10 Incineration Hazardous

Institute of Waste Management, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna
Head of Institute: Peter Lechner
Stefan Salhofer, Erwin Binner, Roland Linzner
Waste Recycling and Composting LVA 813.359 Waste Incineration and Hazardous Waste Management
4_incineration_hazardous.ppt
Thermal treatment of wastes - Contents
Fundamentals Types of incinerators Reduction of pollutants Residues Energy recovery
Waste Recycling & Composting
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Thermal treatment of wastes
Fundamentals
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Thermal treatment - purposes

Reducing the amount of waste which has to be landfilled Destruction of organic substances Substitution of fossil fuels (reduction of CO2emissions, conservation of resources) complete disinfection (e.g. of infectious waste)
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Operating modes
Oxidizing Systems (grate types, rotary kiln and fluidized bed) require sufficient oxygen, they mostly operate with excess oxygen. Pyrolysis is a process for de-gassing and exhaust without oxygen and with a subsequent combustion of the gases from the pyrolytic chamber. Processes which combine different procedures, such as the Thermoselect * process, are currently in an experimental stage (1 facility in Europe, 6 in Japan) They have the advantage, that the residues from this process do not require an additional treatment.
* http://www.thermoselect.com/index.cfm
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The combustion process

Drying De-gassing Exhaust
100C
Water vaporises volatile compounds volatilise Primary air hypo-stoichiometric
250C
5-600C organic substances
CO, H2, CxHy CO2, H2O,
CO + 0,5O2
Combustion
8001200C
H2 + 0,5O2 CxHy + O2
CO2 + H2O
Flue gas + residues

Control parameter: CO/CO2 < 0,002

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Burnout
EU-Directive (2000): Incineration plants shall be operated in order to achieve a level of incineration such that the slag and bottom ashes Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content is less than 3 % or their loss on ignition is less than 5 % of the dry weight of the material. If necessary appropriate techniques of waste pretreatment shall be used.
DIRECTIVE 2000/76/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste
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Thermal treatment of waste
Types of incinerators
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Types of incinerators
Grate incinerators Fluidised bed reactor Rotary kilns Pyrolysis Co-incineration
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Grate incinerators
Oldest and most developed type of incinerator for the combustion of household waste; to some extent cocombustion of dewatered or dried sewage sludge Waste is discharged from the storage bunker into the feeding chute by an overhead crane. It is fed into the grate system by a hydraulic ramp or another conveying system.
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Grate incinerator
Waste is conveyed through the incineration chamber by reciprocating or rolling grate sections and traverses the different stages of the incineration (drying, degassing, exhaust and incineration). The conveying velocity can be controlled. The residence time (time between waste feeding and bottom ash discharge) is about 30 minutes. minutes. Purpose of incineration: oxidation of combustible substances. This is checked by the loss of ignition of the solid residues (slag and ash) and the composition of the flue gas. With modern incinerators, a loss of ignition (slag and ash) between 1% and 3% are achieved.
Waste Recycling & Composting SS 2009 11
Storage bunker
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Overhead crane
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Wood, biomass
Flue gas
Scheme: Grate incinerator
Drying Decomposition Incineration
Burnt out material, ash
Primary air supply

Bottom ash
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Grate
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Fluidized bed reactor

Basic principle of the process: A bed of inert material (e.g. sand or ash) on a grate or distribution bed is fluidised with air from below and held in suspension. The waste is continuously fed into the fluidised sand bed. Because of the well mixed nature of the reactor, fluidised bed incineration systems have a uniform distribution of temperatures and oxygen, which results in stable operation. The temperature is generally between 800 and 950C.
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Fluidized bed reactor

