3

M3
c2

Bending Stresses Due to Stationary Loads

Combining Eq3 1,3, and 4
c3

2
M2

M 2 r sin M 3 r cos b = I I

M r sin M 3 r cos b = 2 I I
2 M = M 2 + M3 2

Eq. 1 Eq. 3 Eqs 4

2 M 2r M3 r b = 2 I I

sin = cos =

M2 M3

2 M 2 + M3 r 2 b = I

Shaft Stress Equations

(Bending and Torsion Only) Reference
M = M2 + M2 y z c=d 2 d 4 I= 64 d 4 J = 2I = 32

Bending Stress
Mc x = I x = 64Md 32 M = 4 2 d d 3

Torsional Stress
Tc xy = J 2 = 16T d 4 32 d 3 Td

xy =

Principal Stresses
x x 1 , 2 = + 2 xy 2 2
1 , 2 = 16M 16M 16T 3 + 3 d 3 d d 16 1 , 2 = 3 M M 2 + T 2 d
2 2

Yielding in Ductile Material

(No Stress Concentration) Distortion Energy Theory

2 1

+ 1 2
2 2

Syt ns

3 = 0

Circular Shaft
16 1 , 2 = 3 M M 2 + T 2 d

Distortion Energy Theory for Shaft

16 4M 2 + 3T 2 d 3

Syt ns

Static Loading Minimum Diameter

16 4M 2 + 3T 2 d 3 32n s d= S yt

Syt ns
1 3

3 2 2 M + T 4

This equation is useful in coming up with an initial shaft size early in the design process.

Shaft Stress Equations

(Bending, Axial, and Torsional Loading) Axial Stress 32M 4P + 2 x = 3 d d Principal Stresses

2 1 , 2 = 3 d

8M + Pd

(8M + Pd )2 + (8T )2

Distortion Energy Theory Syt 4 2 2 (8M + Pd ) + 48T 3 d ns

Fatigue Analysis of Shafts

Bending Stresses

Torsional Stresses

Shear Stress Time

Shaft von Mises Stress Equation

Von Mises Equation 1 Syt 2 2 2 1 + 2 1 2 ns

x x x x 2 2 1 = + 2 + xy + + 2 xy 2 2 2 2 x x x x 2 2 2 = 2 + xy + + 2 xy 2 2 2 2
2 2 x x 2 1 2 = + xy = 2 xy 2 2

Principal Stress Equation

1 , 2 = x x + 2 xy 2 2
2

Shaft Equivalent Stress

eff = + 3
2 x

2 xy

Syt ns

Effective Alternating and Mean Stresses

eff = 2 + 3 2 x xy eff,a = x eff,m = 3 xy
Since the bending stress is completely reversed, the only mean stress component is due to the shear stress. Since the shear stress is constant, the only alternating is equal to the maximum bending stress.

ANSI Standard Fatigue Curve

A B C D E F

ANSI Standard B106.1M-1985, Design of Transmission Shafting, American National Standards Institute, 1985, is based on the ASME Elliptic Fatigue Interaction Curve.

ASME Elliptic Fatigue Equation

n sk f a n sm =1 + S S e yt
This equation is used to determine whether the shaft will have infinite life. Note that the fatigue stress concentration factor has only been applied to the alternating stress. Also, the Marin factors need to be used to estimate the endurance limit.
2 2

Minimum Diameter Equation

(Bending and Torsion Only)

d 3 S= 32 =M =T
2

n s k f M n sT 3 S S + 2S S = 1 e yt k M 2 3 T 2 n s f + =1 S Se 4 S yt
2
2

2S

n sk f a n sm S + S =1 e yt

32n s d 3

kf M 3 T S + 4 S =1 e yt

Minimum Diameter Equation

(Bending and Torsion Only)

32n s d 3

kf M 3 T + =1 S 4S e yt
2 2

32n s d=

kf M 3 T S + 4S e yt

This equation gives the minimum diameter shaft that will result in infinite fatigue life, and appears in the ANSI Standard.

Summary of Shaft Stress Analysis Methodology

32n s d= kf M 3 T + S 4S e yt
2 2

1. Establish factor of safety that will be used in the design. 2. Draw axial,shear, bending, and torsion diagrams. May require orthogonal shear and bending diagrams. 3. Determine loads acting on the shaft (M,P, and T) at critical locations. 4. Compute stress concentration factors. 5. Estimate endurance limit using test data or 0.5Sut and the Marin factors. 6. Use above equation or equivalent to determine if shaft is acceptable.

Assignment
The shaft shown in the figure receives 110 hp from a water turbine through a chain sprocket at point C. The gear pair at E delivers 80 hp to an electrical generator. The V-belt sheave at A delivers 30 hp to a bucket elevator that carries grain to an elevated hopper. The shaft rotates at 1,700 rpm. The sprocket, sheave, and gear are located axially by retaining rings. The sheave and gear are keyed with sled runner keyseats, and there is a profile keyseat at the sprocket. The shaft is made from AISI 1040 cold-drawn steel, and has a yield strength of 71 ksi and and ultimate strength of 80 ksi. Using a design factor of safety of 3, determine the minimum diameters at each section on of the shaft.

Assignment
(Continued)

Mott, Figure 12-13