Chapter 9: EIGRP: CCNA Exploration Version 4.0 CCNA Exploration Version 4.0

Chapter 9: EIGRP
CCNA Exploration version 4.0
Please purchase a personal license.
Objectives

Describe the background and history of Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). Examine the basic EIGRP configuration commands and identify their purposes. Calculate the composite metric used by EIGRP. Describe the concepts and operation of DUAL. Describe the uses of additional configuration commands in EIGRP.
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IGRP EIGRP Message format Packet types Hello protocol PDM RTP Algorithm Routing update AD Authentication Summary route Propagate default route
Introduction to EIGRP
EIGRP
The main purpose in Cisco's development of EIGRP was to create a classless version of IGRP. EIGRP includes several features that are not commonly found in other distance vector routing protocols like RIP (RIPv1 and RIPv2) and IGRP. These features include: 1. Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) 2. Bounded Updates 3. Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) 4. Establishing Adjacencies 5. Neighbor and Topology Tables Although EIGRP may act like a link-state routing protocol, it is still a distance vector routing protocol.
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EIGRP
Roots of EIGRP: IGRP
Developed in 1985 to overcome RIPv1s limited hop count Distance vector routing protocol Metrics used by IGRP bandwidth (used by default) delay (used by default) reliability load Discontinued support starting with IOS 12.2(13)T & 12.2(R1s4)S
IGRP to EIGRP
Traditional Distance Vector Routing Protocols Use the Bellman-Ford or Ford-Fulkerson algorithm. Age out routing entries and uses periodic updates. Keep track of only the best routes; the best path to a destination network. When a route becomes unavailable, the router must wait for a new routing update. Slower convergence due to holddown timers. Enhanced Distance Vector Routing Protocol: EIGRP Uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) Does not age out routing entries nor uses periodic updates. Maintains a topology table separate from the routing table, which includes the best path and any loopfree backup paths. When a route becomes unavailable, DUAL will use a backup path if one exists in the topology table. Faster convergence due to the absence of holddown timers and a system of coordinated route calculations.
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EIGRP Capabilities and Attributes
EIGRP Message Format
The data portion of an EIGRP message is encapsulated in a packet.

This data field is called Type/Length/Value or TLV.
The Autonomous System (AS) Number specifies the EIGRP routing process. Unlike RIP, Cisco routers can run multiple instances of EIGRP. The AS number is used to track multiple instances of EIGRP. EIGRP Parameters contains Weights Hold time
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TLV: IP internal contains

Metric field Subnet mask field Destination field TLV: IP external contains Fields used when external routes are imported into EIGRP routing process
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Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM)
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RTP and EIGRP Packet Types

Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) Purpose of RTP
Used by EIGRP to transmit and receive EIGRP packets Characteristics of RTP Involves both reliable & unreliable delivery of EIGRP packet Reliable delivery requires acknowledgment from destination Unreliable delivery does not require an acknowledgement from destination Packets can be sent Unicast Multicast Using address 224.0.0.10
EIGRPs 5 Packet Types Hello packets Used to discover & form adjacencies with neighbors
Update packets Used to propagate routing information Update packets are sent as a multicast when required by multiple routers, or as a unicast when required by only a single router. Acknowledgement packets Used to acknowledge receipt of update, query & reply packets EIGRP acknowledgement packets are always sent as an unreliable unicast.
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Query & Reply packets Used by DUAL for searching for networks Query packets Can use Unicast Multicast Reply packet Use only unicast
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Hello Protocol
Purpose of Hello Protocol
To discover & establish adjacencies with neighbor routers Characteristics of hello protocol Time interval for sending hello packet Most networks it is every 5 seconds Multipoint non broadcast multi-access networks Unicast every 60 seconds
Holdtime This is the maximum time router should wait before declaring a neighbor down Default holdtime 3 times hello interval
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EIGRP Bounded Updates
EIGRP Bounded Updates EIGRP only sends update when there is a change in route status Partial update A partial update includes only the route information that has changed the whole routing table is NOT sent Bounded update When a route changes, only those devices that are impacted will be notified of the change EIGRPs use of partial bounded updates minimizes use of bandwidth
DUAL: An Introduction
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) Purpose EIGRPs primary method for preventing routing loops Advantage of using DUAL Provides for fast convergence time by keeping a list of loop-free backup routes
Administrative Distance
Administrative Distance (AD) Defined as the trustworthiness of the source route EIGRP default administrative distances Summary routes = 5 Internal routes = 90 Imported routes = 170
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Authentication
Authentication EIGRP can Encrypt routing information Authenticate routing information Note: Authentication does not encrypt the router's routing table
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Basic EIGRP Configuration
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EIGRP Network Topology
Network Topology Topology used is the same as previous chapters with the addition of an ISP router
EIGRP
EIGRP will automatically summarize routes at classful boundaries
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Autonomous System and Process IDs

