpage creation. Thirdly, it operates more efficiently than html. The number for importance of PHP over html is that it is usually cheap to host and creates very dynamic websites

TOP TEN WEBSITES: 1. Facebook -- http://www.facebook.com/

2. Yahoo! -- http://www.yahoo.com/ 3. YouTube -- http://www.youtube.com/ 4. Wikipedia -- http://www.wikipedia.org/ 5. Google -- http://www.google.com/ 6. Wordpress -- http://www.wordpress.com/ 7. Twitter -- http://www.twitter.com/ 8. MySpace -- http://www.myspace.com/ 9. Friendster -- http://www.friendster.com/ 10. IGN -- http://www.ign.com/

ANDROID
INTRODUCTION:

Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. Android is a software platform and operating system for mobile devices based on the Linux operating system and developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in a Java-like language that utilizes Google-developed Java libraries, but does not support programs developed in native code. The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 hardware, software and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. When released in 2008, most of the Android platform will be made available under the Apache free-software and opensource license. FEATURES: Application Framework It is used to write applications for Android. Unlike other embedded mobile environments, an Android applications come with are the all equal, are for no instance, applications which phone

different than those that any developer writes.The framework is supported by numerous open source libraries such as openssl, SQLite and libc. It is also supported by the Android core libraries. From the point of security, the framework is based on UNIX file system permissions that assure applications have only those abilities that mobile phone owner gave them at install time. Dalvik Virtual Machine

It is extremely low-memory based virtual machine, which was designed especially for Android to run on embedded systems and work well in low power situations. It is also tuned to the CPU attributes. The Dalvik VM creates a special file format (.DEX) that is created through build time post processing. Conversion between Java classes and .DEX format is done by included dx tool. Integrated Browser Google made a right choice on choosing WebKit as open source web browser. They added a two pass layout and frame flattening. Two pass layout loads a page without waiting for blocking elements, such as external CSS or external JavaScript and after a while renders frames into single one and loads into the again with all resources downloaded to the device. Frame flattening converts browser. founded These features increase speed and usability browsing the

internet via mobile phone. Optimized Graphics As Android has 2D graphics library and 3D graphics based on OpenGL ES 1.0, possibly we will see great applications like Google Earth and spectacular games like Second Life, which come on Linux version. At this moment, the shooting legendary 3D game Doom was presented using Android on the mobile phone. SQLite

Extremely small (~500kb) relational database management system, which is integrated in Android. It is based on function calls and single file, where all definitions, tables and data are stored. This simple design is more than suitable for a platform such as Android.

Data Storage SQLite is used for structured data storage .SQLite is a powerful and lightweight relational database engine available to all applications.

Connectivity Android supports a wide variety of connectivity technologies including GSM, CDMA, Bluetooth, EDGE, EVDO, 3G and Wi-Fi.

Messaging SMS, MMS, and XMPP are available forms of messaging including threaded text messaging.

Web Browser The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit application framework. It includes LibWebCore which is a modern web browser engine which powers both the Android browser and an embeddable web view.

Java Virtual Machine Software written in Java can be compiled into Dalvik bytecodes and executed in the Dalvik virtual machine, which is a specialized VM implementation designed for mobile device use, although not technically a standard Java Virtual Machine.

Media Support

Android will support advanced audio/video/still media formats such as MPEG-4, H.264, MP3, and AAC, AMR, JPEG, PNG, GIF. Additional Hardware Support Android is fully capable of utilizing video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, compasses, accelerometers, and accelerated 3D graphics. Development Environment Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling, a plug-in for the Eclipse IDE. There are a number of hardware dependent features, for instance, a huge media and connections support, GPS, improved support for Camera and simply GSM developers to telephony. A great work with work was using done for the start Android device emulator,

tools for debugging and plug-in for Eclipse IDE. Android has been criticized for not being all open-source software despite what was announced by Google. Parts of the SDK are proprietary and closed source, and some believe this is so that Google can control the platform. Software installed by end-users must be written in Java, and will not have access to lower level device APIs. This provides end-users with less control over their phone's functionality than other free and open source phone platforms, such as OpenMoko. With all upcoming applications and mobile services Google Android is stepping into the next level of Mobile Internet. Android participates in many of the successful open source projects. That is, architect the solution for participation and the developers will not only come but will play well together. This is notable contrast with Apple and other companies, where such architecture of participation is clearly belated.

The first Android based official devices may well be launched sometime in the early half of 2009. Obviously, that's an age away when it comes to handset design, and Android may well find itself competing against the forthcoming Nokia touch screen phones and maybe even the iPhone 2. TOP TEN WEBSITES: 1. http://www.android.com - Android Official Webpage 2. http://code.google.com/android/ - Official Android Google Code Webpage 3. http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/ - Open Handset Alliance Webpage 4. 5. 6. http://www.androidwiki.com Android Wiki http://googleblog.blogspot.com/ - Official Google Blog http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(mobile_phone_platform) Wikipedia Information 7. 8. 9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebKit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)

10. http://www.itworld.com/google-android-dr-080213

WHY .NET?

The Microsoft .NET Framework is a software technology that is available with several Microsoft Windows operating systems. It includes a large library of pre-coded solutions to common programming problems and a virtual machine that manages the execution of programs written specifically for the framework. The .NET Framework is a key Microsoft offering and is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform. .Net is completely user friendly and it doesnt require any emphasis on coding part, because we have already predefined templates in the work space itself we just need to drag and place them in the work sheet where the coding part is done. Here the predefined template just contains the outside part or just the outline. The things present inside it should be coded by ourselves it completely depends on the programmer based on his interests he can design it, this makes the programmer free from designing the outer part or the outline. So, the programmer can do the coding part very quickly when compared to other technologies. We have many advantages of .Net over other technologies: 1. Due to Microsoft Visual Studio development is faster than development in any technology 2. .Net is the platform itself for many languages. One can use C,C++ and VB to program upon .net. These programs interact with each other using common methods define by .Net. 3. Hence the programs can communicate without any worry the language the program was written in. But machine on which it been done must contain .Net platform to be installed.

.Net is being used in real-time projects in a wide range in the present world. So it will be helpful for us whenever we join a company and do the projects on .net.