AnataZiaAntiqua XIII (2005), p.

119-144

Turan EFE and Murat TURKTEKI

"'*

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY OF THE PERIOD TRANSITION AL INTO THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE AT KLLOBA (SEYITGAZI, ESKIsEHIR)
i. INTRODUCTION
A clear understanding of the period in inland Anatolia i transitional into the Middle Bronze Age is crucial to our interpretion of the cultural/political sItuation in this region throughout the remainder of the second millennium. Nevertheless, this transitional phase stilI remains one of the periods about which we know very little. Elueidation of this period would make It possible for us to follow the cultural/polItical developments uninterrupted from the Early Bronze Age into the second millennium, i.e. into the HittIte period. Because the very few sItes excavated have generally been explored only through sondages very limIted in area, we have no overall impression of the archItecture. Pottery representing this period corpes from a vast geographical area covering much of inland Anatolia, from the bend of the Kizilirmak in the east to aline we can draw in the west from Bozyk - over Tavsanli to Denizli2. W. Orthmann has distinguished two separate pottey zones within this region: 1) north and west Central Anatolia and 2) the region around Alisar and Kltepe3. For long, Beycesultan was the only excavated sIte in westem Anatolia that included material (Phases IXNIII -VI) from this transitional phase alongside the local pottery4. Until recently there was hardly any comparatiye material from inland northwestem Anatolias. The first hints came to light at Demircihyk, but were only confirmed by our surface survey in the Bilecik, Ktahya and Eskisehir provinces conducted between 1988 and 1995. Pottery most characteristic of this period appeared on large mounds such as Tavsanli, most especially from Bahehisar (Kandilli) near the town of Inn, some 15 kms SW of Demireihyk as the crow flies6. At the Klloba Exacavations in the Eskisehir region we have now finally encountered this material (a general assessment of which is provided here) in stratified levels 7. II. THE SITE OF KLLOBA The large prehistoric mound of Klloba is an irregular oval same 250 x 150 m, rising nearly ten meters above the plain level in the rolling cultivated fields of the upper Sakarya (Sangarius) basin just north of the Phrygian Highlands : 35 km SE of Eskisehir, 15 km NE of SeyItgazi and 1.3 km south of the yillage of Yenikent. Excavations at the mound have been continuing annually since 19968.

*) Istanbul University, Department of Protohistory and Near Eastem Archaeology. 1) This period in Central Anatolia is best known as the bergangsperiode, as it was originally designated by W. Orthmann : Orthmann 1963a, 9f. 2) For the northwestem limit, see Efe, 1994 : map, fig. i. 3) Orthmann, 1963b : 50. 4) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1963 : 215ff. 5) Orthmann first called attention to the possible existence of such materia1 in the Eskisehir region based on the scant evidence of sherds from Aharky Hyk (Bittel, 1939 : pi. II : 1-4) : Orthmann, 1963b : 50. 6) Efe, 1994 : 5ff. 7) The pottery drawings are the work of Deniz S.M. Ay Efe, and the architectural drawings (courtesy of the staff) have been inked for publication by Sinem Ustn. The English text has been edited by Jean Carpenter Efe. 8) The Klloba project has received funding from the Istanbul University Research Fund (Project nos. 1090/010598, 805/190496, 1258/050599, 1404/5052000,1587/30042001, 1127082002, 70/15052003, and 218/29042004), the Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP) and the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Turism (DSIM). My sincere thanks go to the authorities of these institutions.

120

TURAN EFE and MURAT TRKTEKI

KULLOBA

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Fig. 1 : The topographical plan of Klloba with the excavated areas indicated in black. The mound itself - on the northem slope of an ancient streambed, now dry - represents an accumulation of prehistoric deposit; our nine excavation campaigns suggest that all phases of the Early Bronze Age are represented, underlain by Late Cha1colithic deposit. Stray finds from the Middle Cha1colithic period suggest that there are earlier strata as well. We also suspect that there is a prehistoric cemetery in the fields immediately to the NW ofthe mound. Islamic burials represent the latest remains on the settlement mound, while the latest occupation levels date from the early second millennium, i.e. the period discussed here. In the general vicinity, however there are later remains : Hellenistic (?), Roman and Byzantine. The settlement levels at Klloba are numbered from top down : Roman numerals represent deposits reflecting material homogeneity9and capital letters, the individual phases within these. Accordingly, the period transitional into the Middle Bronze Age is represented by four phases : from surface downward IlA, IlB, IlC, and IlD. To date, this stratigraphy is best documented in Trench AA '1910.In the other areas thus far excavated, we have only bothroi, votive pits and one grave from this period. III. ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS FROM THE TRANSlTiNAL PERIOD IN TRENCH AA 19

Duringthe 2003 and 2004 campaigns,investigations in Trench AA 19 just south of the summit of the mound revealed what appears to be an uninterrupted stratigraphy from the end phases of the EB II through the period transitional into the Middle Bronze Age (bergangsperiode), as seen on the profiles in Fig. 2a and 2b). We opened this trench in Grid AA 19 to explore the "comer" flanked by the EB II Complexes I (immediately to the east) and II (immediately to the south). Here, EB II deposit contemporary with these complexes lies at a much lower level (4.5 m below the surface), demonstrating that this area remained openfree of structures and the resulting build-up of rubble. Neither did we find any building remains from the subsequent early EB III period. This situation explains the relatively undisturbed preservation of EB III strata in this grid (a phenomenon valid for the open court before Complex I as well). The uppermost EB II deposit has been reached only in the NW comer of the trench, where it is partially separated from EB III deposit above by a

9) Only Phase i represents an exception, denoting remains from all historical periods. 10) Excavation in and around Trench AA 19-20 has been carried out by the coauthor Murat Trkteki. M.A. who has alsa evaluated here the stratigraphy and the architecture of this trench.

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY AT KLLOBA

121

layer of gravel fill. A deposit of only 1. 10- 120 m corresponds to the early EB III period here, shallow due to the absence of architectural remains. Above this, a pale gray sterile stratum separates these early EB III levels from Phase IlD above, the earliest phase with pottery of the transitional period (again barren of structural remains). Wares and forms diagnostic for this phase are attested in the succeeding phases IlC, IlB and IlA, continuing to the surface. Patches of floors serve to separate the phases from one another. To tie the stratigraphy with that of the neighboring Complex II, we also opened a long narrow north-south trench along the westem limit of Grid AA 20 to the south (removing the balk between the two squares as well). A small segment of wall possibly belonging to Complex II appeared on the south profile, but much more significant is that we can trace the strata rising toward Complex II on the long west profile of Trench AA 19 (Fig. 2a). it is now obvious that the early EB III levels continue atop Complex II (more apparent on the west profile of Trench AA 20, not illustrated here). Architectural remains from the transitional period are briefly introduced below, from the deeper levels upward.
A. Phase. IID

No architectural remains were uncovered in this phase, comprised of soft' fill, pale yellowish below fading to a light gray above. Disturbances include the shaft for a grave and four bothroi opened during the immediately succeeding phase (Fig. 3, Pl. la). Phase IlD represents a deposit some 0.40-0.50 m deep, partially sealed by the floor of the succeeding Phase IlC (d. Fig. 2 a-b). B. Phase II C The earliest substantial architectural remains so far discovered from this transitional period at Klloba appeared in Phase IlC, which comprises a deposit of some 70-80 centimeters (Fig. 2a-b). It is partially sealed from above by a beaten floor of Phase IlB (Fig. 4 ; d. Fig. 5). In this phase a diagonal wall crosses the trench from the northem to the westem scarp (Fig. 4).