ADVANTAGES: less ash (splitting) improved burnout due to smaller size of the solids and a thorough mixing (equal distribution of material and heat) less Nox, due to a lower temperature CONDITIONS: waste has to be crushed/ shredded to approx. < 150mm ferrous materials and larger inert particles should be sorted out the performance of the incinerator can be controlled over the feeding of the (waste) fuel (+ oil)
Stationary fluidized bed
EIPPCB 07/2005, p. 49
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Circulating fluidized bed
EIPPCB 07/2005, p. 51
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Rotary kiln
consists of a sloped refractory-lined cylinder which rotates slowly on its longitudinal axis. Waste moves horizontally as well as radially through the cylinder (because of rotation and slope) flue gas is burnt in an afterburner chamber (with its own burners to heat the flue gas) one advantage is that large items can be fed as a whole (e.g. barrels filled with solvents)
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Rotary kiln
Wastes which can be typically treated in rotary kiln incinerators are solid waste: soil contaminated with oil, contaminated waste barrels and containers, cured plastic wastes, ... pasty wastes: residue from paint, residue from the wastes cleaning of tanks, sludges from industry, residue from grinding liquid wastes: waste oils with different water contents, wastes solvents, tar, not cured plastic waste
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Rotary kiln
A B C D E F
waste feeding ash/ slag discharge flue gas auxiliary fuels air thermal radiation
1 shell of the rotary kiln 2 refractory lining 5 cooling air ventilator 10 controllable drive 11 water vapour zone
12 wastes 13 combustible material 14 ash/ slag
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Pyrolysis
heating and degassing of wastes in the absence of oxygen --> pyrolysis gas comprises CO and H2, but also harmful substances such as auch HCl, NH3, PAH etc. CO and H2 can be recovered by synthesising methanol (Schwarze Pumpe in Germany) incineration of the pyrolysis gas (Schwel-Brenn-process of Siemens) Residue from pyrolysis: carbon (solid coke), not oxidised metals
Reduction of pollutants
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Reduction of pollutants
primary measures: aim at reducing the content and generation of pollutants
Separate collection of hazardous material/Sorting of waste Crushing and homogenising Optimisation of the incineration process
secondary measures: aim at the segregation of pollutants from the flue gas
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Incineration chamber
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Secondary measures
Dust removal Chemical flue gas treatment (scrubber) Catalytic flue gas treatment (DeNox) Elimination of dioxins and furans (filter)
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Dust removal
Particulates are separated by using physical processes Cyclones: are solely applied as pre-deduster. The particle-size of a part of the solids is too small, so that these cannot be separated by means of cyclons. Electrostatic precipitator (electrostatic filter): particles are charged by impressing a high voltage between 2 electrodes and are precipitated on the collector plate. High efficiency (99% of particles precipitated); most frequently used technique in waste incineration plants fabric filters: also called bag filters, are widely used, can also be used following an electrostatic precipitator
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Clean gas Raw gas tube
Cyclone
discharge
Raw gas
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Electrostatic precipitator
Particulate matter
Re-precipitator
ioniser
collector
airflow
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Chemical flue gas treatment

Wet processes Frequently two-stage scrubbers are used. At the first stage, the acidic pollutants HCl (hydrogen chloride) and HF (hydrogen fluoride) are absorbed by a liquid (mostly water) at a pH < 1, and are subsequently accumulated by using limestone, lime milk or caustic soda as a neutralising agent. At the second stage, SO2 (sulphur dioxide) is removed at a pH close to neutral or alkaline. The scrubber solution contains the dissolved reaction products and requires a complex recycling of water and sludge. The final product is usually a filter cake with a high load of pollutants (salt load), which has to be deposited underground.
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Chemical flue gas treatment

Semi-wet processes (also: semi-dry processes) the sorption agent is injected either as suspension or solution into a spray reactor and is evaporated. The reaction products generated are solid (salts) and need to be deposited from the flue gas as dust in a subsequent stage, e.g. bag filter. No waste water is generated. Dry processes the adsorption agent is injected into a reactor. In a fluidised bed reactor the adsorption agent is kept in suspension by the circulation of the flue gas. Dry processes are used for the separation of small loads of HCl and SO2 as well as for the downstream precipitation of mercury and PCDD/F.
Static bed filters (activated carbon)
Activated carbon is used for the adsorption of mercury and dioxins / furans. Contaminants are accumulated on the surface of the activated carbon, due to its high specific surface.
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Waste incineration plant Spittelau (Vienna, Austria)

lime milk caustic soda Fresh water natural gas
ammonia
lime milk precipitation chemicals lime milk precipitation chemicals lime milk precipitation chemicals
1- waste bunker 3- grate 4- incineration chamber 5- waste heat boiler 6- pre-heating of air 8- electrostatic filter
9- wet scrubber (2-stage) 10- precipitator for particulate matter 11- SCR selective catalytic reduction 17- turbine and generator 19- magnetic separator 20- bottom ash bunker
21- container for metal scrap 22- filter ash silo 25- reactor for sewage purification 26- clean water 27- sludge 28- chamber filter press 29- box for filter cake
Fresh water alkali process water acidic process water saturated vapour bottom ash filter ash/bottom ash hydroxide sludge gypsum sludge incineration air SS 2009 heat
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Thermal Treatment of Waste
Residues
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Residues from waste incineration

