OCCUftftSNCS F laON DEFICIENCY IN GRAIN SORGHUM ON CALCAREOUS SOILS AS INFLUSNC3D BY GSNOTYPE by GROViR FRANKLIN FURR, JR., B.S. in Ag.

A THESIS IN AGR0N0I4Y Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Technological College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved

Accepted

August, 1 9 6 ^

rs
No. \

ACKNOVJLEDGSMENTS

Appreciation is gratefully acknowledged to Dr. Kenneth C. Kilian for his assistance and guidance in the preparation of this thesis and the direction of the research project. Particular

thanks are due to Dr. Raymond E. Meyer and Dr. Paul V. Prior for their helpful criticisms in the preparation of the thesis. The author extends appreciation to Dr. A. B. Qnken and ; . -r H. J. Walker, assistant agronomists, and ^ r. D. L. Daniel, technician, of the South Plains Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, Texas, for their cooperation and assistance in conducting this study. Special acknowledgement is made to the Soil Fertility Committee and to The Sagle-Picher Company for funds and materials to conduct this research. Appreciation is extended to the Geosciences Department, Texas Technological College, for the use of the atomic absorption unit for iron determinations. Special acknowledgement is made to my faithful wife, Delores, for her assistance and encouragement and our children, Debbie, Vicki and Julie, for their patience and understanding during the period of graduate study.

11

TASLE 0? GONTiNTS Pa^e LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS I. II. INTRODUCTION

LITRATURS

^^^ 1 ^ 4 7 9 9 10
12

RBVIEl^'

Soil Conditions Related to Chlorosis Effect of Bicarbonates and Phosphate Correcting Chlorosis Species and Varietal Differences to Iron Deficiency Concentrations of Iron in Plants
III. SXPERIMSNTAL MSTHODS AND ;^ATBRIALS

Field Study Field Procedures Fertilizer Sources Fertilizer Applications Varieties Soil Samples Calcium Carbonate Equivalent Plant Sampling Plant Population Harvesting Greenhouse Study Greenhouse Procedure Fertilizer Applications Sorghum Varieties Used
*

12 12 12 13 l^ 15 13 16 1? 1? 13 IH l ^ 19

111

IV

TABLS OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page Plant Sampling Laboratory Analysis

IV. RSSULTS AND DISGUSSION

20 20
22

Field Study Grain Yields Plant Sampling Chemical Analysis Piosphorus in Plants Iron in Plants Potassium in Plants Greenhouse Study. Chemical Analysis Phosphorus in Plants Iron in Plants Potassium in Plants V.
LIST

22 22 23 31 31 37 ^l ^^ ^ ^S ^S k^^ 52 5456

SU4ARY AND CONCLUSIONS Ob" RSFERENCBS

L I S T OF

TABLr]S

Table

Page

1. 2.

Soil treatments Soil test results, jene amilton farm, 19^5

1' ^ 15

3. Percentage of calcium carbonate equivalent of soils in field plots identified vrith varieties and treatwent 16 ^. 3oil test results. Soil for greenhouse study was taken from the }ene Hamilton farm, 19^5 13 5. Fertilizer treatments used in greenhouse study 19

6. Grain yields from four sorghum varieties ^rown on calcareous soils 23 7. Plant populations of grain sorghum varieties on July 26 and November 6, I965 8. Total weight of twenty grain sorghum plants on June 28.. Analysis of variance of plant 0-0-0 fertilizer rate on June 10. Analysis of variance of plant basic fertilizer rate on June 11. 12. 9. weic;hts of varieties at 23 weights of varieties at the 28 27 29 3O 30 y^

Goncentration of phosphorus in aboveground portions of plants on June 28 Concentration of phosphorus in aboveground portions of plants on July 26

3^ 35 37 38 39 '-i-O '4O 'Ul

13.

Concentration of phosphorus in plant parts on October 7

l^. Total phosphorus uptake of the aboveground portion of RS 610 on July 26....... 15. Concentration of iron in aboveground parts of plants on June 23 16. 17. V'>, 19. Concentration of iron in plants on October 7 Total iron in plants on June 28 Total iron in plants on July 26 Total iron in Texas 6 )0 on July 26
V

VI

LIST OF TABLS (CONTINUSD) Table 20. 21. 22. 23 24. 25. 26. 27. Page Total iron in aboveground portion of plants on October 7..-42 Percentage of total iron located in various plant parts on October 7 ^3

Total potassium uptake by aboveground portions of varieties by June 28 44 Total potassium uptake by aboveground portions of varieties by July 26 '^5 Total potassium in aboveground portions of grain sorghum plants on October 7 Total potassium in aboveground portions of RS 6IO by July 26 Dry matter yields of tops of two grain sorghura varieties grown in a calcareous soil in the greenhouse Phosphorus concentration in tops of two grain sorghum varieties grown in a calcareous soil in the greenhouse 46 k? 49 50 51 52 53 53

28. Phosphorus uptake in tops by two grain sorghum varieties grovm in a calcareous soil in the greenhouse 29. 30. Iron concentration in tops of two grain sorghum varieties grown in a calcareous soil in the greenhouse Potassium uptake in tops by two grain sorghum varieties grown in a calcareous soil in the greenhouse

31. Percentages of potassium in tops in two grain sorghum varieties grown in calcareous soil in the greenhouse

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure

1. Layout of study showing plot arran-^ement by variety, treatments and replications View snowing varietal differences on July 12 View showing extreme chlorosis and varietal differences on July 12. The change of varieties from the first replication to the second replication can be seen View showing varietal differences and extreme chlorosis on July 12. The change of varieties from the first replicatin to the second replication can be seen View shox^ring differences between Caprock (7000) and RS 610 (610) on August 23 View showing differences between Combine Kafir 60 (B 3197) and RS 610 (610) View showing necrosis in Combine Kafir 60 (B 3197) as it occurred in an area producinp; chlorosis (Corabine Kafir 60).. View shox^rinn; odd growth of plants in an area producing chlorosis (Combine Kafir 60) View of sectioned chlorotic and non-chlorotic plants shovring the lack of internode extension in tae clalorotic plants of R3 610 View of sectioned chlorotic and non-chlorotic plants shovring the lack of internode extension in the chlorotic plants of Texas 630

Page
13 2^

2. 3.

2^

4.

25

5.

25

6.

26

7.

32

8.

IV

9.

33

10.

33

Vll

CHAPT^R I

INTRODUCTION

The alleviation of lime-induced chlorosis by application of iron salts has been recognized for over one humdred years, however, we are still plagued with the problem today. Since the first studies in 1843,

considerable work has been conducted on iron absorption, translocation, and utilization in plants. Grain sorghum is more sensitive to iron

deficiencies than most crops grown on the High Plains of Texas and needs to have more vrork done on correction of chlorosis. The soils on which iron deficiency occurs are the Portales and Mansker, or related soil series, These series comprise

approximately 10 to 15 per cent of the cultivated soils in the main grain sorghum production area of Texas, In these areas,

yields of grain sorghum are limited to approximately 3000 pounds per acre regardless of irrigation andraacronutrientfertilization. Yields of up to 3000 pounds per acre are not uncommon on the soils of the same area which are not calcareous. i^oliar sprays and soil amendments have been used vrith limited success to correct iron chlorosis on high-lime soils. The expense

of soil amendments, and inconvenience plus cost of repeated foliar applications indicate the need for a better method of correcting iron chlorosis in !'-rain sorghum. Investigations of grain sorghum ^eno-

type could be used to determine whether there is a variety that will grow successfully on high-lime soils or vrill respond favorably to economically feasible amounts of iron materials added to the soil.

Observations by Mr, H. J. Walker, assistant agronomist, South Plains Research and Sxtension Center, indicated a difference in varietal response of grain sorghum on calcareous soils. T ' o grain N^

sorghum varieties grown side by side were observed to have differences in growth and yield, however, data were not collected on these varieties, If a varietal difference could be established, this would be of benefit to the farmers, The difference could be either in a

sorghum variety that tolerates the soil conditions and grows successfully, or the variety coiild have a better response to small applications of iron to the soil, which could be less expensive than present treatments. Also a possible clue as to the origin of

the problem in the grain sorghum plants, or differences in varieties could be of benefit to plant breeders in breeding a less susceptible variety of grain sorghum, Farmers tend to plant cotton or other crops having a value higher than that of grain sorghum on the soil which gives the best yields and therefore the grain sorghum is planted on the soils where iron deficiency tends to occuTe More research is needed on

the problem of iron chlorosis since grain sorghum acreage will more than likely expand as a crop that can be utilized for food and feedstuff and coramand a place in the market, The objectives of this study were; 1. To evaluate more thoroughly under irrigated field conditions the differences in tolerance among varieties or lines of grain sorghura to iron deficiency.