Built of mudbrick on stone foundations, it was covered on both surfaces with a yellowish white plaster. At the north, on the westem (interior) face, the plaster curves inward to join a floor (d. Fig. 2b). Although this floor remained well preserved along -the wall, it was disturbed by burials from alater level of this same phase as well as by a storage pit sunk from Phase IlB above. In the grave lay an adult skeleton oriented E-W (head to the west) in the fetal position, with an infant placed horizontally across it. A pot burial immediately to the south of this grave revealed only a skull. At the south a partition wall joins at right angles from the west, forming a second room, where the ground on which the building was constructed suddenly rose by about 40 cm. The long diagonal wall, however, slopes southward again before disappearing into the west profile. A second partition wall joins at right angles from the east, 1.80 m to the south of the first (Pl. 1b). The stones scattered in the NE comer of the trench might have represented another partiton wall that limited the east room on the north. The plastered floor of this room is compact, speckled with yellow, black and red. Similar flooring appeared as well in a small area south of the eastem partition wall. On the other hand, no floor was encountered in the area south of the westem partiton wall, also disturbed by botroi from the upper phase. The low flat stone in the eastem partition wall might have been a threshold, suggesting a doorway here; a partially preserved pale yellow hard-packed floor came to light south of this possible entrance. Remains in the southem part of the trench were very poorly preserved due to the erosion on the slope. The walls, however, allow us to speak of four different rooms in the excavated area. Finds from these rooms include a stone "trinket mould"II , a chisel of bronze (?), and a large stone with a flat surface (PIs. le and 2a, lower left corner) all found in the NW comer of the northeastem room. A polishing stone and apounding stone as well as a metal pin and ring were unearthed in the south of the northwestem room. Only after excavating over a wider area will we have a better idea of the plan and possible function of this building.

ll) The early examples of such moulds around this time, in a wide geographical area between Mesopotamia and Westem AnatoHa: Canby, 1965 : 42ff, Emre, 1971, Canby, 2003 : 17lff. ; lately, such a mould was also found in the excavations at Titris Hyk, North of Drfa : Mattney et al., 1997: 68f., fig. 19-20.

122

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C. Phase IIB
In Phase IlB the walIs of the earlier phase (IlC) continued in use without any change in the layout. A new floor of beaten earth, white in places, outfitted the northwestem room. The stone foundations of the partition wall to the south were built higher due to a rise in the floor level (PI. le). In the north, the floors of this level were partially destroyed by a bothros and arecent disturbance ; in the south by astarage pit sunk from Phase IlA. A soft light-colared deposit was encountered on the floor in the northeastem room. No flooring, however, was encountered in the northeastem room. A hard-packed pale yellowish floor, on the other hand, had been laid above the earlier one in the southeastem room. This was found greatly disturbed by two bothroi opened from the uppermost phase. The southwestem room has only been excavated in a small area along the west profile; we know nothing of its floaro Phase IlB, with some 50-60 cm of deposit preserved in the west, is separated from Phase IlA above by a fine stratum (Fig. 2a-b).

D. Phase IlA
This is the last phase of the transitional period preserved at the surface here. Nearly all the deposit from this phase has been swept away by cultivation, and two Islamic burials (one in the north and one in the south of the trench) represent still further disturbance. In the better-preserved northem part of the trench a patch of floor was uncovered, and a stone-lined starage bin 1.5 m deep remained to be excavated. From this round bin filled with mudbrick remnants came one nearly complete vessel (Fig. 6, PI. 2a). In summary, the Iate st remains in this immediate area near the summit of the Klloba mound represent four phases dated by finds characteristic of the period transitional to the Middle Bronze Age. Here in Trench AA 19 no architectural remnants were encountered in the earliest of these phases, IlD. A structure (of at least three rooms) with walls oriented NNE-SSW was erected here in the succeeding phase, IlC. We are not yet in a position to say anything more definite about either the

general layout of this building nor its purpose -

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY AT KULLUOBA

125

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Fig. 5 : The architectural remains from Phase IIB in Trench AA 19. even though a connection with metalworking is brought to mind by the trinket mould, chisel, pounding stone and polishing stone, as well as the pin and ring of metal found on the floor in Phase nc. With certain renovations, the building continued in use at least through Phase IIB. it remains undear whether the heavily' disturbed Phase IlA represents a continuation of the strocture. We look forward to leaming more about the building as we enlarge Trench AA 19 in the seasons ahead. LV.THE POTTERY Most of the rich ceramic finds are handmade. An exception here are the bowls, many of which were wheelmade. The brilliantly bumished Red Coated Ware of the earlier phases fades out and is last seen in Phase IID, which introduces the transitiona! pottery. Vessels are now better fired ; new fonns prevail to characterize the pottery assemblage of this transitional period. The wheelthrown bowls are now often wheel-smoothed on both interior and exterior surfaces. In general, however, a dedine in the quality of the vessels is evident, with coarse plain wares increasing in quantity. Alongside this locally made pottery, a small quantitiy of the orange-slipped, often cursorily manufactured ceramics typical of the regions to the south.

Fig. 6 : The remains from Phase IlA in Trench AA 19.

A. The Wares The wares represented in the EB III pottery of Klloba are the following : i. Red Coated Ware 2. Red-Slipped Ware 3. Pasty Red-Slipped Ware 4. Orange-Slipped Ware 5. Polatli Fluted Ware 6. Black-Slipped Bumished Ware 7. Inegl Gray Ware 8. Plain Ware 9. Cooking Ware i. Red Coated Ware. This ware is a local variation of westem Anatolian Red Coated Ware. it has a well-Ievigated paste. The slipped surfaces are generally reddish brown through purplish red to pinkish red, brilliantly bumished. Vessels in this ware characteristically display rim-slip. Both handand wheelmade shapes occur in this ware, which disappears after Phase IID. 2. Red-Slipped Ware. This ware first appears in phase IID, differing from the earlier Red Coated Ware through its more adhesive slip, more compact paste and better-fired biscuit. The great majority of bowls manufactured in this ware were wheelthrown. 3. Pasty Red-Slipped Ware. This ware differs from the second group only in the slip, which is

126

TURAN EFE and MURAT TRKTEKI

more pasty and tends to be red-orange in hue. Friab1e and poor1y adhesive, slip is often found flaking from the surface. Vessels are generally
whee1made.