Bottom ash: consists of minerals such as silicate, aluminium oxide, ferrous oxide and carbonate as well as heavy metals (lead, copper, manganese, nickel, chromium, zinc). Bottom ash is landfilled (Austria) or to some extent conditioned and used for road construction (e.g. the Netherlands). Filter ash: usually has a higher content of organic and ash inorganic pollutants, therefore its save disposal is required. For this reason, filter ash is conditioned in further processes (e.g. solidification, vitrification). Wet sorption residue: waste water from wet scrubbers residue must be subjected to special treatment. From the coagulation and dewatering a filter cake is produced which also has to be safely deposited (e.g. underground landfills).
Figure 1: grain of sintered bottom ash with rust
Figure 2: porous bottom ash with remainders from plastic and rust
Bottom ash
Figure 3: sintered bottom ash with remainders from plastics and ettringite (white) Waste Recycling & Composting
Figure 4: molten piece of metal including pieces of glass from a bottle SS 2009 38
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Residue Management in Vienna (2005)

Rotary kiln 1/2 Incinerator 1 Incinerator 2 Fluidised bed 1 2 3 Splitting Rinterzelt
Filter ash
Ash from sewage sluge 21,000 t/a < 50 mm > 50 mm
Be da
sh
Heilbronn
Heilbronn
solidification with 10% cement and 5%H2O Fe Al, Cu landfill
Boundary bank for landfill Rautenweg
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Energy recovery
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Energy recovery
energy demand of the facility public supply with long-distance heating transformation to electric energy utilisation in industry (only possible if not too distant, steam)
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Net total efficiency

utilizable (exported) energy (MWh) net total efficiency = ----------------------------------------energy content of the waste input (MWh)
electrical Grate incineration 18 22 % (Literature) Coal burning power 33 45 % plant, AUT (2002) Spittelau (1999) 2,2 %
heat (30) 75 % 34 87 % 68 %
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Turbine
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
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Overview
1. Types and sources of hazardous waste 2. Treatment - Physico-chemical treatment - Thermal methods 3. Disposal (underground landfill)
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Introduction
The number of known chemical compounds is enormous (more than 12 million substances) In the EU, 100,000 substances are commercially significant Each of these substances can become a component of waste! The knowledge about the effects and properties has increased. However it is impossible to determine the longterm effects for every substance, given their huge number. Purpose of a proper waste management: treatment of these waste substances and their transformation into harmless and immobile compounds
Tabasaran, 1997 p. V
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Hazardous waste
Types and sources of hazardous waste
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What are hazardous wastes?

Waste solids, sludges, liquids and containerized gases which, by reason of their chemical activity or other characteristics, cause danger or likely will cause danger to health or the environment whether alone or when coming into contact with other waste. Specific regulations in waste laws (documentation, treatment technologies, emissions standards) Shipment regulated in Basel convention
LaGrega et al., 1994, p. 2f
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Hazardous characteristics (1)

1. Explosive: substances and preparations which may explode under the effect of flame or which are more sensitive to shocks or friction than dinitrobenzene 2. Oxidizing: substances and preparations which exhibit highly exothermic reactions when in contact with other substances, particularly flammable substances. 4. Flammable: liquid substances and preparations having a flash point equal to or greater than 21 C and less than or equal to 55 C
91/689/EWG; Annex III
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3. Highly flammable:
a) liquid substances and preparations having a flash point below 21C b) substances and preparations which may become hot and finally catch fire in contact with air at ambient temperature without any application of energy c) solid substances and preparations which may readily catch fire after brief contact with a source of ignition and which continue to burn or to be consumed after removal of the source of ignition d) gaseous substances and preparations which are flammable in air at normal pressure e) substances and preparations which, in contact with water or damp air, evolve highly flammable gases in dangerous quantities
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5. Irritant: non-corrosive substances and preparations which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, can cause inflammation. 6. Harmful: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve limited health risks. 7. Toxic: substances and preparations which may involve serious, acute or chronic health risks and even death. 8. Carcinogenic: substances and preparations which may induce cancer or increase its incidence. 9. Corrosive: substances and preparations which may destroy living tissue on contacts.
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10. Infectious: substances containing viable microorganisms or their toxins which are known or reliably believed to cause disease in man or other living organisms. 11. Teratogenic: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce non-hereditary congenital malformations or increase their incidence. 12. Mutagenic: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce hereditary genetic defects or increase their incidence.
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13. Substances and preparations which release toxic or very toxic gases in contact with water, air or an acid. 14. Substances and preparations capable by any means, after disposal, of yielding another substance, e.g. a leachate, which possesses any of the characteristics listed above. 15. Ecotoxic: substances and preparations which present or may present immediate or delayed risks for one or more sectors of the environment.
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Hazardous constituents: examples (1)