2.

To evaluate plant parts to determine if varietal differences affected the translocation of the iron,

3.

To evaluate the differences in the ability of different varieties to utilize micronutrient soil amendments.

4.

To deterraine if micronutrient soil amendments, with grain sorghum variety, can economically alleviate iron deficiency symptoms on these soils.

: lAPTSR II

LITSRATURE R^iVISW

Iron has been known to be an essential element for plant growth since about 18^3. Since the time of the first determination

of the essentiality of iron, conditions which tend to produce iron chlorosis have been determined. Differences in species have

been demonstrated under the same conditions.

Soil Conditions Related to Chlorosis

Soil conditions are the most common causes related to iron deficiency symptoms. The soil condition which induces chlorosis

while sufficient iron is present in the soil is a high-lime or calcareous condition. This lirae-induced chlorosis appears in

certain crops which are susceptible to iron chlorosis, but it raay not appear in less susceptible species. In relation to lirae-induced chlorosis, there are several facts which have been observed, according to Thorne, Wann, and Robinson (43), and these are as follows: (1) The deficiency occurs

on soils having an alkaline pH and high lime content, but no distinct differences in soil pH or per cent lime have been found between soil areas where plants are green and adjacent areas where plants are chlorotic. (2) Fine soil texture, high soil

moisture content, poor soil aeration, and cool soil teraperature favor the development of chlorotic leaves. Several workers (32, 34, 42, 4-6) indicate that high calcium

carbonate, high amount of phosphorus and high pH are probable causes of lime-induced chlorosis. bicarbonates can cause chlorosis. DeKock (19) indicates that These factors raay contribute

to iron deficiency but probably they are not individually responsible for chlorosis, since the differences between areas producing green and chlorotic plants are often minor and inconsistent (37). Lindner and Harley (29) had discovered previously that the iron content of normal and chlorotic plants was essentially the same. The only possible conclusion, they stated, seeraed to be

that iron in the chlorotic plants was present in an inactive forra. Several investigators expressed doubts as to the real problera causing chlorosis. The earlier workers felt that the answer was

high pH and high calcium carbonates (29)t however, the discovery that the iron content of normal and chlorotic plants was essentially the same, made this hypothesis no longer tenable. Burtch, Thome,

and Wann (15) have shovm that several factors raay induce high-lime chlorosis. They state that the order of importance of the individual

climatic factors in inducing iron deficiency appears to be: (1) a high soil moisture level, (2) a low soil temperature, (3) a high soil temperature, and (^) a high light intensity. The

results of their study indicated that a high moisture level together vrith low soil temperature is the condition most conducive to the development of high-lime chlorosis, Elgala and Maier (20) fo\md

that high moisture alone apparently could produce chlorosis in soybeans while with a lower moisture level plants grevr normally. They used the same soil and variety of soybeans with two different moisture levels, 75 per cent and 120 per cent of the moisture

equivalent,

Thorne, Wann and Robinson (4-3) reported that the

conditions of high soil pH, high calcium carbonates, high soil moisture, and cool soil teraperatures do not prevent iron uptake but apparently aid inactivation of iron within the plants. The solubility of iron in soil, and not necessarily the total amount of iron present in the soil, is an important factor in iron nutrition of plants. Olsen (34) stated that soil pH is not the

only factor determining the solubility of iron in soils and the ability of soils to supply iron to plants. He found that the

amount of free iron oxides in the soil is at least one other factor. In later work, Olsen (35) used several soil treatments including acidification and the addition of iron oxide to determine if the treatTients would influence chlorosis and iron absorption in sorghum. Sulfur and sulfuric acid treatments tended to decrease chlorosis without affecting iron absorption. Since none of the treatraents

influenced the active iron content of plant leaves, the decrease in chlorosis in the leaves is difficult to explain. It was

reported that the addition of lirae to soils did not decrease the iron content of corn plants, but did increase the deposition of iron at the nodes (43). The occurrence of iron chlorosis on calcareous soils seeras to be controlled by a nuraber of factors in the soil, Wallace (^4)

stated that iron chlorosis is the most difficult micronutrient deficiency to correct and understand. This difficulty is partially

due to the extreme insolubility of iron (Fe) compounds in the soil. Wallace (45) states that the solubility product for Fe'*"-^(OH*")^

is so small at pH 6 that it would be much too low to meet the iron +2 requirements of a plant, The solubility product of Fe is much more favorable. +2 However, in aerated soils Fe is so readily

oxidized to Fe+3 that it is impossible to maintain a high enough concentration of soluble Fe+2 to meet the requirements of the plants. Fe
-j-2

Other workers (9, 23, 38, 43) state that oxidation of

is fairly rapid in the calcareous soils producing the very

insoluble Fe+3 Effect of Bicarbonates and Phosphates The factors of high soil moisture, poor soil aeration, and cool soil temperature probably affect the developraent of chlorosis on highly calcareous soils. Seatz and Peterson (38) state that the reactions between carbonate ions and iron may be a factor in reducing iron availability to plants. They further state that since iron is probably largely assimilated by plants as the ferrous ion, then moist calcareous soils would not favor iron availability because of moisture and aeration, in addition to an alkaline pH^ Other factors in the development of chlorosis which have been reported are bicarbonates and phosphates, DeKock (19) postulated that the absorption of the bicarbonate ion leads to the formation of organic acids which may have a depressing action on the stretching growth of cells while stimulating cation absorption, thus resulting in small chlorotic plants with stunted roots, Porter and Thome (36) reported that increasing the concentration of sodium bicarbonate in cultures having constant pH values resulted in increasing

8 concentrations of iron in leaf and stem tissues of tomatoes and trends in that direction for bean plants. These results lead to the conclusion that the bicarbonate ion is a direct causative factor of chlorosis in many plants. Thorne, Wann and Robinson (43) reported that there was no evidence of high phosphate causing a precipitation of iron in soils or plants as a general cause of lime-induced chlorosis. Biddulph and Woodbridge (^) later found that excess phosphorus in nutrient solutions could possibly be responsible for immobilizing iron and other ions. Brown, Lunt, Holmes, and Tiffin (11) reported

that PI-54619-5-1 soybeans did not develop chlorosis when grown in a split-medium experiment in which the sodium bicarbonate was separate from the iron and phosphorus, W^ien the sodium bicarbonate was added to a complete solution culture, these soybeans developed chlorosis and root respiration was decreased. Bicarbonate treatanents

maintained approximately twice as much phosphorus in solution as comparable treatments containing no bicarbonate ions. They related

the incidence of iron chlorosis more to the phosphorus concentration than to the bicarbonate concentration in solution culture. This linked bicarbonate and phosphorus in causing iron deficiency and indicated that they are not independent under these conditions, Using a split-root experiment, Brown, Tiffin, Holmes, Specht and Resnicky (13) demonstrated an internal inactivation of iron in PI-54619-5-1 soybeans principally from the combined effects of calcium and phosphorus. Calcium stimulated root growth which

increased the absorption and translocation of calcium and phosphorus

to the above-ground parts, but decreased the absorption and translocation of iron in the presence of phosphorus. Miller, Brown, and Holmes (32) summed up research using the split-medium and split-root techniques by stating that the development of chlorosis was more related to phosphorus concentration in solution or that absorbed by the plant than by bicarbonate concentration in solution. Correcting Chlorosis Many workers (5, 21, 51) have attempted to correct iron chlorosis with foliar or soil applications of iron and have been successful, but success has not always been economical. Foliar applications (21) have proved to be more economical than soil applications, however, planting of less susceptibie species has been recommended by some agronomists (25) as a solution rather than trying to correct the deficiency on the calcareous soils. Withee and Carlson (51) found that the cost of foliar applications was only one-tenth that of soil amendments. They reported that large quantities of iron-containing compounds applied to the soil were required to alleviate chlorosis, Chelates and ferrous sulfate have to be applied to the soil in high amounts to be effective. Foliar sprays of chelates and ferrous sulfate appear

to be approximately equal in correcting iron deficiency syraptoms.