B. The Forms

1. Bowls
The most characteristic forms are those with incurving rims (Fig. 8a: 1-3, 9a: 2) and bead rims. The latter bowls are either hemispherical (Fig. 7: 1 ; 8a: 5-7 ; 8b: 8,10 ; 9a: 3-4) or carinated (Fig. 8b: 10). "Incipient" bead rims first appear in Phase n D (Fig. 7: 1-2). The flattened bead rim-which may be considered as one of the indicators of the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age-has not been found at Klloba. 'S' -profile bowls occur as well, some shallow (Fig. 7: 5, 8a: 4) and others are (Fig. 8b: 9, 11-12 ; 9b: 7). One hemispherical bowl form with slightly outtuming lip (Fig. 9a: 1) is particular1y characteristic of the ceramic inventory during the Transitional Period. That illustrated in Fig. 8b: 11 is rather cup-like with a vertical handIe on the shoulder. Vertical handles are typical on the beadrim and 'S'-profile bowls (Fig. 8a: 5, 8b: 9, 9a: 34) as is the case in Central Anatolia and inland westem Anatolia (Beycesultan). 'S' -profile bowls sometimes have oval loop handles attached at the rim and shoulder (Fig. 8b: 12). That shown in Fig. 9b: 7 proves that some of them boasted two such handles. These are apparent onlyamong vessels of Orange-Slipped Ware. Thus in ware and form such bowls are at home in the south. High pedestal bowls are also represented (Fig. 8b: 14, 9b: 5), but are likely to have appeared only in the latest phases on the mound at Klloba. Bowls on lower pedestals appear earlier, surviving into the no (not illustrated). Two-handled bowls such as that illustrated in Fig. 9b: 7 might very well have sat on such low pedestals, thus resembling goblets typical of Beycesultan12. Polatli fluted bowls found at Klloba are typically hemispherical in form with two or three horizontal flutings under the rim on the exterior (Fig. 7: 3). They occur sparingly in Phases IllA and no. Small bowls with loop handles, a very characteristic form in this transitional period at Klloba, are either of the anti-slash type (Fig. 9b: 6), or carinated with slightly outtuminig lips (not illustrated) 13.

4. Orange-Slipped Ware. The densest distribution of this ware is in central inland westem Anatolia, today represented by the Provinces of Ktahya, Afyon, Usak, and Denizli. Whi1eit comprises the principal ware at Beycesultan (Phases xn- VIII), it may be considered an import to the Eskisehir area, occurrlng only sparsely among the ceramic inventories. At Klloba it has first appeared in Phase no. The orange-slipped ware from the bumt level at Seyitmer Hyk most probably reflects an ear1ier stage in the development of this ware. It is a hard-fired ware represented by both hand- and wheelmade vessels, the former often rather sloppy products. With its orange slips often wash-like in character, it stands out among the other wares at Klloba. 5. Polatli Fluted Ware. This ware seems relatively sparse at Klloba, confined to phases IllA and no. It is the fluting that separates it from the local Red Coated ware. Early examples are handmade. Those from Phase no are closer to the local Red-Slipped Ware (Fig. 7: 3) while fluted ware from the Polatli region (with slips varying from red to brown) is more brilliantly bumished. 6. Black-Slipped Burnished Ware. This ware presents the same characteristics as does the blackslipped pottery of the bergangsperiode in Central Anatolia. it displays has a well levigated black or dark gray paste with a jet black slip brilliantly burnished. At Klloba is consistently wheelmade and occurs only seldomly from Phase no onward (Fig. 9a: 1, 9b: 11). 7. Inegl Gray Ware. With a welllevigated light or dark gray paste and a dark gray slip, this ware at Klloba may be considered as an import. Thus far, it is represented by only a handful of sherds (none illustrated here). 8. Plain Ware. This group includes all unslipped vessels, either handmade or wheelmade. it is upon occasion bumished. 9. Cooking Ware. Typified by the cooking pot, this is a generally coarse and micaceous ware. Vessels are handmade and typically display either horseshoe-shaped lugs or vertical handles under the rim (Fig. 9b: 13).

12) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : figs. P.47 : 24, 54 ; P.4S : 2. 13) Such bowls are also known from Beycesultan: Lloyd-Mellaart,

1962 : fig. P.55 : 34 (Level VIII).

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY AT KLLOBA

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5. Conical cups with string-cut bases

Theseplates or shallow flaring bowls occur seldomly in the lower two phases (IlD and IlC), after which they seem to disappear. The one illustrated here (Fig. 8b: 13), rather thick-walled, has a very compact and hard-fired biscuit. The pronounced wheelmarks differentiate it from those of the earlier phases.
3. Biconical vessels with outturninig lips Although the lack of complete profile s makes evaluation of form variants nearly impossible, one variation is definitely that of the teapot typical of the transitional pottery (bergangsperiode) (Fig. 9b: io). A group of very shiny black-slipped sherds, most probably from a single vessel (Fig. 9b: 9), and a red-slipped fragment with incised and impressed decoration (Fig. 9b: 11) might also belong to the teapot form. 4. The depas amphikypellon The depas gradually decreases in number and may not have existed at all in the uppermost levels. Late examples are more capacious and conical. The red-washed example in Fig. 7: 6 displays a stringcut base. A more complete form recovered in a votive (?) pit, is in Pasty Red-Slipped Ware with pronounced wheelmarks on the interior (Fig. 9b: 8).

This is one of the most characteristic forms of the Transitional Period. The cups are smail in size, produced only in plain ware. Wheelmarks are evident on both surlaces, and the bases have concentric string marks. The form, occurring only seldomly at Klloba, has first been recorded in Phase IlD (Fig. 8a: 4).
6. Beak spouted jugs and the Schnabelkanne Unfortunately, we cannot restore all the variations of the beaks represented by the many fragments in the earlier phase (IID). That in Plate 5: 7 is in Red Coated Ware and demonstrates an elongated beak, curving slightly downward at the tip. The Schnabel- configuration typical of the transitional period (bergangsperiode) is first documented in Phase IlC (not illustrated). The two restorable Schnabelkannen display forms characteristic of the period (Fig. 9c: 14, 15). The latter, with a distinctive vertical handIe attached immediate1y above the carination, might even be considered a smail Pithosschnabelkanne. Sherd material also testifies to the existence of trefoil-mouthed Jugs.