Autonomous System (AS) & Process IDs An autonomous system (AS) is a collection of networks under the administrative control of a single entity that presents a common routing policy to the Internet.(reference RFC 1930) AS Numbers are assigned by IANA Entities needing AS numbers ISP Internet Backbone providers Institutions connecting to other institutions using AS numbers
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Autonomous System and Process IDs
EIGRP autonomous system number actually functions as a process ID Process ID represents an instance of the routing protocol running on a router Example
Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system
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The router eigrp Command
The router eigrp command The global command that enables eigrp is router eigrp autonomous-system All routers in the EIGRP routing domain must use the same process ID number (autonomous-system number)
The network Command
The Network Command Functions of the network command Enables interfaces to transmit & receive EIGRP updates Includes network or subnet in EIGRP updates Example Router(config-router)#network network-address
The network Command

The network Command with a Wildcard Mask
This option is used when you want to configure EIGRP to advertise specific subnets Example Router(config-router)#network network-address [wildcard-mask]
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Verifying EIGRP
Verifying EIGRP EIGRP routers must establish adjacencies with their neighbors before any updates can be sent or received Command used to view neighbor table and verify that EIGRP has established adjacencies with neighbors is show ip eigrp neighbors
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Extra: Neighbor Table

If any packet is reliably multicast and an ACK is not received from a neighbor, the packet will be retransmitted as a unicast to that unresponding neighbor. If an ACK is not received after 16 of these unicast retransmissions, the neighbor will be declared dead. The time to wait for an ACK before switching from multicast to unicast is specified by the multicast flow timer. Smooth Round Trip Timer (SRTT): the average elapsed time, measured in milliseconds, between the transmission of a packet to the neighbor and the receipt of an acknowledgment. This timer is used to determine the retransmit interval (RTO) The RTO is the time, in milliseconds, that the router will wait for an acknowledgment of a unicast packet sent after a multicast has failed. Hold Time The interval to wait without receiving anything from a neighbor before considering the link unavailable. Originally, the expected packet was a hello packet, but in current Cisco IOS software releases, any EIGRP packets received after the first hello will reset the timer. The formulas for calculating the exact values of the SRTT, the RTO, and the multicast flow timer are proprietary.
Extra: Neighbor Table

RouterC#show ip eigrp neighbors IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 44 H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT (sec) (ms) 0 192.168.0.1 Se0 11 00:03:09 1138 1 192.168.1.2 Et0 12 00:34:46 4
Q Cnt 5000 0 200 0
RTO
Seq Num 6 4
Neighbor address: The network-layer address of the neighbor

router(s). Queue count: The number of packets waiting in queue to be sent. If this value is constantly higher than zero, then there may be a congestion problem at the router. A zero means that there are no EIGRP packets in the queue. Sequence Number: The number of last packet that is received from that neighbor. EIGRP uses this field to acknowledge a neighbors transmission and to identify packets that are out of sequence.
Verifying EIGRP
The show ip protocols command is used to verify that EIGRP is enabled
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Examining the Routing Table
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Examining the Routing Table The show ip route
command is also used to verify EIGRP EIGRP routes are denoted in a routing table by the letter D By default , EIGRP automatically summarizes routes at major network boundary
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Introducting the Null0 Summary Route
Introducing the Null0 Summary Route Null0 is not a physical interface In the routing table summary routes are sourced from Null0 Reason: routes are used for advertisement purposes EIGRP will automatically include a null0 summary route as child route when 2 conditions are met: 1. At least one subnet is learned via EIGRP 2. Automatic summarization is enabled
R3s routing table shows that the 172.16.0.0/16 network is automatically summarized by R1 & R3
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EIGRP Metric Calculation
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EIGRP Composite Metric & the K Values EIGRP uses the following values in its composite metric Bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load The composite metric used by EIGRP formula used has values K1 K5 K1 & K3 =1 all other K values = 0
tos is always set to 0; at one time it was Ciscos intent to use it, but it was never implemented
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EIGRP Composite Metric and the K Values
Use the show ip protocols command to verify the K values
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Use the show interfaces command to view metrics EIGRP Metrics Bandwidth EIGRP uses a static bandwidth to calculate metric Most serial interfaces use a default bandwidth value of 1.544Mbos (T1)
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Delay Delay is the defined as the measure of time it takes for a packet to traverse a route it is a static value based on link type to which interface is connected
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Reliability (not a default EIGRP metric)