Elements and their compounds, e.g.
arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, selenium, beryllium, antimony, tellurium, thallium
Vanadium compounds, nickel compounds, tin compounds, cobalt compounds the following alkaline or alkaline earth metals in uncombined form
lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium
acidic solutions or acids in solid form asbestos (dust and fibres)

91/689/EWG; Annex II
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Hazardous constituents: examples (2)

aromatic compounds; polycyclic and heterocyclic organic compounds inorganic cyanides chlorates halogenated solvents sulphur organic compounds PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl) and/or PCTs (polychlorinated terphenyl)
91/689/EWG; Annex II
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Examples for hazardous wastes (1)

anatomical substances; hospital and other clinical wastes pharmaceuticals, medicines and veterinary compounds wood preservatives biocides and phyto-pharmaceutical substances residue from substances employed as solvents halogenated organic substances not employed as solvents excluding inert polymerized materials tempering salts containing cyanides mineral oils and oily substances (e.g. cutting sludges, etc.)
91/689/EWG; Annex I.A
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oil/water, hydrocarbon/water mixtures, emulsions tarry materials arising from refining, distillation and any pyrolytic treatment (e.g. still bottoms, etc.) inks, dyes, pigments, paints, lacquers, varnishes resins, latex, plasticizers, glues/adhesives chemical substances arising from research and development or teaching activities which are not identified and/or are new and whose effects on man and/or the environment are not known (e.g. laboratory residues, etc.) pyrotechnics and other explosive materials photographic chemicals and processing materials
91/689/EWG; Annex I.A
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animal or vegetable soaps, fats, waxes batteries and other electrical cells ashes and/or cinders residue from pollution control operations (e.g. baghouse dusts, etc. scrubber sludges contaminated containers (e.g. packaging, gas cylinders, etc.) whose contents included hazardous constituents
91/689/EWG; Annex I.B
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Sources of hazardous wastes

Manufacturing: virtually all manufactoring operations (beyond the primary and secondary manufactoring operations to assembly and finishing of the final product) Small quantity generators: e.g. dry cleaners, automobile maintenance shops, photographic film processors
motor oil, discarded lead-acid batteries, spend solvents, acids/alkalis,...
Households: Household hazardous waste

pesticides, paint products, household cleaners, hobby chemicals, batteries, automotive products, ...
waste from a small generator has the same potential for harm, and therefore must also be treated properly!
LaGrega et al. 1994, p. 20ff
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Sources of hazardous waste from manufactoring

Spent material (input material that can no longer serve its purpose) By-products (material generated in the process of making a product and without use for the further process) Treatment-sludges from treating wastewater, controlling air emissions, treating hazardous waste Commercial chemical products:
cleanup of process equipment failures of the product (does not meet specifications, breakdowns,..) accidental spills or leaks of raw material or product residue from containers used for raw material or product outdated shelf life
LaGrega et al. 1994, p.20
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Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste treatment
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purpose of hazardous waste treatment

to reduce the hazardous nature of the waste to separate the waste into its individual components, some or all of which can be put to further use or treatment to transform the waste into less harmful, immobile compounds, which do not put at risk humans or the environment in the long run to reduce the amount of waste which has to be finally sent to disposal
EIPPCB 08/2005, Tabasaran 1997
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Facilities for the management of hazardous waste