Species and Varietal Differences to

ron Deficiency

Numerous investigators (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, l^, 17, 41, kk, k6, k7) have reported differences in plant species and varieties

10 when grown under the same conditons. Certain species or varieties are normal and green while others become chlorotic and produce little or no growth. Coffey (17) made observations in Mexico of hybrid sorghum crossing blocks growing on calcareous soils^ Four different

steriles and four different pollinators were being grown. His observations were as follows: (1) Combine Kafir 60 was the variety

most susceptible to iron deficiency, followed closely by Martin; (2) Caprock was the variety exhibiting the most tolerance to iron deficiency followed by 7078; (3) the tolerance to iron deficiency appeared to be dominant since the hybrids produced by crossing the susceptible and tolerant varieties have muchraoretolerance than the susceptible varieties. Brown and Holmes (7) and i ^ a l c (^) expressed the idea that ^'lae differences in species and varieties of plantsraayprovide some of the answers to plant nutrition, These differences in iron nutrition have been found by these workers to be in the roots, Thomas (^2) states that the problem is complex because both soil and plant factors are involved in lime-induced chlorosis, Concentrations of Iron in Plants Bennett (3) reported iron concentrations in tomato leaves of 93 to 115 parts per million (ppm) in chlorotic leaves and IO6 to 250 ppm in green leaves. Wallihan (49) reported iron concentrations in citrus leaves as follows: green leaves, kZ to 137 ppm; moderately chlorotic, 32 to 68

11 ppm; severly chlorotic, 24 to 59 Ppm; and extremely chlorotic, 16 to 33 ppm, Watanabe, Lindsay and Olsen (50) reported no effect from deficiency on concentration in c o m tops^

CHAPTER III

EXPERH.iSNTAL METHODS AND MTERIALS

Field Study

Field Procedures

The experimental plots were located on the Gene Hamilton farm in Bailey County, Texas, in a split plot design with three replications (Figure 1), An experimental plot consisted of four, Arch and Portales fine sandy loara

forty-inch rows, 50 feet long,

soils were in the area and both series are highly calcareous and tend to promote chlorosis in sorghum. The farm is sprinkler irrigated and the plots were cultivated and irrigated in the regular farm program by the farmer, The

fertilizer application was made on May 25, 1965, and the grain sorghum varieties were planted on May 26, 1965 The plots received

five inches of rain on June 9 and 10 and this partially covered some plots. The plots received three acre inches of irrigation Total rainfall for the

water on July 12 and again on August 8.

summer months amounted to approximately six inches.

Fertilizer Sources

Nitrogen sources used were: ammonium nitrate (33/^ N ) . phosphate (20.2/^ P ) .

ammonium sulfate ( l J N) and 2,b

SOUTCR

The phosphorus

vas triple super-

Iron and zinc were supplied by IRI'J-GRO

(organic complex, 8^ ?e) and ZINK-GRO (36';^ Zn), respectively, which are products of the Eagle-Picher Company. 12 Sul-Po-Mag (22i 3, 18j^ K,

13

and 11/^ Mg) is a product of the Intemational Mineral and Chemical Corporation.

Caprock
c o
H -p

RS 610 3 1 6 5 2 Combine Kafir 60 3 6 5 2 1 Caprock 2 1 3 6

i^

6 3 1 5 2 RS 610

o
H H Q)

Combine Kafir 60 2 3 5 6 1

Texas 660 5 2 6 3 1

Texas 660 1 2 3 5 6 RS 610 3 2 5 1 6

Caprock 1 3 2 5 6 Combine Kafir 60 6 3 2 1 5

O H -P cd

5 6 3 2 1 Texas 660

H iH
(D

c
O H -P cd

o
H H 0) tti

1 5 2 6 3

Figure 1.

Layout of study showing plot arrangement by variety, treatments and replications.

Fertilizer Applications

Selected treatments (Table 1) using IRN-GRO, ZINK-GRO and Sul-Po-i^Iag with nitrogen and phosphorus were used with each variety. Treatments of a basic nitrogen and phosphorus rate were

applied to the replications to check differences in nitrogen sources as follows; Replication I, 100-0-0 from ammonium nitrate; Replication

II, 100-0-0 from ammonium sulfate; Replication III, 100-40-0 from ammonium nitrate and triple superphosphate.

m^
TABLE 1 Soil treatments. Treatment Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 Treatment (rate per acre) 0-0-0 Nitrogen-phosphorus treatment on replications* 40 po\inds IRN-GRO + t r e a t m e n t 2 56 pounds ZINK-GRO + treatment 2 Treatments 2, 3 and 4 200 pounds Sul-Po-Mag + treatment 2

Treatments on this plot by replications were as follows Replication I, 100-0-0 from ammonium nitrate; Replication II, 100-0-0 from ammonium sulfate; Replication III, 100-40-0 (elemental) from ammonium nitrate and triple superphosphate. A two-row belt fertilizer distributor designed especially for experimental plots was used for band application of accurate araounts of fertilizer. Bands were placed 4 inches below and 6

inches to the side of the seed, Varieties Four varieties of grain sorghum were used, The varieties were selected for reported differences in susceptibility to chlorosis, based on the personal observations of Dr, L, C, Coffey, Excel Sorghum Company (17), and because the genetic backgrounds are known by state sorghum research personnel, The varieties selected were Corabine Kafir 60 and Caprock, parental varieties, and Texas 66O (Corabine Kafir 60 X Caprock) and RS 610 (Combine Kafir 60 X 7078). hybrids

15 Soil Samples

Prior to planting, soil samples from the plot area were analyzed by the Texas Agricultural Extension Service Soil Testing Laboratory at Lubbock, Results from the soil tests are presented in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Soil test results, Gene Hamilton farm, 1965. Soluble Percentage Sample Replication Depth pH K Ca Salts Organic P Pounds per acre Inches Matter I II III 0-6 0-6 0-6 8.4 8.6 8,6 Ul 1,1 1.1 68 64 61 717 747 697 >9940 >9940 >9940 572 624 676

Na 400 600 728

Calcium Carbonate fquivalent Soil samples were taken from the surface six inches in three locations in each plot, The per cent calcium carbonate equivalent was determined in triplicate on each sample by the method described by Allison and Moodie (2). Table 3 shows a range of calciura carbonate equivalent percentages from 2,78^ to 19.22^^ The per

cent calcium carbonate equivalent was found to be higher in plots where chlorosis occurred than in nearby plots where plant growth was normal^ Regression determinations on all varieties showed a

decrease in yield of grain with an increase in calcium carbonate equivalent, The slope of the regression line as indicated by the b value for each variety is as follows: Combine Kafir 60, -0.91; Caprock, -0^74; Texas 66O, -1.32; RS 610, -I.I9. The r value for

16 each variety is as follows: Combine Kafir 60, 0.34; Caprock, 0.65; Texas 660, 0.60; and RS 610, O.63. TABL3 3 Percentage of calcium carbonate equivalent of soils in field plots identified with varieties and treatments. Variety Treatment 1 2 3 I 18.21 9.48 13.79 16.01 17.47 17.67 17.62 17.75 16.15 19.22 18,10 14.37 12.03 10.31 16.97 11.30 6.50 14.35 15.20 16.8? 11.75 17.53 17.93 18.46 Replications II 8.06 12.^6 17.09 18.11 15.3^ 16.88 14.05 12.64 12.47 13.58 13.94 11.32 15.97 15.27 16.03 16.15 13.96 10.06 6.09 9.63 17.08 14.34 17.74 17.34

III 6.67

Combine Kafir 60

7.55
6.05 8.17 6.64 6.19 3.88 4.96 5.87 .6.68 6.59 7.BI 2.73 7.11 6.45 3.55 5.19 6.79 8.26

5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

Gaprock

Texas 66O

5/'^7
5.29 6.93 6.28 6.61

R3 610

Plant Sampling Plant samples consisting of the aboveground portions of the s r ; u t plants were hand-harvested from each plot on a biweekly oqhTi schedule between June 2^ and October 7. The number of plants taken

on each sanpling date is as follows: June 28, 20 plants; July 12,

17 12 plants; July 26, 8 plants; August 9 and 23, September 6 and 23, and October 7, 4 plants, The plant samples were separated into leaves including sheath, stalks, and inflorescence, according to the stage of growth. The plant parts were washed in tap water, 0,1 N HCl,

deionized water, and dried at 70C and stored until analysis could be accomplished. Plant Population The number of plants per acre was determined by counting ten feet of the two center rows in the area to be harvested, on July 26 and on November 6, I965. This number was then converted to plants Both counts were made on the

per acre for each plot in the study. same area of the plot. Harvesting

Thirty-two feet and eight inches of the inside two rows, beginning eight feet and eight inches from the end of the plots, were handharvested, The heads from the entire sampling area were placed in

cloth sacks, weighed, and representative sub-samples were taken for each plot. The representative sub-samples were weighed, dried, and threshed with special equipment provided by the South Plains Research and xtension Center in order to determine grain yields for each plot. Statistical determinations of yields and nutrient levels were made by using the analysis of variance and Duncan's new multiple range test (28).