A measure of the likelihood that a link will fail Measure dynamically & expressed as a fraction of 255 the higher the fraction the better the reliability Load (not a default EIGRP metric) A number that reflects how much traffic is using a link Number is determined dynamically and is expressed as a fraction of 255 The lower the fraction the less the load on the link

Using the Bandwidth Command Modifying the interface bandwidth Use the bandwidth command Example Router(config-if)#bandwidth kilobits Verifying bandwidth Use the show interface command Note bandwidth command does not change the links physical bandwidth
The EIGRP metric can be determined by examining the: bandwidth & delay
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EIGRP uses the lowest bandwidth (BW) in its metric calculation:
Calculated BW = (reference BW / lowest BW(kbps)*256 Delay EIGRP uses the cumulative sum of all outgoing interfaces: Calculated Delay = (the sum of outgoing interface delays/10)*256
EIGRP Metric = calculated BW + calculated delay
(Note: reference BW = 107)
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Calculate the metric from R2 to 192.168.1.0/24
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Determining the costs

Calculated Bandwidth = (10,000,000/bandwidth kbps) * 256
FastEthernet = (10,000,000/100,000) * 256 = 25,600
Westasman
Delay = 2,560
Fa0/0 192.168.72.1/24
Bandwidth = 25,600
S0/1 192.168.64.6/30 S0/0 192.168.64.2/30
T1 = (10,000,000/1544) * 256 = 1,657,856

S0/0 192.168.64.1/30 Fa0/0 192.168.1.2/24
SanJose1 SanJose2
Delay = 512,000
S0/0 192.168.64.5/30
Bandwidth = 1,657,856
Fa0/0 192.168.1.1/24
EIGRP AS 100
Determining the costs

Calculated Delay = (delay/10) * 256 FastEthernet = (100/10) * 256 = 2,560
Westasman
Delay = 2,560
Fa0/0 192.168.72.1/24
Bandwidth = 25,600
S0/1 192.168.64.6/30 S0/0 192.168.64.2/30
T1 = (20,000/10) * 256 = 512,000

S0/0 192.168.64.1/30 Fa0/0 192.168.1.2/24
SanJose1 SanJose2
Delay = 512,000
S0/0 192.168.64.5/30
Bandwidth = 1,657,856
Fa0/0 192.168.1.1/24
EIGRP AS 100
The Routing Table
Administrative Distance / Metric SanJose2#show ip route D 192.168.72.0/24 [90/2172416] via 192.168.64.6, 00:28:26, Serial0
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
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Diffusing Update Algorithm
DUAL is a convergence algorithm that replaces the Bellman-Ford or

Ford-Fulkerson algorithms used by other distance vector protocols. The design philosophy behind DUAL is that even temporary routing loops are detrimental to the performance of a network. DUAL uses diffusing computations, first proposed by E. W. Dijkstra and C. S. Scholten, to perform distributed shortest-path routing while maintaining freedom from loops at every instant. Although many researchers have contributed to the development of DUAL, the most prominent work is that of J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves.
DUAL Concepts
The Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) is used to prevent looping: Successor Feasible Distance (FD) Feasible Successor (FS) Reported Distance (RD) or Advertised Distance (AD) Feasible Condition or Feasibility Condition (FC)
Successor and Feasible Distance
Successor The best least cost route to a destination found in the routing table Feasible distance(FD) The lowest calculated metric along a path to a destination network H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com
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Feasible Successor
Feasible Successor This is a loop free backup route to same destination as successor route
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Successors and Feasible Successors
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Feasibility Condition and Reported Distance
Reported distance (RD) The metric that a router reports to a neighbor about its own cost to that network Feasibility Condition (FC) Met when a neighbors RD is less than the local routers FD to the same destination network
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172.30.1.0
172.30.1.0
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Feasible Successor, FC: RD30 < FD31 172.30.1.0
FD to 172.30.1.0 is 31 via Router Y
Current Successor = 31 RD of RTY= 21
RTZ is NOT Feasible Successor, FC: RD220 not< FD31 Neighbor X In Topology Table Y In Routing Table Z Not in Topology Table
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Advertised or Destination Feasible Dist. Reported. Dist. 172.30.1.0 40 30 172.30.1.0 31 21 172.30.1.0 230 220

