A.P. U.S.

History Chapter 1

Key Terms
Term: Canadian Shield Page: 5 Term: Great Ice Age Page: 5 Term: Incas, Mayans, Aztecs Page: 6 Term: Maize Page: 8 Term: Pueblos Page: 8 Term: three-sister farming Page: 10 Term: Iroquois Page: 10 Term: nation-state Page: 10 Term: The Crusades Page: 10 Term: The Portuguese Page: 11 Identification: a zone undergirded by ancient rock that anchored North America in a north eastern corner, probably the first part of what became the North American land mass to have emerged above sea level Significance: helped shape North America as we know it today Identification: two-mile-thick ice sheets that crept from the polar regions to cover parts of Europe, Asia, and the Americas, that began about 2 million years ago Significance: shaped the North American landscape, caused sea levels to drop, exposing a land bridge between Eurasia and North America allowing America to become populated Identification: Incas lived in Peru, the Mayans in Central America, and the Aztecs in Mexico, and they all had sophisticated civilizations with advanced agriculture Significance: Some of the first people to settle down in the Americas, and their advanced agricultural methods helped feed millions Identification: Indian corn Significance: fed large populations, as many as 20 million people on Mexico, accounted for the size and sophistication of Native American civilizations, cultivation of corn spread across the Americas Identification: people who lived in the Rio Grande valley, they constructed elaborate irrigation systems to water their corn Significance: their irrigations systems allowed for more corn to be grown, increasing the population Identification: a farming method where beans grow on the trellis of the cornstalks and squash convers the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil Significance: a clever farming technique that allowed for some of the highest population densities on the continent Identification: Indians who lived in the northeastern woodlands and created a great nation-state in North America Significance: they were the first Indians in North America to have the political and organizational skills to create a military that menaced its neighbors Identification: a society with a dense population of people Significance: the nation-states allowed the Indians to become powerful and thrive Identification: European warriors that tried to take the Holy Land from Muslim control from the 11th to 14th century, while there they discovered the wonderful things in Asia such as sugar Significance: it was extremely expensive to transport luxuries from Asia because of the distance and Europeans were determined to find a shorter route Identification: developed a ship that could sail south along the coast of West Africa in 1450 and found a way back to Europe Significance: they were the first Europeans to sail along the southern coast of Africa and set up trading posts

Term: European slavery

Identification: the Portuguese set up trading posts along the coast of Africa to buy slaves to work for sugar plantations

Page: 12 Term: plantation system Page: 12 Term: Spain Page: 13 Term: Christopher Columbus Page: 14 Term: Contact between Old & New Worlds Page: 14 Term: Treaty of Tordesillas Page: 16 Term: The Conquistadores Page: 16 Term: encomienda Page: 17 Term: Corts Page: 17 Term: mestizos Page: 21 Term: Pops Rebellion Page: 22 Term: Father Serra Page: 22

Significance: about 40,000 Africans were taken to the Spice Islands and millions more were taken when the Americas were discovered Identification: a practice started by the Portuguese in Africa, large-scale commercial agriculture and the wholesale exploitation of slave labor Significance: the plantation economy would spread to the Americas and shape the history of the Americas Identification: the kingdom of Spain united in the late 15th century Significance: with their new power, Spain was determined to beat their Portuguese rivals to all the wealth in the Indies, Portugal controlled the south and the east coast of Africa so they decided to try heading west Identification: an Italian sailor who convinced the Spanish monarchs to finance an expedition west Significance: Christopher Columbus accidently found an island in the Bahamas, and would later be the first European to discover the Americas Identification: In 1492, Columbus discovered America, before this the flora and fauna of the Old and New World had been completely separate; the New World gave the Old World gold, corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, syphilis, etc. The Old World gave the New World wheat, sugar, coffee, horses, pigs, diseases, etc. Significance: the comingling of the flora and fauna has affected both worlds ever since Identification: 1494- a treaty between Spain and Portugal where they divided the New World. Spain received most of the land but Portugal was compensated with land in Africa, Asia, and in the future, Brazil Significance: since the Spanish owned most of the land, the conquistadores were able to spread out and make many discoveries Identification: Spanish conquerors that spread out across the Caribbean and the mainland of the American continents Significance: they made many important discoveries such as the Pacific Ocean, they also destroyed the Incas in Peru which earned them lots of money, which stimulated the world economy and started capitalism Identification: a technique used by the Spanish that allowed the government to give Indians to certain colonists if they promised to try to Christianize them Significance: it was slavery of the Indians, and ultimately led to their downfall Identification: a Spanish explorer who set sail for Cuba in 1519 but ended up in Central Mexico in Tenochtitlan, the Aztec Empire Significance: Corts wanted gold , and his greediness caused the Aztecs to fight back so he destroyed their city, Mexico City was then built on the ruins, where Corts brought his crops, animals, language, and laws, and he also intermarried with the surviving Indians, creating the distinctive culture of mestizos Identification: people of mixed Indian and European heritage Significance: Mexican civilization today is still a blend of Old and New World, and Mexicans celebrate Columbus day to celebrate the birthday of a whole new race of people Identification: an Indian uprising in 1680 caused by the missionaries who tried to suppress native religious customs Significance: the Indians destroyed all the Catholic churches and killed hundreds of Spanish settlers, they rebuilt a ceremonial religious chamber, and it took the Spanish nearly 50 years to fully reclaim New Mexico from the Indians Identification: he led Spanish missionaries in 1769, and starting in San Diego, he founded the first of a chain of 21 missions Significance: brought semi-nomadic Indians together to try to convert them to Christianity, but most of them died due to diseases

Term: The Black Legend" Page: 23

Identification: a legend that conquerors tortured and butchered the Indians for God, stole their possessions, and gave them smallpox Significance: the achievements of the Spanish were overshadowed by this legend