Telecom Overview

Tuan May 2011

Transmission & Switching: Switching in Telephone Network

Switching
on

Switching Switching

Tra

ssi smi n

sion s mi s Tran

Switching

Switching types Connectionless/ connection oriented Packet/circuit Trunk Network

Node 1 Access Node 3 Terminals Terminals Node 2 Access

Switching in Public Networks

Cell switching - resembles packet switching - difference: cells (packets) have a fixed size : offers bounded delay guarantees (QoS compatible, long packets wont stuck cells)

(fixed length)

CSPDN: Circuit switched public data network PSPDN: Packet switched public data network DQDB: Distributed Queue Dual Bus

Circuit Switching
Time switch - Makes switching between time slots - In the figure incoming slot 3 is moved to outgoing slot 3 for one voice direction - Each coming timeslot stored in Speech Store (SS) - Control store (CS) determines the order the slot are read from SS - The info in CS is determined during setup phase of the call Space switch - makes switching between PCM lines
Cross-point Cross-point controlled controlled by CS by CS

- works with electronic gates controlled by CS Circuit switching

TDMA

- dedicated path - constant delay/bandwidth - voice/data - paid by time - examples: PSTN, VPN

The Time-Space-Time (TST) Switch

Works in local exchange and subscriber stage Performs PCM concentration, usually 10:1 3:1 Connects subscribers also to information tones and test equipment Time switch contains one bus for incoming and outgoing calls (full-duplex)
Time switch Subscriber stage Space switch

Time switch

Switching: Telephone Exchange (Conceptual Model) trunk lines + Inter-office signaling Register

Line Circuit Line Circuit Line Circuit Line Circuit Line Circuit

Switching Matrix

Register Register Register

Control Computer

Packet Switching

Packet structure
Seq: sequence number Op code: message/control identifier CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Code

Node structure

Note: - source address required for retransmission in ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) - byte count could be also an end flag

Connection-oriented and Connectionless Switching

Connection oriented - Applies same route - QoS well defined - Phases - Connection setup - Data transmission - Release - Packets received in same order - Example: ATM, Frame Relay, PCM

Connectionless - Use of different routes for each packet possible - Each packet have address fields - QoS not guaranteed - Packets may come in different order - Example: IP (Internet Protocol), TCP takes care of cleaning the mess

Transfer Modes & Connections summarized

Transfer modes PSTN ISDN PCM Circuit switching - developed for voice - nowadays also for data - well-specified delays - echo problems Connection types Connection oriented Frame-relay - hand-shaking - strict error requirements - for fast data transfer X.25 Connectionless - broadcasting - modest error rates often accepted - fast data in good channels IP, UDP*
*User Datagram Protocol

ATM

Packet switching - developed for data - nowadays also for voice - Statistical multiplexing - variable delays IP, Frame-relay ATM

Transmission & Switching: Transmission in Telephone Network Analog / Digital

Satellite

SW

SW SW SW SW SW

PABX

PABX SW

Optical Transmission

Digital switch

Digital switch

Low TDM

Low TDM

High TDM TDM Frames

High TDM

TDM Packet IWF

Optical Fiber or Microwave Link

Packets with Gap

TDM Packet IWF Native Packets

Native Packets

Low Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

1 Frame
Low TDM

0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 XX

Unique bit pattern to delimit frames

High Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Low TDM Frames

High TDM Frame

A
T F S E

1 Frame
D 1 0 R C Q B P A

Low TDM Frames

fout > n * MAX(fin)

Thank You !