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METHODS
Loading Device
The femur and tibia bone surfaces are assumed rigid, with
opposing articular cartilage modeled as isotropic elastic, isotropic
poroelastic, or transversely isotropic poroelastic material with the
material stiffer in the plane parallel to the cartilage surface than in the
perpendicular direction [Table 1].
Table 1. Three types of material properties assigned to cartilage
Isotropic elastic E=12MPa, n=0.45 Ref: (Jilani 1997)
Fig 1. In vivo axial loading device for the knee joint. Isotropic HA=0.60MPa, n=0.07, K=1.14*10-15m4/NS, f m=0.20
poroelastic Ref: (Athanasiou 1991)
A device was used to apply axial load to the knee joint within a Transversely E1= E2= 5.8MPa, E3= 0.46Mpa, v12= v23 =0.0, G13=
GE Signa clinical MRI scanner (Fig 1). A 26 yr. old female subject isotropic 0.37Mpa, K=1.14*10-15m4/NS, fm=0.20
with healthy knees was positioned supine with the knee flexed to poroelastic Ref: (Athanasiou 1991; Cohen 1993)
approximately 10°. To minimize motion during scanning, the thigh In all analyses, the menisci were assigned transversely isotropic
was strapped securely to a wedge shaped support restricting elastic material properties to represent the circumferential fiber
medial/lateral motion and rotation of the femur. The axial load of arrangement (E1= 140MPa, E2= E3= 20Mpa, v12= 0.2, v23 =0.3, G12=
340N was applied through weights and pulleys to an ankle-foot 50MPa) (Whipple 1984; Fithian 1989; Skaggs 1994; Tissakht 1995).
orthotic attached to a freely sliding track. Each meniscal attachment was defined as non-compressive linear
MR imaging spring elements with tensile modulus as 111MPa. The average cross
The knee was initially imaged with both routine (TE: 17 ms, TR: section area for each attachment was 50mm2 composed of 36 springs
45 ms, 1 NEX, Flip Angle: 30°, Scanning Time: 16 min) and fast (TE: with average initial length of 3mm. This resulted in a stiffness of