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Respiratory System

*Primary Function
* Gas Exchange
* Secondary Functions
* Speech
* pH regulation of internal environment

*Anatomical Divisions
* Conducting pathways
* Respiratory regions
* sites of gas exchange

*Conducting Pathways
* Upper respiratory tract
* Nasal cavity
* Pharynx

*Nasal Cavity
* Functions
* warms air
* humidifies air
* filters air

*Features of Nasal Cavity


*Conchae
*Ciliated epithelial mucosa

*Nasal cavity communicates with nasal sinuses

* Pharynx
* Functions
* food and air pathways
* resonating chamber for voice

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* swallowing

* 3 divisions
* Nasopharynx
* Oropharynx
* Laryngopharynx

*Structural features of pharynx


* Lined with a stratified squamous epithelium
* Skeletal muscle in wall

*Additional structural features


* Eustachian tube opening
* uvula
* tonsils

*Lower Respiratory Tract


* Larynx
* Trachea
* Bronchi
* Bronchioles

*Structure of the Larynx


* Cartilages & ligaments
* Muscles & bone
* Lined with a mucous membrane

Other Features of Larynx


*Vestibular folds (‘false vocal folds’)
* Vocal folds
* Glottis

*Primary Function of the Larynx

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* Sound production

*Secondary Functions of the Larynx


* Prevents food & drink from entering lower respiratory
tract
*vestibular folds and vocal folds
*epiglottis

*Trachea (‘Windpipe’)
* General features
* 1 inch diameter
* 4-5 inches long
* 1st inch in neck

* Composed of 15-20 “C” rings


* Rings linked by annular ligaments

*Bronchi (singular: bronchus)


* Primary
* to lungs
* Secondary (lobar)
* to lobes of lungs
* Tertiary (segmental)
* to bronchopulmonary segments of lungs

*Bronchioles
* Branch off of tertiary bronchi
* Less than 1 mm in diameter
* Smooth muscle in walls
* exhibit bronchoconstriction & bronchodilation

*Terminal Bronchioles
* Last bronchioles before alveoli
* Deliver air to lung lobules

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Review:
*Anatomical Divisions of Respiratory System
* Conducting pathways
* Respiratory regions: sites of gas exchange
*respiratory bronchioles
*alveoli

*Respiratory Bronchioles
* have alveoli

*Alveoli (singular: alveolus)


*Sites of gas exchange
*Form the respiratory membrane with alveolar capillaries
*Secrete surfactant

*Structure of Lungs
* Alveoli
* Bronchi and Bronchioles
* Reticular CT with lots of elastic fibers
* Blood vessels and nerves

*Pleural Cavities

*Pleural membranes
* Visceral pleura
* Parietal pleura

*Pulmonary Ventilation
o Movement of air into and out of the alveoli

*Ventilation Steps
o Inspiration (quiet or forced)
o Expiration (quiet or forced)

*Muscles of quiet inspiration

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o Diaphragm
o External intercostals

*Why does air enter the lungs when these muscles contract?

*Muscles of forced inspiration


*Pect. Minor
*Serratus anterior
*Sternocleidomastoid

*Muscles of quiet expiration


o None!

*Muscles of forced expiration


o Internal intercostals
o Abdominal muscles
o
* Major nerves of respiration
o Phrenic nerves
o Intercostal nerves

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