On-site: facilities for the treatment/ recycling of hazardous waste are constructed and operated by the waste generator (i.e. at their production plant) Off-site: wastes are transported off site to specialised facilities for treatment and disposal (commercial facilities)
LaGrega et al. 1994, p. 405f
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Strategies
Waste generation Prevention
Products
LaGrega et al, 1994, p. 406
Recovery/ Recycling:
oil recovery solvent, metal recovery energy recovery fuel blending Residuals
Treatment:
thermal destruction physico-chemical stabilization biological treatment Residuals
Disposal:
landfill underground landfill
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Disposal
Disposal (landfilling) is necessary
for the residual amount of waste which cannot be prevented or treated residue from waste treatment
Options for wastes with a high contents of hazardous contaminants

immobilisation by means of pre-treatment barriers which impede the diffusion of a contaminant
Tabasaran, 1997, p. 199
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Underground landfill
using cavities from mining for the disposal of waste particularly in evaporite (salt cavities) Advantages:
huge natural barrier very distant from those zones, in which the transport of contaminants affects humans the surface area can be re-cultivated and used can also be used as packing to improve the stability of the cavities
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Types of underground landfills

1. Landfill body above groundwater table
if the top side and the sides of the landfill body are sealed by layers which are impermeable for water if the groundwater level does not rise in the long run
2. Landfill body in aquiferous layer

no effective separation can be achieved long-term can only be used for wastes, if an elution does not cause relevant changes in the composition of the groundwater (i.e. for water-insoluble waste)
3. Landfill body below groundwater table

salt cavities situated in a layer which is impermeable for water
Tabasaran, 1997, p. 202f
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Underground disposal of waste in cavities from mining

waste is permanently excluded during operating phase: accessible, waste can be retrieved separate storage of waste as well as storage in containers is possible particular sections can be sealed pits in the aquiferous overlying rock can be sealed
overlying rock
evaporite
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Deep well injection

waste is permanently excluded wastes cannot be retrieved borehole can be sealed in the aquiferous layer waste can only be disposed in cavities which have been pumped dry before only free-flowing and pumpable waste can be disposed by means of in-situ solidification separate disposal of wastes within one cavity is not possible
overlying rock
evaporite
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Example: Underground disposal in cavities (Sondershausen, Germany)
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References
BMLFUW: Bundesabfallwirtschaftsplan 2006. http://www.bundesabfallwirtschaftsplan.at/ EIPPCB: Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Waste Treatments Industries. 08/2005. http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/Fmembers.htm EIPPCB: Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration. 07/2005. http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/Fmembers.htm LaGrega M.D., Buckingham P.L., Evans J.C.: Hazardous Waste Management. McFraw-Hill, Singapore, 1994 Santoleri J.J., Reynolds J., Theodore L.: Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000 Tabasaran Oktay (Hrsg.): Abfallwirtschaft Abfalltechnik, Sonderabflle. Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 1997
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Thank you for your attention!
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10 Incineration Hazardous

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Institute of Waste Management, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna

Head of Institute: Peter Lechner

Stefan Salhofer, Erwin Binner, Roland Linzner

Thermal treatment of wastes - Contents

Fundamentals Types of incinerators Reduction of pollutants Residues Energy recovery

Waste Recycling & Composting

Thermal treatment of wastes

Waste Recycling & Composting

Thermal treatment - purposes

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste Recycling & Composting

The combustion process

Water vaporises volatile compounds volatilise Primary air hypo-stoichiometric

5-600C organic substances

CO, H2, CxHy CO2, H2O,

Flue gas + residues

Control parameter: CO/CO2 < 0,002

Waste Recycling & Composting

Thermal treatment of waste

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste Recycling & Composting

Scheme: Grate incinerator

Drying Decomposition Incineration

Burnt out material, ash

Primary air supply

Waste Recycling & Composting

Fluidized bed reactor

Waste Recycling & Composting

Fluidized bed reactor

Stationary fluidized bed

Waste Recycling & Composting

Circulating fluidized bed

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste Recycling & Composting

12 wastes 13 combustible material 14 ash/ slag

Waste Recycling & Composting

Thermal treatment of waste

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste Recycling & Composting

Clean gas Raw gas tube

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste Recycling & Composting

Chemical flue gas treatment

Chemical flue gas treatment

Static bed filters (activated carbon)

Waste Recycling & Composting

Waste incineration plant Spittelau (Vienna, Austria)

Waste Recycling & Composting

Thermal Treatment of Waste

Waste Recycling & Composting

Residues from waste incineration

Figure 1: grain of sintered bottom ash with rust

Residue Management in Vienna (2005)

Waste Recycling & Composting

Thermal treatment of waste