18 Greenhouse Study Greenhouse Procedure

Soil used in the greenhouse study was taken from one of the sites where very severe chlorosis had developed in the field study. The

soil was seived through a one-fourth inch mesh stainless steel screen and thoroughly mixed. Twenty pounds of soil were used per pot in Field capacity

three replications for each treatment of the study.

of the soil was determined to be 19.7)^ moisture, This percentage was used to bring each pot to field capacity weekly by weight, Plants were watered with deionized water. Determination of the

per cent calcium carbonate equivalent gave a value of 12.67^. A sample of this soil was analyzed by the Texas Agricultural jjctension Service Soil Testing Laboratory at Lubbock, from the soil test are presented in Table 4. TABLE 4 Soil test results. Soil for greenhouse study was taken from the Gene Hamilton farm, I965. pH Percentage r^ Organic ['latter 1.2 -n P V K n Ca ? ; 3 Pounds per acre >9940 754 o T IT _ Soluble < . . . . . , Na The results

8.4

68

777

690

Fertilizer Applications The pots were fertilized with treatments shown in Table 5. The fertilizer raaterials were placed in a layer which was approximately 1 to 1 1/2 inches below the seed, The fertilizer materials

19 used in this study were the same as those used in the field study. Additional treatments of iron and Sul-Po-Mag were included to check for benefits from additional iron from IRN-GRO or added Sul-Po-Mag.

TABLE 5 Fertilizer treatments used in greenhouse study^ Treatment Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 Treatment (rate per acre) 0-0-0 100-40-0 * (elemental) 40 pounds IRN-GRO + 100-40-0 160 pounds IRN-GRO + 100-40-0 320 pounds IRN-GRO + 100-40-0 40 pounds IRN-GRO + 56 pounds ZINK-GRO + 100-40-0 160 pounds IRN-GRO + 56 pounds ZINK-GRO + 100-40-0 200 pounds Sul-Po-Mag + 100-40-0 400 pounds Sul-Po-Mag + 100-40-0

The nitrogen source was ammonium nitrate. Sorghum Varieties Used Two varieties were selected on the basis of apparent susceptibHity to iron deficiency and tolerance to the condition. Combine Kafir 60 appeared to be theraostsusceptible variety in the field, while Texas 660 appeared to beraoretolerant to the soil conditions, The seeds of each variety were planted approximately 1 inch below the soil surface to simulate field conditions and then thinned to five plants per pot and were grown for ten weeks beginning in Deceraber 1965

20 Plant Sampling

The plants were washed from the pots and the roots and tops were separated. Tops and roots were washed in tap water, 0.1 N HCl,

and deionized water, oven-dried, weighed and stored for analysis. The tops were ground and analyzed in the same manner as samplings from the field.

Laboratory Analysis

Dried plant samples were ground through a 40-mesh screen by a Wiley mill (intermediate model). Large saraples from the field

were broken down with a food blender before being ground through the i/iley mill. Smith, Reuther and Specht (40) found no influence

of contamination of iron in tests specifically for comparisons of contamination from a Wiley mill. Precautions were taken for removing contamination from Pyrex glassware used in determinations, as described by Jackson (26). wet ashing procedures followed were those made by Shelton and Harper (39), and Chapman and Pratt (16). The procedure used for determination of total phosphorus, total potassium, and total iron is as follows: one gram of oven-dry, finely ground tissue

was placed in a 200 milliliter (ml) tall form Pyrex beaker with 10 ml of a solution containing 3 parts concentrated nitric acid and 1 part 72^ perchloric acid, The beaker was covered x ^ t a ^ih

watch glass and placed on low heat for approximately twenty minutes to digest, The heat was raisec^ slowly, but kept low to expel The solution was

nitrous oxides \mtil the solution was colorless,

21 heated further until the acid was evaporated and a moist mass remained in the beaker. The sides of the beakers and the residue Beakers were The

were washed with 6 N HCl and returned to the heat.

heated until a moist white mass remained and then cooled^

contents were then removed quantitatively to a 50 ml volumetric flask and brought to volume with distilled water. The solution was

kept concentrated at this time to obtain a higher reading from the iron determinations, The flask was stoppered and the contents

thoroughly mixed and the solution filtered to remove the insoluble residue^ The filtrate was collected in acid washed, flint glass Phosphorus

bottles for storage and detemination of elements^

determinations were made according to the procedures of Shelton and Harper (39) with the Bausch and Lomb colorimeter at a wavelength of 700 milliraicrons^ The Jarrell-Ash atomic absorption spectrophotometer

was used to make determinations of iron using a wavelength of 2483 angstroms. The Coleman Model 21 flame photometer was used for

potassium determinations after the method described by Chapman and Pratt (16). The laboratory analyses for phosphorus were made in the research laboratories at the South Plains Research and Sxtension Center; iron analyses were made in the Geosciences Departraent at Texas Technological College; and potassium analyses were made in the research laboratories of the Agronomy Department at Texas Technological College,

CHAPTR IV

RES0LT3 AND DISCUSSION Field Study Grain Yields

ield data are presented in Table 6.

The mean yield of grain The

represents the average pounds per acre for three replications. grain yields ranged from 0 to 4264 pounds per acre. The yield

variations between replications of the same treatment were, in sorae instances, very large. Consequently, large differences in yields

were necessary to detect significant differences among treatments or varieties. lybrids had yields significantly greater than the parental

varieties, but varieties in either category were not significantly different frora each other.
!i .
II

Differences araong varieties were apparent in field observations (Figures 2, 3 4, 5t and 6) during the growing season and in yield data. Differences within a variety due to treatraents could not be
'{

found in the field work. Since different treatments of nitrogen and phosphorus were added to the replications, a check was raade to deterraine if soil effects or nitrogen and phosphorus treatraents produced differences in yields of varieties. The plots in treatment 1 were not significantly The plots in

different due to soil effects or among varieties.

treatraent 2 had no significant differences among treatraents or varieties. The Corabine Kafir 60 and Caprock had plots in which all or raost 22

23 TABLE 6 Grain y i e l d s frora four sorghura v a r i e t i e s grovm on c a l c a r e o u s s o i l s . Variety and Treatment Yield of Replications : l a Yield -en Pounds per acre II III

Corabine Kafir 60 1 0-0-0 2 100-0-0 or 100-''l'0-0 3 IRN-GRO + treatraent 2 4 ZINK-GRO + treatment 2 5 IRN-GRO + ZINK-GRO + treatment 2 6 Sul-Po-Mag + treatment 2 Caprock 1 0-0-0 2 100-0-0 or 100-40-0 3 IRN-GRO + treatraent 2 4 ZINK-GRO + treatment 2 5 IRN-GRO + ZINK-GRO + treatjTient 2 6 Sul-Po-Mag + treatment 2 Texas 660 1 0-0-0 2 100-0-0 or 100-40-0 3 IRN-GRO + treatraent 2 4 ZINK-GRO + treatraent 2 5 IRN-GRO + ZINK-GRO + treatraent 2 6 Sul-Po-4ag + treatraent 2 RS 1 2 3 4 5 6 610 0-0-0 100-0-0 or 100-40-0 IRN-GRO + treatraent 2 ZINK-GRO + treatraent 2 IRN-GRO + ZINK-GRO + treatraent 2 Sul-Po-:ag + treatraent 2

490 346 2880

3520 3792

1882 1295 4068

1801 1859 1471 960 1489 1105

2028 256

2438 3060

810 494 586 458 742 452

650 574 1122 360 1512 1268

1572 3059 2739 1346 2784 2430

1011 1379 1482 721 1679 1383

2064 1766 790 1144 3772 69

34 490 1962 212 4174 3738

3694 2406 3032 4294 4846 3646

1930 1554 1928 1883 4264 2484

1098 926 1033 660 572 482

3550 4168 3152 4060 640 1592

4572 3938 3424 3510 4334 368O

3073 3011 2536 2743 1849 I9I8

i - ^

' ; -

-..'J7'

. . ' -

Figure 2

View showing varietal differences on July 12.