7. Cooking pots We have only sherds representing the cooking pots. All seem to be handmade, and suggest wide-

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Fig. 9a : Selected pottery of this transitional period from other trenches. mouthed vessels, and many display horseshoeshaped lugs or vertical handles applied below the rim (Fig. 9b: 13).
8. Necked Vessels and Pithoi Fragments of wide-mouthed pithoi and other large necked vessels are well represented in these phases at Klloba. Horizontal handles sat on the shoulders (not illustrated).
9. Miscellaneous

levels. Band handles are now more typical (Fig. 7: 2, Sb: 12). Vertical handles are attached under the rims of the wide-mouthed vessels (not illustrated), from the shoulder to the rim of the beak-spouted jugs/Scnabelkannen (Fig. Sb: 15, 9c: 14) and on the shoulders of the biconical vessels, as restored on the teapots in Fig. 9b: io. Horseshoe-shaped lugs are attached under the rims of cooking-pots (Fig. 9b: 13). Horizontal handles appear on bowls and upon the shoulders of necked vessels (not illustrated). D. Decoration Omament is not popular. When it does occur, it reflects only motifs and style s characteristic of the bergangsperiode. Incised and impressed decor represent the most common omament. Incision, very fine, forms chevrons (Fig. Sb: 15), zigzags (Fig. 9b: 9), and straight lines, sometimes limiting fields of impressed decor (Fig. 9b: 11). Fine lines of impression appear horizontally under the rims of the bowls (Fig. 9a: 1) and on the shoulders of the vessels. Relief decoration, such as the mustache motif (Fig. Sa: 3, 9a: 2) and miniture imitations of horseshoe-shaped lugs under the rims of bowls (not illustrated), appears as well14, as do knobs, which often appear on vessel shoulders (not illustrated). Radial burnishing on interior of bowls might be mentioned here as well (Fig. 7: 5).

Unique to the inventory is one spout terminating in an animal's head (Fig. 9b: 12). This piece, produced in Pasty Red Slipped Ware, must deriye from the latest phases at the site.

C. Handles
The most characteristic handles in the ass emblage are the verticalloop or lug-handles that typify all of inland Anatolia throughout the second millennium. Theyare thickened at upper and lower attachments, often flattened on the underside of the upper attachment and on the upper surface of the lower attachment. Those from Klloba do not yet display the triangular sections typical of Middleand Late Bronze Age examples. In the J:(lloba inventory, this vertical handie seems to occur from Phase IlC onward, appearing on bowls as well as on the bodie s of closed shapes (Fig. Sa: 5 ; Sb: 9, 11 ; 9a: 3-4 ; 9c: 15). Loop handles continue on bowl forms (Fig. 7: 2, Sb: 12, 9b: 6), if not as popular as in the lower

14) See note 58 below.

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Phase IID represents the beginning of a new trend in the development of pottery at Klloba. Certain element s characteristic of the pottery assemblage of the so-called bergangsperiode (period transitional into the Middle Bronze Age) begin to appear alongside the earlier EB III pottery. As excavation continues, more stratified material from Phase IID should give us a much elearer picture of this transition. Among the most characteristic new pottery elements critical for dating this transitional horizon, red-slipped bowls with either incurving or outtuming lips are the first to appear (Fig. 7: 1-2; 8a: 1-3, 5-7 ; 8b: 8-10 ; 9a: 1-4). There is as of now, however, no concrete evidence that they boasted vertical handles in this first phase. Some reflect early forms, such as incipient bead-rims; such bowls, generally wheelmade, are horizontally smoothed on both surfaces. The second analytical vessel form-occurring only seldomly-is the conical cup with a string-cut base (Fig. 7: 4). More capacious and conical depas form s have appeared from this phase onward (Figs. 7: 6, 9b: 8). In the sequences of Polatli, Gordion and Beycesultan as well, the

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132
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horizons in which most of these characteristics first appear alongside the local pottery assemblages are elear. By the next phase at Klloba (IlC), the pottery has completely assumed the characteristics of the Transitional Period. The absence of fine, thinwalled red-slipped bowls indicates that the following phases predate the Middle Bronze Age material found at Demireihyk (Phase 1)15. A. The Polatli Area The Gordion PN-3, Level 7, pottery assemblage16 reflects the same general characteristics as that of Klloba Phase IID. The most conspicious attributes inelude are bowls with incurving rims (cf. Fig. 8a: 1-3, 9a: 2)17, 'S'-profile bowls (cf. Fig. 8b: 9)18,bowls with outtuming lips-possible prototypes of bead-rim bowls (cf. Fig. 7: 2)19, conical cups with string cut bases (cf. Fig. 7: 4fo, and horizontal lines of impression below bowl rims (cf. Fig. 9a: 1)21. The first registered appearance of bead-rim bowls and conical cups with string cut bases in Phase 1i at the neigboring mound of Polatli22 would seem to confirin the contemporeinity of the Gordion PN-3, Level 7 assemblage with that of Polatli 11. A fluted bowl fragment from Klloba IlD (Fig. 7: 3) finds nearly exact equivalents in just those phases at both Polatli23 and Gordion24 that represent the final appearance of fluted vessels. On the other hand, the seldom occurrence of wheelmade pottery in these assemblages further east25 would suggest that the wheel was introduced there much later than in upper Sakarya Plains

where Klloba is situated. Complicating the situation, however, is an apparent hiatus at Gordion, where no material corresponding to the earlier assemblages of Klloba phases IlC-A has been found-while the evidence from contemporary levels at Polatli is unfortunately not reliable. Although the excavations at Asarcik/Ilica seem to verify the sequences from Gordion and Polatli26, little material from the Transitional Period has been published27.Among the latter, however, we may eite one bowl forin28nearly identical to our Fig. 7: 2 from Klloba Phase IlD.
B. Bogazkyand Kltepe

a S e 1 ii tJ J' ]< fo ti s S i
ti

The pottery repertories of this transitional peri- i od at Klloba (Phases IlC-IlA) and Bogazky] (NW-Hang 9-8c) are nearly identical when one discounts the Orange-Slipped Ware at Klloba and t the Cappodoeian Ware at Bogazky as local trends. j Bowls with incurving rims, either plain (Fig. 9: 1- t 3, 9a: 2)29or with bead-rims, appear at both sites) (Fig. 7: 1, 8a: 6-7, 8b: 9, with the last finding a i nearly counterpart at Bogazky)3O, s are the 'S'- j a profile bowls that often display vertical handles s (Fig. 8b: 9)31.The cup-like bowl with a vertical f handie on the shoulder (Fig. 8b: 11) is analogous with certain cups from Bogazky32,and the fine ( horizontal lines of impression on bowl exteriors ] (Fig.9a: 1)33, iniature lug-handles34and the mus- ] m tache motif (Fig. 8a: 3, 9a: 2) represent other com- i mon characteristics35.Pedestal bowls (Fig. 8b: 14, i 9b: 5)36are known at Bogazky as welL. ] t