Feasible Successor, FC: RD30 < FD31 172.30.1.0
FD to 172.30.1.0 is 31 via Router Y
Current Successor = 31 RD of RTY= 21
RTZ is NOT Feasible Successor, FC: RD220 not< FD31
RTY is successor with a computed cost of 31. 31 is the Feasible Distance (FD). RTX is a feasible successor because its RD is less than or equal to the FD. - RTXs RD (30) is less than the FD (31).
Example of a Loop
Cost=19
Cost=70
RTZ has a Reported Distance to RTA of 220. Since its Reported Distance is greater than RTAs own Feasibile Distance of 31, RTA cant trust that the route RTZ takes is somehow back through itself.
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DUAL Concepts
Topology Table: Successor & Feasible Successor EIGRP Topology table Viewed using the show ip eigrp topology command Contents of table include: all successor routes all feasible successor routes
DUAL Concepts
EIGRP Topology Table dissected
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DUAL Concepts
Topology Table: No Feasible Successor A feasible successor may not be present because the feasibility condition may not be met In other words, the reported distance of the neighbor is greater than or equal to the current feasible distance
Query and Reply Packets
X
Queries Replies
172.30.1.0
Routes via RTY and RTX Fail!
X
?
RTZ was previously NOT a Feasible Successor, FC: RD220 not< FD31 or FD40, but now there is no Sucessor
RTZ replies that it still has a route to 172.30.1.0, while RTX and RTY reply that they do not. Current Successor is now RTZ, with a FD of 230 and a RD of RTZ= 220.
Finite State Machine
Finite State Machine (FSM) An abstract machine that defines a set of possible states something can go through, what event causes those states and what events result form those states FSMs are used to describe how a device, computer program, or routing algorithm will react to a set of input events
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DUAL FSM Selects a best loop-free path to a destination Selects alternate routes by using information in EIGRP tables
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Finite State Machines (FSM): with Feasible Successor To examine output from EIGRPs finite state machine us the debug eigrp fsm command
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Finite State Machines (FSM): without Feasible Successor
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More EIGRP Configuration
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The Null0 Summary Route
The Null0 Summary Route By default, EIGRP uses the Null0 interface to discard any packets that match the parent route but do not match any of the child routes EIGRP automatically includes a null0 summary route as a child route whenever both of the following conditions exist One or subnets exists that was learned via EIGRP Automatic summarization is enabled
Automatic Summarization
Disabling Automatic Summarization The auto-summary command permits EIGRP to automatically summarize at major network boundaries The no auto-summary command is used to disable automatic summarization This causes all EIGRP neighbors to send updates that will not be automatically summarized this will cause changes to appear in both routing tables topology tables
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The no auto-summary Command
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Disabling Automatic Summarization
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More EIGRP Configurations
Disabling Automatic Summarization: topology table change
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Manual Summarization
Manual Summarization Manual summarization can include supernets Reason: EIGRP is a classless routing protocol & include subnet mask in update Command used to configure manual summarization Router(config-if)# ip summary-address eigrp asnumber network-address subnet-mask
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Configuring a summary route in EIGRP
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Configuring a summary route in EIGRP
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EIGRP Default Route
EIGRP Default Routes quad zero static default route Can be used with any currently supported routing protocol Is usually configured on a router that is connected a network outside the EIGRP domain EIGRP & the Quad zero static default route Requires the use of the redistribute static command to disseminate default route in EIGRP updates
Extra:EIGRP Default Route

Ip default-network
Propagates a default route to other routers, but needs to have a

route or default route out once the packets arrive. Gateway Router router igrp 24 <text omitted> network 207.21.20.0 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 207.21.20.1 ip default-network 207.21.20.0
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Extra:EIGRP Default Route

Extra: Summarize to 0.0.0.0/0
Summarizing to a default route is effective only when you want

to provide remote sites with a default route.
Since summaries are configured per interface, you don't need to

worry about using distribute-lists or other mechanisms to prevent the default route from being propagated toward the core of your network. router eigrp 100 network 10.0.0.0 ! interface serial 0 ip address 10.1.1.1 ip summary-address eigrp 100 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
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EIGRP Default Route
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Fine-Tuning EIGRP
EIGRP bandwidth utilization
By default, EIGRP uses only up to 50% of interface bandwidth for EIGRP information The command to change the percentage of bandwidth used by EIGRP is Router(config-if)#ip bandwidth-percent eigrp as-number percent
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More EIGRP Configurations