' 2.^- ;'5^'"^ - - ^ - ^

. ^I -wT^-*--f

s.

:V ;

S '^--

"K^?!;^^^, ^S^.^^j^^
Figure 3, View showing extrerae chlorosis and varietal differences on July 12, The change of varieties frora the first replication to the second replication can be seen

25

Figure 4

View showing varietal differences and extreme chlorosis on July 12. The change of varieties frora the first replication to to the second replication can be seen.

1
%
:A \''\ > B

\<-

.f j

,fe^:

Figure 5

View showing differences between Caprock (7000) and BS 610 (610) on August 23.

26

Figure 6.

View showing differences between Corabine Kafir 60 (B 3197) and RS 610 (610).

27 plants died during the growing season as shown by plant counts on July 26 and Noveraber 6, I965 (Table 7 ) .

TABL-] 7 Plant populations of grain sorghum varieties on J\ily 26 and November 6, 1965 Plants per acre. Variety Treatment 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Replication July 90,823 81,022 83,635 81,022 77.101 92,129 77,101 36,590 79.715 72,527 67,954 48,352 60,113 101,930 82,932 78,408 74,488 51.619 85,595 68,607 36.590 75,141 64,033 .,403 7 November 4,574 19,602 22,216 1,307 July 84,289 96,703 46,391 60,113 92,783 92,129 4,574 43,12-'^ 7,187 13,721 50,965 59,005 87.556 82,982 102,584 65,340 81,022 34,942 90,323 103,237 94,743 81,022 79.061 94.743 November 60,113 73,834 653 6^4.. 687 47,045 III July Noveraber 8'i,9^2 61,420 92,783 47,045 5,227 88,209 54,886 16,988 39,204 45,738 52,272 10,454 69,914 34,287 93,436 85,595 65.993 90,169 56,146 103,891 31,022 67,954 97.357 82.932 57.499 5,881 5^1,886 5.881 3,920 47,698 53,579 11,761 31,363 36,590 45,085

Corabine Kafir 60

Caprock

57.499 28,096 ^^5.738 52.925 39,204 30,710 48,352 35.937 47.698 34,630 56,192 25,5B3 57,499 37,2^ 7,841 41,164 32,670 40.511

26,136 5,227 45,085 26,789 25,493 46,391 76,448 15,682 66,647 60,113 70,567 83.635 73,834 67,954 45,085 68.607

Texas 660

66,647 38.551 63,380 60,113 45,085 49,005 12.415 71.374 65,993 72.527 55.539 56.192

RS 610

These plots had populations of 60,000 to 90,000 plants per acre in July and had no plants in Noveraber. Caprock and R3 610 had

plots with low populations, not exceeding about 10,000 plants per acre in July and were less in November. These plots were partially

covered by soil from heavy rain just after emergence in early June.

23 Under soil conditions producing severe chlorosis, the Combine Kafir 60 produced low to no yields and most plants in the area died prior to harvest. The Caprock variety had been observed by

Dr. Coffey (I7) to be quite tolerant to the conditions producing chlorosis, however, this variety tended to die in the areas producing severe chlorosis. This variety was observed to bloom and produce grain too late for a normal crop in the areas having a high calcium carbonate equivalent. The Texas 66O and RS 610 (hybrids) both possessed a greater ability to withstand these severe conditions and still produce grain. Both varieties were susceptible to severe chlorotic

conditions and gave low yields under these conditions, however, the extent of necrosis was less in these varieties than in the parental varieties, Plant Sampling Plant saraplings from the field consisted of an equal number of plants taken from each plot. The first biweekly sampling was made on June 28 and consisted of tventy plants from each plot, On this date, differences among varieties in their response to soil conditions were observed. Treatment differences could not be Texas 66O and RS 6IO

seen at this time or at any later period.

were growing well and were approximately six to eight inches tall, The Corabine Kafir 60 and Caprock were very similar to one another in size and extent of chlorosis. These two varieties were only about two to four inches tall and were showing much more chlorosis than the hybrids.

29

Statistical analysis of the oven-dry weights revealed significant differences among the varieties (Table 8), due to treatraents in this sampling. There were no differences

TABLE 8 Total weight of twenty grain sorghum plants on June 28. Weight is given in grams. Replication I II III I II III Treatment Number 1 2,59 2,41 1,85 1,63 2,24 3.32 5.96 3.90 3.90 1.77 2,86 3.76 2 3.28 2,40 2,94 2,22 3.07 1,81 4,09 4,61 6.50 3.35 2.92 7.14 3 1.48 1.69 2.10 1.17 1.73 4.23 3.83 4.20 8,08 2,26 4,45 3.18
Li

Variety Combine Kafir 60

5 1.66 1.79 3.92 1.53 2.00 6.28 7.01 3.54 8.61 3.82 2.45 10.74

6 1.46 1.31 1.78 1.82 1.28 2.24 3.33 3.49 3.75 2,27 2.89 4.51

Mean*

3.25 1.73 1.69 1.55 1.70 2.85 6.32 2.50 5.31 2.76 3.54 5.16

2.19

Caprock

2.37 bc

I Texas 660 II III RS 610 I II III

4.94 a

3.88 ab

Values having the sarae letter designation do not differ (P < .05, Duncan's new multiple range test). Since different nitrogen and phosphorus treatments were used on the replications, analyses were made on differences in varieties and replications by using the plots on which no fertilizer had been added. Also, the fertilizer treatments on the replications were analyzed. The plant weights among varieties and replications were not significantly different in the 0-0-0 plots (Table 9). In the plots

receiving the basic fertilizer rate, the varieties were not significantly different indicating that the basic fertilizer made

30 no difference in the replications (Table 10). Also, analysis

of plant weights to check for benefits from the basic fertilizer treatraent revealed no significant differences. Generally, variations were so great that differences were not large enough to show significance.

TABLS 9 Analysis of variance of plant weights of varieties at 0-0-0 fertilizer rate on June 28. Source Degrees of Freedora 3 2 6 11 Mean of Sum of Squares 10.296 0,255 6,343 16,894 Squares 3.432 0,128 1.057 F

Varieties Replications Error Total

3.25 0,12

TABLE 10 Analysis of variance of plant weights of varieties at the basic fertilizer rate on June 28, Source Varieties Replications Error Total Degrees of Freedora 3 2 6 11 i^ean of Sum of Squares 17.045 7.189 8,066 32.300 Squares 5.682 3.595 1,344 4,23 2,67

The varieties, Caprock and RS 610, each had differences in growth among replications since the average dry weight increased from replication I through III. Replication H I was high and significantly greater than replications I and II which were not

31 significantly different. The differences exhibited in the replications were probably due to soil conditions rather than the basic fertilizer treatment, Plant growth throughout the growing season was observed to be very erratic in the field, and it varied accordin^T to the areas in which the plants were growing, The chlorotic areas tended to have little growth in all varieties, while all varieties had excellent growth in areas not producing chlorosis. The chlorotic plants generally had slow development of the stalks. Internode extension was slow and growth was slow, if the plants survived (Figures 7, 8, 9 and 10), The samplings of plants from the plots tended to show varietal differences in response to soil conditions with the hybrids generally growing better, Five plots of Combine Kafir 60 and three plots of

Caprock had died by October 7. The hybrids survived very well and exhibited better growth than the parental varieties in the soil areas where Combine Kafir 60 and Caprock generally died,

Chemical Analysis Phosphorus in Plants The concentration of phosphorus in plants and plant parts was analyzed to determine if there was a difference between varieties or araong treatments. Concentrations of phosphorus in all varieties

are shown in Tables 11, 12 and 13. The first sampling, on June 28, f'xhibited differences in concentrations among varieties, but none within varieties due to treatments, In the other samplings.

32

Figure 7.

View showing necrosis in Combine Kafir 60 (B 3197) as it occurred in an area producing severe chlorosis.

.r

Figure 8

View sho^ring odd growth of plants in an area producing chlorosis (Combine Kafir 60).

^^

Figure 9.

View of sectioned chlorotic and non-chlorotic plants showing the lack of intemode extension in the chlorotic plants of RS 610.

Figure 10.