15) Kull, 1988 : 127f. (Ware I), pl. I : 7-8,11,15. Similar bow1sare a1soknown from the large mound of Bahehisar near the town of Inn: Efe, 1994 : 8 with table 1, figs. 14-16. 16) Gunter, 1991 : llff, figs. 1 : 14-18,2-4. 17) Gunter, 1991: figs. 1 : 9,17-18; 2: 19,34-35; 3 : 45. 18) Gunter, 1991 : fig. 2 : 21-24 19) Gunter, 1991 : fig. 2 : 24, 25, 31-32. 20) Gunter, 1991 : figs. 4 : 53 and 14 : 53. 21) Gunter, 1991 : fig. 2 : 31-32. 22) Lloyd-Gke, chart, fig. 5. 23) Lloyd-Gke, fig. 11 : 9-14 ; Gunter, 1991 : fig. 2 : 28. 24) Gunter, 1991 : Fig. 2 : 28, PUl: 28. 25) Gunter, 1991 : 12. 26) Orthmann, 1966 : 27ff. 27) Ortlimann, 1966 : fig. 9. 28) Ortlimann, 1966 : fig. 9 : 4. 29) Orthmann, 1963b : p1s. 1 : 6-9 ; 2 : 77-78, 97 ; 11 : 79-81. 30) Orthmann, 1963b : pl. 21 : 191. 31) Orthmann, 1963b: pl. 1 : 27, 8: 24, 17: 28. 32) Ortlimann, 1963b : pl. 1 : 29. 33) Ortlimann, 1963b : pl. 8 : 15. 34) Orthmann, 1963b : p1s.21 : 198,22: 199-200. 35) Orthmann, 1963b : p1s.8 : 20-21, 12: 98,31 : 290. 36) Ortlimann, 1963b : p1s. 12: 105-106; 19: 107.

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY AT KLLOBA

133

Cups with string-cut bases (cf. Fig. 7: 4) are also typical at Bogazky37, where the Schnabelkanne is seen from Level 9 onwards. The example from Klloba we have described as a Pithosschnabelkanne (Fig. 9c: 15) formwise finds Its c10sestparalel at Bogazky38. The occurrence of this forni from the lowest level of the period on the NW Hang at Bogazky (9) postdates this 1evel to Klloba IID and Gordion PN-3 7, both of which represent earlier elements of the transitional pottery. Their omament (the fine incisions and impressIons) is characteristic of the period. Similar Schnabelkannen are found in the graves at Balibagi39 some 20 kms east of ankiri. The teapots characteristic of the bergangsperiode at Bogazky appear at Klloba as well (Fig. 9b: 910)40. The chevron motif in Fig. 9b: 9 if similar to the those found at Bogazky41 and Alaca Hyk42. Among the pottery of the bergangsperiode registered as stray finds in the Ankara region of Central Anatolia (e.g. from Ahlatlibel, Karaoglan and EtiyokusU)43,there is one 'S'-profile bo wl from Ahlatlibel44with the same fine incised diagonal slashes on the handIe as seen in the Klloba example in Fig. 9a: 4). The emergence of pottery with sharper profile s (certain fornis in particular) in Level8b on the NW Hang, correlates the inventory there with that of Karum ii45. It should follow immediately upon the

The pottery of Kltepe (Karum IV and ID) has not yet been adequately published. To judge from the pottery profiles, Karum IV is most probably subsequent to NW-Hang Level 9 at Bogazky (Levels 8 d-e)47.This would appear logical due to the location of Kltepe on the periphery of the early distribution of Transitional pottery. Cerarnics from the Transitional Period have recently come to light at Karnan-Kalehyk (Level IV, with five building !evels), where the earliest phase displays only few wheelmade sherds ; all early pottery, according to the excavator, are handmade48.This reflects more or less the situation at Gordion, where very few wheelmade sherds were found in the PN-3 7 assemblage (see note 24). c. Beycesultan Although there are certain conspicuous differences between the pottery inventories of the EB ID sequences of Beycesultan and Klloba, similar ceramic innovations can be detected. Prototypes of the bead-rim bowl (Fig. 7: 1-2)49as well as conical cups with string-cut bases (Fig. 7-4)50first appear at Beycesultan in Phases IXNIII. As at Klloba, only later do verticallugs on bowls (Fig. 8a: 5 ; 8b: 9, 11 ; 9a: 3-4)51and Schnabelkannen (Fig. 9c: 1415) appear (from Phase VII on) at Beycesultan52. The teapot is also present at both sItes (Fig. 9b: 910)53. The red-orange-slipped pottery that constitutes the typical ware of southwestem Anatolia at this juncture-as well as its characteristic goblet form-is scantily represented at Klloba. One parallel worthy of mention is the bowl with two opposing high

latestfinds from the mound of .Klloba and the potteryof LevelV at Beycesultan and of the Trojan Fifth Settlement.The carinated bowl with a flattenedbead rim at present appears the most diagnostic criterion46.

37) Orthmann, 1963b : pl. 1 : 1-4. 38) Orthmann, 1963b : pls. 5: 43, 29 : 312. 39) Sel, 1991 : III. 5 ; Sel 1992, Ills. 11-12. 40) Orthmann : 1963b, pl. 1 : 30, 33. 41) Orthmann : 1963b, pl. 1 : 33. 42) KosaylAkok, 1966: p1. 55 : f 35, a teapot found as a bunal gift together with Schnabelkannen and cups with string-cut bases. 43) Orthmann,1963a : pls. 20 : 4/6, 4/7 (Karaoglan) ; 27 : 5/72, 5/73 (Ahlatlibel) ; 32 : 6/41, 6/42 (Etiyokusu). 44) Orthmann, 1963a : p1. 27 : 5/72. 45) Orthmann, 1963b : 47ff. 46) Orthmann, 1963b : pls. 30 : 281, 31 : 295. 47) Emre, 1989 : fig. All: 20-31. 48) Omura, 2000 : 28ff, figs : 65-69; Omura, 2001 : 30-31, figs. 71-78. 49) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : figs. P. 52 : 15; P. 55 : 15-24. 50) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : fig. P. 58 : 9 (level VII). A few fragments of such cups were also found in Phase VIII (see p. 223). One string-cut base is illustrated from this phase : fig. P. 61 : 10. These cups are reported from Phase ix onward, p. 262. 51) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : fig. P. 59 : 2. 52) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : P. 59 : 26. 53) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : fig. P.59 : 29 (Phase VII).

