The Holistic Orchard

Tree Fruits and Berries the Biological Way

MICHAEL PHILLIPS

BY THE AUTHOR OF THE APPLE GROWER

Int roduc tion : Get ting Sta rt ed

Growing your own fruit becomes downright fun once you understand organic principles and take them to heart. Soil health and forest-edge ecology are what make good fruit possible, not chemical sprays. Working with Nature using biological methods makes home orcharding a venture that families can enjoy for years to come. Stepping up the size of that planting to grow healthy fruit for your community will be a fun progression for some of you. Now the time has come to plant that very first tree. Gaining confidence to do this right is key. You simply need to get over that proverbial hump that somehow youre going to screw this up and waste both effort and money. Im writing The Holistic Orchard to give you that shot in the arm, inspiration backed with knowledge that will get you started and provide the sensible guidance you need to succeed in the long haul. More people growing wholesome fruit for family and friends fits right on that shining path to a sustainable tomorrow. Doing this holisticallyby stewarding ecosystem connections and overall healthmeans youll experience real flavor in a pear or plum for perhaps the first time. That health anxiety many feel when thinking about pesticide residues in food will go out the window. Im also willing to bet youll discover a core part of your being, that place where humans find happiness and meaning as we embrace our rootedness on this precious planet. The gift of each day in an ongoing garden of eden, wherever you grow and call the land your home, tops any list of blessings. So lets get cracking, shall we? A book on growing fruit for the family needs to give clear, step-by-step instruction, share which tree fruit and berry varieties it would be wise to consider planting to start, and provide solid insight into horticultural basics like pruning and dealing with pest challenges. Such books have been written before and will be written again. However, this time you and I will go farther. Ours is a journey that wont look only at so-called organic solutions to insects and disease. Far deeper concepts lie in the pages ahead, based upon the advantages that come from fostering biodiversity. Ecosystem dynamics constitute a huge part of what it takes to bring helpful subtleties to the fore. Forget the chemically biased advice that says growing fruit organically cant be done. We have arrived in a new century with eyes open and spirits rarin to go. Everyone faces a requisite learning curve when it comes to growing decent-looking fruit. Orcharding, frankly, is more involved than straightforward organic gardening. A first-time gardener plants a certain seed, and chances are fairly good that a red beet gets plucked from the ground sixty days later. A first-time orchardist plants a tree that requires nurturing for two to five years . . . then it blooms and sets fruit . . . which must somehow overcome an onslaught of pests and diseases and four-legged critters throughout all twelve months of the year . . . before that delectable peach finally gets to shout oh, yes indeed! Youve been given a generous opportunity right there to come up to speed: Years roll by as you learn what you need to know. Flip to almost any page of this book and chances are you will feel some initial trepidation about the depths of knowledge involved in orcharding. Right? I understand, for, just like you, I too once planted my very first apple tree. This book is not some guide to instant orcharding, but rather it offers tiers of knowledge meant to be unveiled each time you return to it. Were much alike in this. I do something one way for a while and then comes a day

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when Im ready to hear that next bit on the way to becoming a better grower. Such moments arrive only when youve come farther along your learning curve and thus have the ability to make sense of the information. Be patient about this. Words on these pages weave back and forth, from friendly explanations of the basics to fascinating nuances that someday you will appreciate knowing. The extensive glossary will be a big help when youre not quite sure what a term means. Zero in on the index as well to nd every part of a particular story line. This is an orchard guide to dive back into again and again. Trust that condence will come from the doing. Im honored to be one of your teachers, but know that you will encounter many others along the way. Fruiting plants will tell you where they want to grow, for instance. That makes sense when we start thinking biologically. Plant consciousness is real, but people often get confused by believing that the consciousness part emanates from the human rather than the green guy. This notion that life forces communicateprovided we are receptive to listeninggoes back a very long time. Gardeners who possess a green thumb are said to be successful growers because they feel what their plants need, whether it be water on a hot sunny afternoon or more root space in the pot. This intuition can be expanded all the more on the orchard front once we probe the science of tree physiology and ecosystem interdependence. Yeah, youre on to me now: Were going deep before we fulll that step-by-step jazz. Every orchard site is unique. Different challenges wait over the next hill, let alone across this vast continent. You become attuned by fully embracing forest-edge ecology. Healthy trees in turn make for a happy orchardist who can deal with the unexpected. Human health is a function of plant health, which is a function of soil health, which in turn is a function of fungal health. Now, who ever thought youd see that kind of a statement in a book on growing fruit? A good apple is about so much more than simply negating insects and disease! A biological

approach to orcharding relies rst and foremost on supporting system health. Interestingly, the mutually dependent chain that leads to cramming berry after luscious berry into your mouth begins with symbiotic fungi that expand the nutrient reach of feeder roots a hundredfold. Were mistaken if we lump all microorganisms into a something other than us category and consider them something to be warded off, sanitized, and otherwise dealt with through toxic means. And yet mainstream agriculture as practiced these past hundred years does precisely this. Weve too long forgotten our alliesbelowground, aboveground, and on the surface of the plant itselfthat can outcompete (for the most part, given nutritional support) other pathogenic organisms that cause disease. Each tree and fruiting shrub is a system within a system dependent on the vitality of all these other life-forms that are invisible to our human eye. There came a day when I realized that the deep organic principles I wanted to implement in my orchard meshed entirely with the holistic health tenets that my wife, Nancy, was embracing in her herbal studies. But of course! Farming wisely essentially means we are working to heal. To make things whole. To foster the connections among the birds and the bees and the trees and ourselves. Everything shifts when looked at in this light. Producing fruit is not about manipulating Nature, but rather about fostering Nature. Acknowledging an element of reverence in the process of growing food for ourselves makes everything we do for the plants and the soil a sacred act. Orchardists are going to nd in these pages an entirely new approach to abating fungal and bacterial disease because of my immersion in these two complementary worlds. Fruit tree culture has been stuck in allopathic mode for far too long, solely seeking out short-term fungicides and antibiotics to destroy disease-causing organisms from without. Weve failed to understand that the trees own immune response could be coupled with the stimulation of friendly microbes to defeat disease from within. What I am calling the four holistic sprays of spring are all