View of sectioned chlorotic and non-chlorotic plants showing the lack of intemode extension in the chlorotic plants of Texas 660.

yi

TABLE 11 Concentration of phosphorus in aboveground portions of plants on June 28, Values are expressed in parts per million. Variety ^^P^^______ cation Combine Kafir 60 I II III I II III 3160 2040 2200 3360 4500 2280 2520 3I6O 1760 2920 2000 3200 2440 1980 3240 2720 3320 2440 2300 2720 3040 2660 1880 1460 Treatments 3 4 2720 3900 2880 2800 3880 2320 2760 2740 2120 2800 2180 I78O 2560 3200 3300 3800 4450 2500 2360 3620 2900 3160 1960 1520 3740 3740 2920 30i^0 2020 3540 3160 2800 2440 2720 2020 3520 2000 3160 1840 2000 1980 2080 2920 2720 2520 2440 2080 2160 Mean

2923

Caprock

3057

I Texas 660 II III RS 610 I II III

2448

2353

TABLE 12 Concentration of phosphorus in abovegroimd portions of plants on July 26. Values are expressed in parts per million. Variety ^^. cation ^ Combine Kafir 60 I II III I II III 3I8O 1600 I62O 2760 3400 1500 1640 3I8O 1280 2960 1480 ^120 2000 I62O 2200 2960 3220 2640 1580 2720 2620 2540 1280 1420 Treatments

2
3000 2800 2300 2200 3900 I98O 2390 2000 1720 2900 1300 1260

L_
1780 3200 3620 3000 2440 1740 2840 1820 2720 1620 1280 3280 3460 1980 2840 1620 2200 3560 2900 3140 2040 1680 1900 1600 3000 1300 1280 1720 2840 3180 2900 2500 1820 1380 2600

Mean 2461

Caprock

2512

I Texas 66O II III RS 610 I II III

2071

2126

35

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36
differences in concentrations among varieties could no longer be detected. In the sampling taken on October 7, (Table 13) analysis

of individual parts (leaves, stalk, and inflorescence) revealed no significant differences between Texas 660 and RS 610. The Combine Kafir 60 and Caprock varieties were not used in statistical analysis because of the number of missing plots. These were plots that died out and an estimation of concentrations would probably be inaccurate. Phosphorus concentrations in the remaining plots of Combine Kafir 60 and Caprock were very similar to those in Texas 660 and RS 610. It was noted in the June 28 sampling (Table 11) that plant samples from plots which died later tended to have the highest concentration of phosphorus in the plants. Within the varieties, differences in concentration due to treatment were not detected in the different samplings analyzed. In the July 26 sampling, differences in concentrations of phosphorus in replications were found for the RS 610. Replication I had the highest phosphorus concentration and it was the replication x^th the greatest amount of total chlorosis in all plots. Total phosphorus in the plants did not show significant differences among varieties at any sampling analyzed. The Combine

Kafir 60 and Caprock from the sampling on October 7 were not used because of the plots that had died due to soil conditions, however, the remaining plots exhibited total phosphorus present in quantities similar to the analyzed varieties. The concentration of phosphorus in the samples decreased slightly from the sampling on June 28, to the sampling on July 26,

37
and to the sampling on October 7. This would be expected since

total phosphorus may be increased only slightly as the plants approach maturity, In the sampling on July 26, the hybrids had

significantly higher total uptake of phosphorus in replication III because of greater total plant growth in this replication. A

significant difference was found due to treatjnents in the RS 610. The zinc treatment gave the greatest uptake, but was not different from the treatment with only the basic fertilizer treatment (Table 14).

TABLE 14 Total phosphorus uptake of the aboveground portion of RS 610 on July 26. Values are expressed in micrograms. Treatment Number I Replication II III Mean*

1 2 3 4 5 6

21.13 31.47 25.75 128.22 32.60 102.63

43.60 60.06 28.56 79.32 39.05 ^0.6^

84.55 128.95 56.57 114.16 98.16 131.85

49.76 73.49 36.96 107.23 56.60 95.04

c abc c a bc ab

Values having the same letter designation do not differ (P < .05, Duncan*s new multiple range test).

Iron in Plants

The concentration of iron in the plant tissue was not significantly different among varieties or due to treataients in any of the samplings analyzed. This is in accord with findings by previous

workers (29). The concentration of iron in the plants generally tendd to be lower as the plants progressed from early growth to maturity as shown in Tables 15 and 16.

38

TABLE 15 Concentration of iron in aboveground parts of plants on June 28. Values are expressed in parts per million. Variety Combine Kafir 60 Replication I II III I II III I II III I II III 180 185 160 240 160 185 205 245 175 265 200 235 180 220 205 190 250 180 230 240 140 175 230 320 Treatment 3 4 210 195 140 210 245 203 215 295 240 135 245 200 225 165 160 250 240 175 265 205 215 205 333 250

i.
283 200 210 170 265 215 190 265 205 220 200 240 200 205 150 200 200 195 215 240 200 200 215 210

Mean

195

Caprock

210

Texas 660

221

RS 610

227

Total iron content of the plants revealed significant differences among varieties on June 28 (Table 17) but showed no differences from treatments or in replications. In the sampling on July 26 (Table 18), no differences in total iron content among varieties could be found. Significant differences among

treatments were found in Texas 66O (Table 19). In the sampling made on October 7 (Table 20) differences were found in the total iron content of the leaves between Texas 66O and RS 610. Other plant parts did not show differences. The Combine Kafir 60 and Caprock had amounts of total iron in the plant parts similar to the hybrids, in the plots that remained, however, five plots of Combine Kafir 60 and three plots of Caprock had died. These dead plots would lower means and probably show differences

39

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40

TABLE 17
Total iron in ] plants on June 28.
V a r A'h'i n ^

Values are expressed in raicrograms Treatment 4 731 285 271 388 409 498 1675 513 1141

Replication I II III I II III I II III I II III

1 467 445 296 416 358 615 1222 955 682 468 573 883

2 590 528 603 422 768 326 941 1106 910 586 671 2286

5 470 359 823 259 529 1350 1332 937 1764 841 491 2578

6
292 290 267 361 256 436 726 838 750 455 620 948

Mean* 425 b

Corabine Kafir 60

311 329 294 247 424 856 823 1239 1939 305 1090
6;36

Caprock

495 ab

Texas 660

IO83 a

BS 610

565
1177 1289

915 ab

Values having the same letter designation do not differ (P < ,05, Duncan's new multiple range test). TABLE 18
i
1

Total iron in plants on July 26. Varieties Combine Kafir 60 Replication I II III I II III I II III I II III 1 1206 3392 3657 3696 1078 5799 4587 2973 8304 750 2651 5285 2 3439 3785 2097 1053 1999 4025 3500 110 3474 1053 4106 8627

Values are expressed in micrograms. C 5 1940 2646 5614 1079 2414 11050 7595 5512 9355 2279 1328 8180 6 736 652 5092 999 2428 1589 2800 5035 6154 4158 2435 6846 Mean
t.,

Treatraent 4 3 I98I 417 4927 1073 781 8350 2993 2907 5242 2042 1922 ^929 1874 959 651 2061 6025 3351 2211 3624 3771 4896 11149

't'
II

2503

'

Caprock

3O83

Texas 66O

4429

B3 610

4128

41 between the varieties. The percentage of iron in various plant

parts by October 7 was not different among Texas 660 and RS 610, treatraents, or replications. The Corabine Kafir 60 and Caprock, in

the plots remaining, had similar percentages of iron in the same parts as the hybrids (Table 21).

TABLE 19 Total iron in Texas 660 on July 26. Values are expressed in micrograms.

Treatment 1 2 3 4 5 6

I 4587 3500 2993 3351 7595 2800

Replications II 2973 110 2907 2211 5512 5035

III 8304 3474 5242 3624 9355 6154

Mean* 5288 236I 3714 3062 7497 4663 b c bc bc a ** bc

Values having the same letter designation do not differ (P < .05, Duncan's new multiple range test). The treatment of added iron and zinc shows to be best here, however, in all three replications the location of this plot appeared to be favorable in relation to having a lower per cent calcium carbonate equivalent than adjacent plots. Other treatments were not different from the untreated plot.