134

TURAN EFE and MURAT TRKTEKI

strap handles and a pronouncedly flat base (Fig. 9b: 7)54.Volute decoration55and red-cross bowls56, however, have not so far been attested in phases IIA-D at Klloba. Other parallels to be mentioned include the mustache motif (Fig. 8a: 3, 9a: 2)57,minature imitations of the horseshoe-shaped lug on bowls (not illustrated)58,horizontal lines of impressed decoration (Fig. 9a: 1)59,some very fine (9b: 9, 11)60. Most of the Schnabelkannen from Klloba may be attributed to the end phases of the transitional period at the site, as is true at Beycesultan as well, where most have been reported from Phase Vla61. The absence of carinated bowls with flattened bead-rims at Klloba clearly predates the transitional phases at the site to those of Beycesultan V62. D. TroIa Klloba IID and Troia IV both represent junctures demonstrating definite alteration in ceramic inventory. Although the changes in these regions far from one other reflect local phenomena, some innovations are proper to both areas. One of these is the introduction of the hemispherical bowl with an incipient bead rim63.Other forms fade away : the depas decreases abruptly in frequencyand takes on a more conical formM,and the Trojan A2 plates fall back in number65. Radial bumishing nowappears on bowl interiors (Fig. 7: 5)66.A new configuration seen in the neck of a small beak-spouted jug can be stylistically compared to asimilar piece from the Trojan Fourth Settlement67.The appearance of imitation Syrian bottles68 and incipient volute feet in the

foregoing phases (the Third Settlement at Troy69 and Phase IllA at Klloba) reinforces the syn-

chronization. Such a correlation is attested by the

pottery sequence at Beycesultan as well, where the

i
i

early form of volute decoration is first attested in Phase X7o, with the more developed spirals7! appearing-along with the early red- cross bowls-in Phase Viin, which we synchronize with the early Klloba transitional phases. The end phase of Klloba (IlA) should antedate the Trojan Fifth Settlement, marked by the appearance of the carinated bowl with flattened bead-rim characteristic of the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age throughout westem Anatolia73. The form is, however, well represented on the surface of Katirkulesi mound only about 12 kms south of Klloba74. VI. CONCLUSION The pottery of the period transitional into the Middle Bronze Age at Klloba thus seems to represent a further development of the earlier local inland Northwestem Anatolian EB III repertory enhanced by marked novelties. While in Phase IID certain innovative (early) elements within the Iate EB III repertory distinguish a transitional phase, the fully developed bead-rim bowls with sturdy vertical handles and the classic Schnabelkanne do not yet seem to have made an appearance at the site. It was in the succeeding phase, IlC, that the early EB III assemblage gaye way nearly completely to pottery of the transitional period. The same phenomenon is apparent in the neigboring Polatli region. Further eastward into Central

54) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : fig. 63 : 43. 55) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962: P. 61 : 1-6. 56) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : figs. P. 64 : 23,26 and P. 65 : 2-3 (Phase VIa). 57) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : P. 55 : 18 (Phase VTII),58 : 31 (Phase VII), P. 65 : 18-21 (Phase VIa). 58) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : P. 63 : 1-2, 4-5. Similar decoration on a bowl from Klloba is illustrated in Efe/Ay Efe, 2001 : fig. 29 (lower right). 59) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : P. 66 : io, 68 : 6. 60) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962: figs. P. 69 : 10-11, P.70 : 5-6 (Phase VIa). 61) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : 233, 263 and fig. P. 68. 62) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1965 : fig. P.1 : 1-2,6, io, 14-15. 63) BIegen et al., 1951 : fig. 183: 8-11. 64) BIegen et al., 1951 : fig. 160: 37.878. 65) BIegen et al., 1951 : 122. A decrease in Trojan plates can indeed be traced throughout westem Anatolia. 66) BIegen et al., 1951 : e.g. fig. 157 : 32.99 67) BIegen et al., 1951 : fig. 161 : F 8-9.149. 68) BIegen et al., 1951 : 27, fig. 70 : 34.750 (shape B 5). Complete forms appeared during Schliemarin's excavations :
Schliemann 1881, nOs 411, 1122, 1124.

69) BIegen et al., 1951 : fig. 78 : 33.201 and TII-20. 70) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962 : fig. P. 56 : 4 (Phase X). 71) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962: fig. P. 61 : 1-7. 72) Lloyd-Mellaart, 1962: fig. P. 57 : 26, 31. 73) BIegen et al., 1951,242 : fig. 241 : 36.720 (bowl form A 23). 74) Koppenhfer, 2002 : chart pp.390-39i.

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY AT KLLOBA

135

Anatolia, however, it remains unclear whether this early phase of transition is represented. The pottery of Bogazky NW-Hang 9 corresponds only to that of the uppermost phases of Klloba-and although its neigboring site ofAlaca Hyk comprises what is now probably the most complete (uninterrupted) sequence of the Early Bronze Age uninterrupted, the established stratigraphy is unfortunately unreliable. Granted that Level 4 is roughly contemporary with the levels NW-Hang 9, 8d-a75,there is no indication whether the earlier EB II pottery inventory of Level 5 developed suddenIyor gradually into that of the bergangsperiode. At KamanKalehyk we have hints that it might have been a sudden development (where no wheelmade pottery preceded this horizon ; see note 48 above). At Beycesultan, features of this transitional period appear to have be been absorbed gradually, accompanied by continuation of the traditional EB ID wares and certain forms proper to the area. Influences from the Aegean coastline as well isolated the Denizli area from the nuclear formation zone of the new transitional pottery even though elements typical of this transitional period are found at the site. In spite of certain parallels in ceramic development, the same holds true for the coastal areas themselves76, as well as for the plains of Iznik and Ingl, which also remained on the fringes of the main impact of this new pottery. This should come as no surprise, considering that Inegl Gray Ware is, for example, so far represented at Klloba by only a few sherds. AIso worthy of note in this represent, is that almost no pottery characteristic of this transitional period is found among the material published from the Konya Plainn. The traditional pottery at Klloba and Bogazky is very nearly identical save for two regional wares : Orange-Slipped Ware at Klloba and Cappodocian Ware at Bogazky. Because Cappodocian Ware is sparsely represented at Bogazky78, it might represent only an intrusion from mare southem areas (the region of Alisar and K1tepe),just as Orange-Slipped Ware represents a minimal southem influence at Klloba. Both sites

lie, in a sense, on the peripheries of the formation zone. According to Orthmann, the area reaching from inland westem Anatoha into northem Central Anatoha demonstrates striking ceramic similarities and can be considered a separate pottery zone within the Transitional Period79. Wheelmade pottery was well represented in the west of this region, even in the foregoing horizon (often termed "early EB III in the west" and "Iate EB II" in the east). The spread of the earlier Red Coated Ware, along with the eventual introduction of the potter's wheel from the Eskisehir Plain eastward into the region of Polatli, demonstrate a westem influence upon Central Anatohan territory in the early EB III periodso. Subsequently, in the horizon of Klloba IlD/Gordion PN-3 7/polatli Level 11, the early inventory of transitional pottery appeared. This might have been the juncture when this assemblage first spread eastward as far as Polatli, introducing the potter's wheel there as well. Certain stylistic elements on the other hand, including the lustrous Black-Shpped Ware and the so-called "Hittite handIe" found vertically attached to bowls and Schnabelkannen, may be considered an eastem influence on the transitional assemblage as known in inland Northwestem Anatolia. Within the early distribution area of the transitional pottery we can now distinguish five different pottery zones in the foregoing periods. These arefrom west to east-Demircihyk, the Upper Sakarya basin, Polatli, Ankara, and the northem area within the bend of the Halys. The critical question lies here: what underlying factor led to the gradual emergence of homogenity within these particular pottery zones situated within the vast geographical region of inland westem Anatolia? Could political restructuring in northem Central Anatolia possibly explain the emergence and spread of this early transitional assemblage, clearly the forerunner of Hittite ceramics. Might we not at least surmise that-considering the above evaluation-inland northwestem Anatolia (reaching as far eastward as the Polatli area, home of the so-called "Local Ware") represents the homeland of dominant ele-