Configuring Hello Intervals and Hold Times
Hello intervals and hold times are configurable on a per-interface basis The command to configure hello interval is Router(config-if)#ip hello-interval eigrp as-number seconds Changing the hello interval also requires changing the hold time to a value greater than or equal to the hello interval The command to configure hold time value is Router(config-if)#ip hold-time eigrp as-number seconds
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EIGRP show commands
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EIGRP debug commands
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Extra:Authentication
MD5 cryptographic checksums are the only authentication supported in
EIGRP, which on first consideration might seem less flexible than RIPv2 and OSPF, which support both MD5 and clear-text passwords. However, clear-text password authentication should be used only when a neighboring device does not support the more secure MD5. Because EIGRP will be spoken only between two Cisco devices, this situation will never arise. The steps for configuring EIGRP authentication are Step 1. Define a key chain with a name. Step 2. Define the key or keys on the key chain. Step 3. Enable authentication on an interface and specify the key chain to be used. Step 4. Optionally configure key management.
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Extra:Authentication
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Extra:EIGRP variance command
Let's look at an example, there are three ways to get to Network X, from Router E: (Note: metrics incorrectly not including outgoing interface to Net X.)
E-B-A with a metric of 30 E-C-A with a metric of 20 <<<-- Minimum Metric E-D-A with a metric of 45
router eigrp 1 network x.x.x.x variance 2
variance 2
This increases the minimum metric to 40 (2 * 20 = 40). EIGRP includes all the routes that have a metric less than or equal
to 40, and are feasible successors.
In the above configuration, EIGRP now uses two paths to get to

Network X, E-C-A and E-B-A, because both paths have a metric under 40.
router eigrp 1 network x.x.x.x variance 2
Two unequal-cost paths:
E-B-A with a metric of 30 <<<-- Also below 2*20 E-C-A with a metric of 20 <<<-- Minimum Metric E-D-A with a metric of 45
EIGRP doesn't use path E-D-A because it has a metric of 45, and it's not a feasible successor. Can have up to 6 unequal cost paths.
Extra:EIGRP Traffic Share

To control how traffic is distributed among routes when there are
multiple routes for the same destination network that have different costs, use the traffic-share router configuration command. To disable this function, use the no form of the command. traffic-share {balanced | min} no traffic share {balanced | min} balanced Distributes traffic proportionately to the ratios of the metrics. min Uses routes that have minimum costs
For more information:

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/tk207/technologies_tech_note0 9186a008009437d.shtml
Summary
Describe the background and history of EIGRP Describe the features and operation of EIGRP Examine the basic EIGRP configuration commands and identity their purposes Calculate the composite metric used by EIGRP Describe the concepts and operation of DUAL Describe the uses of additional configuration commands in EIGRP
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Chapter 9: EIGRP: CCNA Exploration Version 4.0 CCNA Exploration Version 4.0

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Chapter 9: EIGRP

CCNA Exploration version 4.0

Please purchase a personal license.

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H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com

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EIGRP Capabilities and Attributes

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EIGRP Message Format

The data portion of an EIGRP message is encapsulated in a packet.

EIGRP Message Format

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EIGRP Message Format

TLV: IP internal contains

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Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM)

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RTP and EIGRP Packet Types

RTP and EIGRP Packet Types

RTP and EIGRP Packet Types

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RTP and EIGRP Packet Types

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EIGRP Bounded Updates

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Basic EIGRP Configuration

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EIGRP Network Topology

EIGRP will automatically summarize routes at classful boundaries

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Autonomous System and Process IDs

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Autonomous System and Process IDs

Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system

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The router eigrp Command

The network Command

The network Command

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Extra: Neighbor Table

Extra: Neighbor Table

Q Cnt 5000 0 200 0

Neighbor address: The network-layer address of the neighbor

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Examining the Routing Table

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Examining the Routing Table

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Introducting the Null0 Summary Route

Examining the Routing Table

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EIGRP Metric Calculation

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EIGRP Metric Calculation

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EIGRP Composite Metric and the K Values

Use the show ip protocols command to verify the K values