Potassiura in Plants Varieties and treatments exhibited no significant differences in concentration of potassium in the samplings made on June 28 and July 26. In the sampling of October 7, a difference was found in

the concentration in the leaves of Texas 66O and RS 6IO with Texas 660 having a higher concentration. The stalks and inflorescence did

not have this difference in concentration between varieties or treatments. Concentrations of potassium ranged from 2.00 to ^'^^

42

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44 per cent in the sampling on June 28. The range of concentrations increased with later samplings but were generally lower with sorae plots showing concentrations in leaves of about 0.80 per cent The total potassium content of plants was significantly different between varieties in all samplings analyzed. The differences were a reflection of total plant growth (Tables 22, 23, and 24). In the sampling on June 28, there were no differences within varieties due to treatment, however, a difference was shovm in RS 610 in the July 26 sampling (Table 25). detected later. TABLE 22 Total potassium uptake by aboveground portions of varieties by June 28. Values are expressed in milligrams for 20 plants per plot. Variety 1 2 Treatment 3 4 ^ 6 Mean* This difference was not

l l

1 .
j"

Combine Kafir 60

71 64 45 51

76 59 83 68 99 44 108 154 205 108 72 188

30 54 62 29 51 110 112 117 237 52 116 86

87 59 48 42 60 76 178 85 140 90 90 134

49 47 105 34 48 173 205 87 243 132 74

44 86 49 37 33 69 111 94 103 71 84 129

59 b

C'

Caprock

77
92 170 120 107 53 72 111

66 b

Texas 660

143 a

RS 610

111 ab

Values having the same l e t t e r designation do not d i f f e r (P < . 0 5 , Diincan's nev; multiple range t e s t ) .

45

TABLE 23 Total potassium uptake by aboveground portions of varieties by July 26. Values are expressed in milligraras for 20 plants per plot. Treatraents 3 ^ +

Variety

Mean

Corabine Kafir 60

251 1153 819 1203 259 1359 1413 549 2855 221 761 827

884 998 547 397 811 1459 1155 741 935 400 1117 1907

479 32 1594 521 427 1998 912 1236 1655 284 611 1010

656 121 113 611 1486 878 566 1450 1688 1288 2007

556 1000 1628 389 966 2593 1983 1184 2853 282 5O8 1636

101 421 1554 293 860 350 1258 1168 1934 1239 829 1359

717

Caprock

888

Texas 660

1375
c.

BS 610

996

46

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00 TH v r \ v r \ v r \ , H 00 r>\r>TH 00 vr\ vf> C 00 .:t \ 0 O O

H H

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li
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47

TABLE 25 Total potassium in aboveground portions of RS 610 by July 26, Weights are expressed in milligrams for 8 plants per plot. Treatment 1 2 I 221 400 284 1688 282 1239 Replications II III 827 1907 1010 2007 1636 1359 Mean* 588 1141 635 1661 809 1142 b ab b a b ab

76
1117 611 1288 508 829

3 4 5 6

Values having the same l e t t e r designation do not d i f f e r (P < . 0 5 , Duncan*s new raultiple range t e s t ) .

48 Greenhouse Study Total dry matter produced in the aboveground portions of the varieties of grain sorghum was significantly different between varieties and due to treatments. Texas 660 produced a greater amount of total dry material than the Combine Kafir 60. Differences due to treatraents are shown in Table 26.

Chemical Analysis Phosphorus in Plants

Texas 660 exhibited no difference in concentration or in total uptake of phosphorus in the tops due to treatment. A significant difference in concentration and total uptake of phosphorus due to treatment was found in the Combine Kafir 60. The difference in concentration and total uptake did not occur in the same treatments as exhibited in Tables 27 and 28. The lowest concentration and lovxest total uptake did occur in the treatment with the greatest addition of Sul-Po-Mag. Iron in Plants Iron was taken up in significantly different concentration (Table 29) due to treatment in the Texas 660 while total uptake was not significantly different. No significant differences were exhibited in the Corabine Kafir 60 in either concentration or total uptake of iron,

49

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TABL5 29 Iron concentration in tops of two grain sorghum varieties grown in a calcareous soil in the ^reenhouse. Values are expressed in parts per million. Treatment Combine Kafir 60 Replications I II III iMean* Texas 66O Replications I II III 53 70 70 88 75 88 80 50 115 79 60 65 65 53

Mean* 70 68 74 67 54 83 65 78 45 abc abc ab abc cd a bc ab d

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

55
60 70 70 65 65 55 50 65

100 95

75

60 53 45 65 70 35

85 65 65 60 65 40 53 65 60

80 73 70 63 61 50 58 62 53

a a a a a a a a a

55
60 60 60 70 40

75
60 80 45

75
85 50

Values within a variety having the sarae letter desi^nation do not differ (P < .05, Duncan's newraultiplerange test). Potassium in Plants Significant differences due to treatment were found in both varieties in total uptake and concentration of potassium. differences are shown in Table 3O and y. These
li'i

53 TABLE 30 Potassium uptake in tops by two grain sorighum varieties grown in a calcareous soil in the greenhouse. Values are expressed in milligrams. Treatraent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Combine Kafir 60 Replications I II III Wean* 101 118 118 134 131 121 108 130 69 107 129 147 121 130 168 92 66 74 174 168 101 110 82 115 134 ^8 81 bc 133 a 138 a 127 ab 121 ab 111 ab 130 a 119 ab 61 c Texas 660 Replications I II III 102 103 161 130 144 141 179 91 94 131 115 127 85 115 115 141 64 76 124 101 97 144 95 158 140 70

Mean* 91 bc 119 ab 123 ab 118 ab 124 ab 117 abc 151 a 124 ab 64 c

58

57

Values within a variety having the same letter designation do not differ (P < .05, Duncan*s new multiple range test).

TABLE 31 Percentages of potassium in tops in two grain sorghum varieties grown in calcareous soil in the greenhouse. Treatraent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*

Combine Kafir 60 Replications I II III Mean* 3.58 3.23 3.30 2.93 3.20 3.58 3.25 3-0 .^ 2.68 3.50 3.20 3^20 3.33 3.25 3^50 3.15 3.30 1.53 3.38 3.33 3.20 2.80 2.63 2.63 2^60 3.15 1.30 3.49 3.25 3.23 3.02 3.03 3.24 3.00 3.28 1^84 a ab ab b b ab b ab c

Texas 66O Replications I II III 2^95 2.43 3.05 2.93 3.00 2.78 3.85 2^93 1.50 2^95 2.48 2^78 2.98 2.20 2.85 2.75 3.23 1.50 2.75 2.83 2,48 2.75 2.68 2.50 3.25 2.85 1.43

Ifean* 2.88 b 2.58 b 2.77 b 2.89 ab 2.63 b 2.71 b 3.28 ab 3^00 ab 1.48 c

Values within a variety having the same letter designation do not differ (P < .05, Duncan's new multiple range test).

CHAPTER V

SU:''1MARY AJD CONCLasiONS

?o\ir varieties of grain sorghum were used to study differences in yields and coraposition with four selected soil treatraents on calcareous soils on the High Plains of Texas during the summer of I965, The varieties were Combine Kafir 6O, Caprock, Texas 66O (Combine Kafir 60 X Caprock), and BS 610 (Combine Kafir 60 X 7078). Treatraents were the same on all varieties and consisted of 0-0-0; 100-0-0 or 100-40-0; 100-0-0 or 100-40-0 plus forty pounds IRN-GRO, fifty-six pounds ZINK-GRO, forty pounds IRN-GRO and fiftysix pounds ZINK-GRO, and two hundred pounds Sul-Po-Mag per acre. Rainfall early in the growing season was considered to be above normal at that time. Treatments in the greenhouse on Combine Kafir 60 and Texas 66O consisted of controls, different rates of iron source and an increased rate of Sul-Po-Mag as compared to the field experiraent. Vom this study the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The hybrids were significantly greater than the parental

varieties in growth and grain yield on calcareous soils, 2. Iron and zinc treatraents in the field or greenhouse were

not significantly different frora the basic fertilizer treatments. 3. The yield of all varieties generally decreased as the

per cent calcium carbonate equivalent of the soil increased. 4. Plnts which became extremely chlorotic and eventually died

were found to contain very high concentrations of phosphorus in the first sampling.

54

55
5Plant growth and grain yields were affected more by soil

conditions than by treatraents. 0. Combine Kafir 60 was more susceptible to chlorosis than

other varieties, based upon the number of plots that died. 7. Total iron in plants exhibited differences among varieties

but not araong treatraents in a variety. 8. Total potassium in plants was significantly different

among varieties, however, variation was so great that significant differences among varieties could not be established. Frora the preceding conclusions, the author would raake the following suggestions concerning future iron deficiency studies of grain sorghum varieties on calcareous soils: 1. The soil used for future studies should be considerably

more uniform in coraposition. 2. A greater nuraber of differing hybrids should be corapared

I

since the hybrids did not vary significantly and the raajority of the farraers do not plant the parental varieties. 3. A foliar treatraent should be included in areas where
\\\

severe chlorosis occurs to insure that the problera can be corrected by fertilizer raaterials applied.