75) Orthmann, 1963b : 47ff. 76) Gnel, 1999: 49ff, figs. io-11. 77) Orthmann reports a few sherds from Konya-Karahyk which can be assigned to the Transitional Period: Ortlimann, 1963a : 78. Perhaps not all characteristics of this pottery were represented in the plain. 78) Orthmann, 1963b : 46 with accompanying charto 79) Orthmann, 1963a : 78. See also Note 3 above. 80) Red Coated Ware first appears in Level 6 of the Polatli sequence : Lloyd-Gke, 1951 : 45 with chart fig. 5, and fig. 9 :

group 13.

136

TURAN EFE and MURAT TRKTEKI

ments eharaeterizing both the pottery of the bergangperiode and eventually that of the early Hittite period. Although we cannot yet make the same c1aim for the arehiteeture of the Iate EB IIljtransitional period due to the limited area so far explored, exeavation at Klloba has revealed the first sequenee c1arifying the pottery development of the early phases transitional to the Middle Bronze Age in inland northwestem Anatolia. The loeal eeramie inventory exibits important parallels with the pottery assemblages of sites as distant as Beycesultan PERIODS TROIA BEYCESULTAN DEMIRCIHYK MBA 1800B.C. 2000 B.C. EBA Ille IV VI VII VIII iX hiatus II i

in the southwest and Bogazky in the east. Figure i Opresents a new ehronological ehart based on the eorrelations diseussed above. As more stratified material from this period eomes to light at Klloba, there is little doubt that the site will have substantially eontributed not only to a refinement of the Early Bronze Age ehronology of westem Anatolia, but to our sorely needed knowledge of the period transitional into the Middle Bronze Age.

i i

i s

T.E. and M.r.

KLLOBA

unsettled IlA IIB IlC IID

POLATLI GORDION BOGAZKY 8a ? 8b 8c hiatus 15 12 11 10 9 8 PN-3 7 PN-3 7 8d 9 i

EBA IIIb 2300 B.C. III

X XII-XI

hiatus

IIIC IIIB IllA

Fig. 10 : Chronological chart.

CATALOGUE TRENCH AA 19 Figure 7 : Pottery from Phase IID. i. AA 19.60 (cf. PI. II, b) Bowl with an incipient bead rim. Red-S1ippedware. Fine buff paste with a pale reddish brown slip. Horizontal smoothing on both surfaces. Well bumished. Wheelmade. 2. AA 19.212 (cf. PI. II, a) 'S' -profile bowl with a band handle. OrangeSlipped Ware of SW Anatolia. Fine buff biscuit, hardfired and compact. Slipped on both surfaees ; exterior burnished and interior mat with brush-strokes apparent. Wheelmade.
'"

3. AA 19.75 (ef. PI. II b) Polatli fluted bowl with outturning 1ip. Red-slipped ware. Fine brown biseuit with a well-burnished reddish brown slip. Horizontal fluting on exterior. Wheelmade. ] 4. AA 19.257 (ef. PIs. II b, V a) Cup with a string-eut base. Plain ware, unburnished. Fine reddish brown biseuit grayish brown at the surfaees. Wheelmade.

5. AA 19.100 Shallow fluted bowl with radial burnishing on inte- . rior. Red-slipped ware. Fine brown biseuit with a buff slip, well burnished. Wheelmade (?).
6. AA 19.208 (PI. IIb). Depas with a string-eut base. Red washed ware, unburnished. Fine buff biseuit with seattered stone

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY AT KLLOBA

137

inclusions. Fine horizontal incision on exterior. Pronouncedwheel marks on interior. Figure 8a : Potteryfrom Phases IlD-A i. AA 19.170,Phase IIB. Bowl with incurving rim. Fine red-slipped ware. Fine, slightly micaceous brown biscuit wIth scattered stone inclusions. Surfaces horizontally smoothed. Wheelmade.
2. AA 19.22, Phase IIB. Bowl with incurving rim. Plain ware. Fine, slightly micaceous brown biscuit. Dnslipped surfaces : buff exterior, pinkish buff/brown interior. Exterior horizontally smoothed and lightly bumished. Handmade (?).

micaceous brown biscuIt with stone inclusions, dark gray at the core. Red slipped surfaces, bumished. Wheelmade. 9. AC 20.85 (cf. PI. iVa). 'S' -profile bowl fragment with a vertical handle. Red-slipped ware. Fine buff paste with a thick dark gray core, slipped reddish brown and well bumished. Most probably wheelmade. 10. AA 19.41 (Phase IlC). Carinated bowl wIth bead rim. Red-slipped ware. Fine, slightly micaceous brown biscuit. Exterior surface and rim slipped reddish brown (rim-slip); bumished on exterior. Wheelmade. lL. AA 19.33, Phase IIB (cf. PI. IV a). Fragment of a smaIl cup with outtuming rim and a vertical handle. Pasty red-slipped ware. Fine micaceous brown biscuit with smaIl stone inclusions. Rim-slip, bumished on exterior. Wheelmade. 12.AA 19.162, Phase IlA (cf. PI. III b). Fragment of an 'S' -profile bowl with a loop handIe (or possibly a goblet). Orange- Slipped Ware. Fine brown biscuit with occasional stone inclusions. Redorange red wash-like slip. The unbumished surface is poorly smoothed. Handmade. 13. AA 19.176, Phase IIB (PI. Va). Trojan plate (Shape A2). Plain ware. Fine, compact, grayish brown biscuit with scattered stone inclusions, brown to reddish brown at the surface. Pronounced wheelmarks. 14. AA 19.176, Phase IIB. Pedestal base of red-slipped ware. Fine, micaceous buff biscuit gray at the core. Surfaces slipped red and bumished. Wheelmade (?). 15. AA 19.176, Phase IIB (cf. PI. V c). Vertical handIe from a closed shape. Red-slipped ware. Fine buff biscuIt, gray at the core. Red-slipped exterior well bumished. Chevron pattem in fine incision. Wheelmade.