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about building the health of the system to deal with everyday environmental reality without toxins. Many words are dedicated to helping you understand the whys behind the exceedingly clear recommendations to do just that. Those of you new to organic orcharding have no idea what it means not to deal with mineral fungicides like copper and sulfur. The caustic days are behind us for the most part . . . noting that unfavorable weather patterns may still make a light touch of organically approved medicine necessary for certain fruits in certain years. But the upshot for home and community orchardists alike is that growing fruit successfully will now be far more fun. Then theres that often overlooked link between nutrition and our own health. Far too many doctors, and certainly far too many modern farmers, simply dont reckon that the quality of what goes in determines the quality of what becomes. Vitamins and minerals in the foods we eat are the building blocks of healthy bodies. Real food is nutrient-dense in that meat, vegetables, grains, and fruitnurtured with compost and biologically rearedcontain the full and balanced nutrition that our bodies require to maintain healthy function. Humans evolved eating fruits and nuts and green plants and the occasional mastodon. None of these foods was shortchanged nutritionally; every bite had fantastic avor and substance. Why we accept anything less in modern-day fare is a result of effective advertising coupled with an outright loss of species intelligence. You reclaim your nutritional birthright when you plant that rst pie cherry tree. How you grow that fruit in turn determines the nutrient density of your familys own health prospects. You need to know just enough to get launched into the growing of healthy fruit, but not feel so overwhelmed that you never begin. This book insists that you understand ecosystem health and only then consider the horticultural specics of what it takes to grow particular fruits. Part of my job has been to deliberately hone the selection of varietal suggestions for different regions. I did this in part by talking

with fruit growers across the country about which varieties work best where each lives. Flavor was the biggest underlying consideration, followed by growing insights that should help you understand localized parameters all the better. I expect you to choose from a wider array of varieties than those that are offered here as you discover which fruits are successfully growing nearby. The culture of orcharding is built around sharing grafting wood and berry plants with one another. Seek out a regional fruit explorers group and you will soon have lifelong friends who will share their knowledge as well. The organic insights and suppositions that other growers shared about their particular pest challenges needed to line up with my own intuitive take on biological science. Some folklore got thrown out along the way, whereas other bits are offered with the greatest esteem for ancestral wisdom. You should nd the methods offered here to be simple to employ, costeffective, and homegrown whenever possible. Any and all feedback is welcome . . . this is a guide I hope to continually update and improve as we discover the nuances of holistic orcharding together. Whats needed right now are new fruit growers who are not locked into allopathic thinking (whether through formal training or years worth of certied habit) and who are thus able to perceive the biological connections that make orchard health possible. Shifting internal perceptions is the rst step in bringing subtler methods to the fore. Now a suggestion: Remain calm. Numerous insect scenarios get discussed in any fruit-growing guide. I often share an especially daunting volume on moths alone in my conference presentations. Page after page after page of color plates reveal an array of tortricid fauna of apple known to afict pome and stone fruits alike. I point out that more moth species have come on the scene since Cornell published that book in the early 1970s. Only then do I turn what seems to be an overwhelming conundrum for the edgling orchardist into manageable reality by explaining that any one orchard location may have two or three, perhaps four,

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outstanding concerns for which proactive steps may be requiredand then only in some yearsto produce a respectable harvest. The rest add up to a hill of beans, getting dibs on a tenth of the crop at worst. What counts is learning how to determine what takes place on your home turf and then being able to consider sound advice to proceed accordingly. The Holistic Orchard offers friendly guidance throughout to help you understand the ways of fruit trees and berry plants. You may also want to obtain one of the orchard eld guides recommended in the appendices, which will help ne-tune the identication of dozens of insects (including benecial species) and the visual manifestations of disease found in orchards. The color compilations put together by Cooperative Extensions in each region of the country as well as university websites are to be used and appreciated . . . even if the usual accompanying chemical recommendations do not brew the tastiest cup of tea. Many other wonderful fruitslike grapes, kiwis, and pawpawscan and should be grown in the home orchard. Not to mention jujubes, mulberries, gs, avocados, citrus, pomegranates, and persimmons. Such selection ultimately depends on the growing zone in which you live. I wrestled with the decision of what to include and decided that other fruit

books by people like Lee Reich, Lon Rombough, and Charles Boning address this already. (As always, see those appendices!) Native fruits often enjoy important ecological advantages and lend themselves readily to organic growing methods and permaculture design principles. If you live in the right climate for any of these fruits, I absolutely encourage you to add even more bounty to your orchard planting. Our biological thinking cap has arrived. The teachings ahead will tell you not only what to do but, more important, how to think from a holistic perspective. Organic orcharding can never be a straightforward recipe where you simply follow steps A, B, and C and then pull a delicious apple strudel hot from the oven. Nature is dynamic . . . climate is changing . . . and every ecosystem is localized. New growing seasons bring shifts in the challenges to be faced. Every variety will not necessarily thrive where you live. A key quality of a good fruit grower is the ability to adapt. What I love about my fruit treesand all plants is the listening and the observing. Seeing the subtleties brought forward by healthy management choices. Knowing I can adjust my understanding in order to help shape a better biological reality. Appreciating the gifts of this special place in the universe. You have that same ability too. You really, really do.