11'

LIST OF REFERENCES 1. 2. Allan, J. C. 1959^ The deterraination of iron and raanganese by atoraic absorption. Spectrochim. Acta 15:800-806. Allison, L. E. and C. D. Moodie. I965. Carbonate, In C^ A. HLack (ed.) Methods of soil analysis, Part 2, Cheraical and raicrobiological properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 1387-1390. Bennett, J. P. 1945. Iron in leaves. Soil Sci. 60:91-105.

J. 4,

Biddulph, 0. and C. G. ^^oodbridge. 1952. The uptake of phosphorus by bean plants with particular reference to the effects of iron. Plant Physiol. 27:431-444. Brown, J. C. I96I. Iron chlorosis in plants. Advances in Agron. 13:329-369* and R. S. Holraes. 1955 Iron, the liraiting eleraent in a chlorosis: Part I, Availability and utilization of iron dependent upon nutrition and plant species. Plant Physiol. 30:451-457^ and 1956. Iron supply and interacting factors related to lirae-induced chlorosis. Soil Sci. 82:507-519. , R. S. Holraes and L. 0. Tiffin. 1958. Iron chlorosis in soybeans as related to the genotype of rootstalk. Soil Sci. 86:75-82. , and 1959^ Hypotheses conceming iron chlorosis. Soil Sci. Soc. Ara. Proc. 23:231-234. , and .. 1961. Iron chlorosis in soybeans as related to the genotype of rootstalk: 3. Chlorosis susceptibility and reductive capacity at the root. Soil Sci. 91:127-132. , 0. R. Lunt, R. S. Holraes and L. 0. Tiffin. 1959. The bicarbonate ion as an indirect cause of iron chlorosis. Soil Sci. 88:260-266. ^ and L. 0. Tiffin. I965. Iron stress as related , to the iron and citrte occurring in stera exudate. Plant Physiol, 40:395-^00. and , R. S. Holraes, A. W. Specht and J. W. Resnicky. 1959. Intemal inactiviation of iron in soybeans as affected by root growth raedium. Soil Sci87:89-94

5 6.

8.

9, 10,

11,

12,

13,

56

57
14. Brown, J. C., L. 0. Tiffin, A. W. Specht, and J. W. Resnicky. 1961. Iron absorption by roots as affected by plant species and concentration of chelating agent. Agron. J. 58:81-85^ Burtch, L. M., D. W. Thome and F. B. V/ann. 1948. The effect of light, soil teraperature, and soilraoistureon high-lirae chlorosis. Soil Sci. Soc. Ara. Proc. 13:394-398. Chapraan, H. D. and P. F. Pratt. I96I. Methods of analysis for soils, plants and waters. Univ. of Calif., Riverside, Calif. Coffey, L^ C. I965. Personal coraraunication. Excel Sorghum Co., Plainview, Texas. January, I965. Dean, J. A. I96O. Flame photoraetery. Corapany, Inc. New York. McGraw-Hill Book

15.

16.

17 18. 19. 20.

DeKock, P. C. 1955. Iron nutrition of plants at high pH. Soil Sci. 79:167-175. SLgala, A. M. and R. H. Maier. 1964. Cheraical forras of plant and soil iron as influenced by soil raoisture. Plant and Soil 21:201-212. Fisher, E. L. and L. Reyes. 1954. Chlorosis in sorghums in the Rio Grande plain of Texas. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Prog. Rep. 1737. Girdner, C. L., Jr. I963. Soil survey, Bailey County, Texas. Soil Conservation Service, USDA. U.S. Govt. Printing Office. V/ashington, D.C. Haas, A. R. C. 1942. Lime-induced chlorosis of citrus in relation to soil factors. Plant Physiol. 17:27-51. Hewitt, . J. 1963^ The essential nutrient elements: ] ^ F. C. Steward (Ed.) Requireraents and interactions in plants. Plant Physiology III. Acaderaic Press. New York. pp. 192-212.
11

21.

22.

23^ 24.

25.

Hoover, C. A. 1964. Recommendations for treating iron deficiency in Nebraska crops. Agronomy Tips, Number 1551 Nebraska Exp. Sta., Univ. of Nebr., Coll, of Agr., Lincoln, Nebraska. Jackson, M. L. 1958. Soil cheraical analysis. Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Lane, H. C. and H. J. Walker. I96I. Mineral accumulation and distribution in grain sorghum. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Misc. Pub. 533.

26. 27.

58 28. LeClerg, E. L., W. H. Leonard, and A. G. Clark. I962. Field plot technique. 2nd ed. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis, i^iinnesota. Lindner, R.C. and C. P. Harley. 1944. Nutrient interrelations in lime-induced chlorosis. Plant Physiol. 29:420-439. Lingle, J. C , L. 0. Tiffin and J. C. Brown. I963. Iron uptake-transport of soybeans as influenced by other cations. Plant Physiol. 38:71-76. McGeorge, W. T. 1948. iicro and macro nutrient interrelations in lirae induced chlorosis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 13:200-204. Miller, G. W., J. C. Brown, R. S. Holmes. I96O. Chlorosis in soybean as related to iron, phosphorus, bicarbonates, and cytochrome oxidase activity. Plant Physiol. 35:619-625. Mitchell, R. L. 1964. Trace eleraents in soils. Jn F. E. Bear (ed.) Cheraistry of the soil. 2nd ed. Reinhold Publishing Corp. New York. pp. 320-368. Olsen, R. V. I947. Iron solubility in soils as affected by pH and free iron oxide content. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 12:153-157. 1950. Effects of acidification, iron oxide addition, and other soil treatments on sorghum chlorosis and iron absorption. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 15:97-101. Porter, L. K. and D. W. Thome. 1955. Interrelation of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions in causing plant chlorosis. Soil Sci. 79:373-382. Sadik, M. K. I965. Mechanism of iron chlorosis in grain sorghura. Unpublished Ph. D. abstract. Texas A & M University. Seatz, L. F. and H. B. Peterson. 1964. Acid, Alkaline, saline, and sodic soils. In F. 3. Bear, (ed.) Cheraistry of the soil. 2nd ed. Reinhold Publishing Corp. New York. pp. 292-319. Shelton, u . R. and H. J. Harper. 1941. A rapidraethodfor the ' deterraination of total phosphorus in soil and plant raaterial. lowa State College J. of Sci. 15:403-413. Sraith, P. F., . Reuther and A. yh Specht. 1950. Mineral ' coraposition of chlorotic orange leaves and sorae observations on the relation of saraple preparation technique to the interpretation of results. Plant Physiol. 25:496-506.

29. 30.

31. 32.

33.

34.

35

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

59
41. 42. Stewart, I. I963. Chelation in the absorption and translocation of raineral eleraents. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 14:298-299. Thoraas, M. D. I965. -Environraental and raetabolic relationships. In F. C. Steward (Ed.) Photosynthesis. Plant Physiology IV A. Acaderaic Press, New York. p. 125. Thome, D. W., F. B. Wann. and W. Robinson. 1950. ypotheses conceming lirae-induced chlorosis. Soil Sci. Soc. Pro. 15:254-258. Wallace, A. I962. Ghelation and coordination cheraistry as an explanation of factors that induce iron chlorosis in plants. XVII Intemational Horticultural Congress. Gerabloux, Belgique. ^ 1963. Role of chelating agents on the availability of nutrients to plants. Soil. Sci. Soc. Ara. Proc. 27:176-179. . 1965. -Iicronutrient deficiencies in plants and their correction with chelates. Agr. Sci. Rev. Vol 3, No. 1, Cooperative State Research Service, USDA, U.S. Governraent Printing Office, liashington, D.C. , R. A. Jeffreys and V. 0. Hale. I962. Differential ability of two soybean varieties to take up Fe^ frora soil added to a nutrient solution. Soil Sci. 94:111-114. Wallace, T, 1928. Investigation of chlorosis of fruit trees. J. Poraol. Hort. Sci. 7:172-198. Wallihan, S. F. 1955. Relation of chlorosis to concentration of iron in citrus leaves. Ara. J. Bot. 42:101-104, i/atanabe, F. S., W. L. Lindsey, and S. R. Olsen. I965. Nutrient balance involving phosphorus, iron and zinc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 29:562-565.

43.

44.

^5 ^6.

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48. 49. 50.

51. Withee, L. V. and C. W. Carlson, 1959. Foliar and soil applications of iron compounds to control iron chlorosis of grain sorghura. Agron. J. 51:474-476.