3. AA 19.21,Phase IIB (cf. PI. LVb). Bowl with incurving rim. Orange-Slipped Ware of SW Anatolia. Rather coarse biscuIt with stone inclusions.Matt surfaces slipped pinkish red. Plastic mustacheemotifpartially preserved on exterior. Wheelmade (?). 4. AA 19.179,Phase IlA. Bowl with slightly outtuming lip. Orange-Slipped Ware.Finereddish orange biscuit wIth a thick gray core. Bumished.Wheelmade. 5. AA 19.178,Phase IlC. . Bowlfragment with a bead rim and vertical handle. Red-slippedware. Micaceous brown biscuit with a thick darkgraycore; stone inclusions. Horizontally smoothed surfaces, slipped reddish brown and bumished.
Wheelmade.

6. AA 19.31,Phase IlE. Bowl with bead rim. Red-slipped ware. Slightly micaceousbrown biscuit with stone inclusions, dark gray at the core. Red-slipped bumished surface. Wheelmade. 7. AA 19. 189. Phase IlC (cf. PI. III b). Bowl with incipient bead rim. Red-slipped ware. Finelightbrown biscuit with horizontally smoothed surfaces slipped reddish brown and well bumished. Wheelmade. Figure 8b : Potteryfrom Phases IlD-A (exceptno. 9) 8. AA 19. 8. Phase IlC (cf. PI. III b). Bowl with bead rim. Red-slipped ware. Slightly

OTHER FINDSPOTS Figure 9a : A selection of transitional pottery from other trenches. i. AC 19.39. Bowl with an outtuming lip and impressed decora-

138

TURAN EFE and MURAT TRKTEKI

tion. Black bumished ware with a fine dark gray paste. Unslipped surface well bumished. Wheel-made (?). 2. Surface find (cf. Pl. LVb). Bowl with a plastic mustache motif on exterior. Orange-Slipped Ware with a coarse, slightly micaceous paste. Exterior slipped red-orange and lightly bumished. Handmade. 3. AD 19.340 (cf. Pl. iVa). Bowl fragment with a bead rim and a vertical handIe. Red-slipped ware. Fine, slightly micaceous brown biscuit slipped reddish brown and well bumished. Horizontal smoothed on both surfaces. Most probably wheelmade. 4. AC 19.139 (cf. Pl. iVa). Bowl fragment with a bead rim and vertical handIe. Red-slipped ware with a slightly micaceous biscuit with some stone indusions. Reddish-brown slip, well burnished on the exterior. Horizontal smoothing on both surfaces. Most probably wheelmade.
Figure 9b : Selected transitional pottery from other trenches.

9. AC 19.43 (cf. Pl. IV b). Teapot (?) with fine impressed and incised omament. Black-slipped bumished ware with a fine, slight micaceous gray biscuit. Well bumished on exterior ; no slip or bumish on interior. Wheelmade. io. AC 20.32 (cf. Pl. iVa). Teapot of red-slipped ware. Fine, micaceous brown biscuit gray at the core, rim-slipped in red and bumished on the exterior. Wheelmade. 11.AC 19.7 (cf. Pl. IV b). Biconical vessel with an outtumig Iip. Red-slipped ware with a fine, micaceous buff biscuit. Reddish brown rim slip, bumished on the exterior. Fine impressed and incised decoration. 12. AA 20.27 (cf. Pl. V d). Vessel spout terminating in the shape of a bull or ram's head. Pasty red-slipped ware with a fine, micaceous buff biscuit. Red bumished slip on exterior. 13.AC 19.21. Fragment of a large vessel with a horseshoe-shaped lug handIe. Cooking ware, coarse and highly micaceous.' Unslipped exterior smoked. Handmade. Figure 9c : Two Schnabelkannen from a pit in Trench AB 16.
14. AB 16.20 b (cf. Pl. VI). i Beaked jug (Schnabelkanne). Red-slipped ware.1 Fine, brown biscuIt with scattered stone indusions. Red. sIipped and bumished exterior. Wheelmade. i

5. AB 16.20. Pedestal base of red-slipped ware. Fine buff biscuit with scattered stone indusions, dark gray at the core. Well-bumished pinkish brown sIip. Handmade. 6. AH 18.112. Small carinated bowl with a loop handIe. Orange red-slipped ware with a fine biscuit. Slipped and burnished on exterior only. Handmade. 7.AC 19.211. Bowl with double loop handles. Orange red-slipped ware. Fine biscuit with stone indusions and some straw temper. Reddish brown slip, unbumished. Exterior partially smoked. Handmade. 8. AE 18.190 (cf. Pl. V b). A conical depas of pasty red-slipped ware. Fine buff paste. The lightly bumished red slip on the exterior spills over the rim to forming a wide band of rim-slip. Pronounced wheelmarks on interior.

15.AB 16.17. i Large beaked jug (Schnabelkanne). Red-slipped ware. Fine, compact buff biscuit. Brown to buff binnished slip above the carination and over the rim halfway down the interior of the neck. Flat-cut Iip. Handmade. Plate 5 : 7 : (Phase II D). AA 19. 270. Neck fragment from a small beak-spouted jug. Red coated ware with a very fine buffbiscuit. Reddish brow~

rim-slip,wellbumished.

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY AT KLLOBA

139 PLATE i

a. Trench AA 19 from the south.

b. Trench AA 19 from the north, showing the continuation of the diagonal wall to the south as well as the partition walls. The sounding in the foreground reached early EB iiiievels.

c. Trench AA 19 from the north. Foundation stones of the mudbrick wall cross the trench diagonally.

140

TURAN EFE and MURAT TRKTEKI

PLATE II

a. Trench AA 19 from the north. The diagonal mudbrick wall and the stone-lined storage bin belong to Phase IlA.

b. Pottery from Phase IID.

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY AT KLLOBA

141 PLATEIII

~
ii:i

..----gr.
ii

/i
iii .iii' ii . ~ 'iiLi ;;111l

!r
ii ~

nFI~
ii

ici
ro
=ili iii

...
;

'.;;i~

..
l!/iIiii

r ,

[.
from Phase IID.

a. A bowl

~
.
.
.

i! oI,1.~~"

"" ,"""

!!Ir.

D'

iiii

,..

i i

i)

,
i

.
\

rJ

i- LJ

m.

'7""""1

b. Bead-rim bowls and an 'S'-profile bowl with a band handIe.

142

TURAN EFE and MURAT TRKTEKI

PLATEIV

a. Bowls with vertical handles.

b. Sherds with relief omament, incision, and impressed decoration.

THE STRATIGRAPHY AND POTTERY AT KLLOBA

143 PLATE V

a. Cup with a string-cut base and a fragment of a Trojan plate (shape A2).

b. A conical depas.

c. Handie fragment with finely incised ornament.

d. A spout terminating in an animal head.

144
PLATE VI

TURAN EFE and MURAT TRKTEKI

J
iii

-> ,
il II\. ~":'~

t;: C C

"

~.~."
"'
'"
~
,,~'

-;; /,

so .. 11 j!j ~

" ~ .'

-"
~
~

" ...
"'"

i~'~ ." ~i;i. '."

. .~

'< ~ -_Iiit

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A Schnabelkanne.

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i

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