PhotoVoltaic Power Systems & Micro-Grids, AAU

Tamas Kerekes
Department of Energy Technology Aalborg University

PV systems and Micro Grids research programme at Aalborg University, Department of Energy Technology
Control and design of photovoltaic converters and Micro grid systems with grid connections for renewable energy systems Members:
Remus Teodorescu, Dezso Sra, Tams Kerekes, Erhan Demirok, Xiaonan Lu, Markos Katsanevakis, Sevnur Eygn

External members
Pedro Rodriguez, Marco Liserre, Josep Guererro, Juan Carlos Vasquez

Industrial partners:
Danfoss Solar Inverters, Danfoss Drives, Sunsil, Refu Electronic, Ris, Eltra, Gamesa Eolica, Enertron, Gaia, Energinet, APC

Partner Universities:
Polytechnic of Bari, Technical University of Catalunia, University of Alcala, University of Vigo, University of Timisoara, Czech Technical University of Prague

PV systems and Micro Grids research programme at Aalborg University, Department of Energy Technology
Control and design of photovoltaic converters and Micro grid systems with grid connections for renewable energy systems Main research areas:
Control strategies for single-phase and three-phase grid-connected PV converters Grid synchronization and voltage monitoring methods Islanding detection algorithms On-line grid impedance estimation for PV inverters Ride-through capabilities for grid-connected PV converters in case of grid disturbances and faults Advanced modelling and simulation of grid-connected PV converters (Simulink, PLECS) Low cost DSP (TMS320F28xx) control implementation Maximum Power Point Tracking for PV inverters Modeling and simulation of PV arrays under various athmospheric conditions Real-time PV simulator for testing grid-connected PV inverters Characterisations and diagnostics of PV panels Hardware design of PV inverters Transformerless PV inverter topologies Leakage current modeling for transformerless PV inverters (PLECS) Interaction of Multiple PV inverters with LV network (Matlab, PSCAD) Voltage control and flexible reactive power sharing (grid supporting and forming) for multiple PV inverters
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PV Systems - Main facilities

Grid Converters up to 5A/400V, single-phase or three-phase

with flexible digital control: dSpace DS1103 or TMS320F2812 and F28335 eZdsp Development board

PV inverter test setup (includes 32kW Dynamic PV simulator,

4.5-kW Dynamic Grid Simulator, 3-kW Electronic AC Load, Antiislanding Test Setup)

Residential Micro-Grid setup (includes 1.9-kW Polycrystalline

silicone solar panel array, 1.5-kW Danfoss Solar inverter and 1.7-kW SMA Sunny Boy PV inverters, SMA Sunny island inverter, VRB-ESS 5-kW 4h Flow battery, as well as California Instruments 3kW programmable AC load)

PV-E PVPM 1000C - 1000V/20A photovoltaic I-V curve tracer for panel/string characterisation Flashing Solar Simulator Mencke & Tegtmeyer 240V/16A for indoor characterisation of PV panels California Instruments Grid Simulator for fault simulations High bandwidth Regatron PV Simulator (includes TopCon
Quadro Power Supply Module, TC.LIN Linear Post-Processing Unit, and SASControl PC Software). Output ratings: 32 kW, 1000VDC, 40A

PON109-25a - GPL

1.8mH

1.8mH

1.8mH

4.7uF

1.8mH

1.8mH

1.8mH

4.7uF

PV Systems - Main activities

Advanced Control for Grid Converters
Control structures development of the control structures in different reference frames such as natural abc, stationary or synchronously rotating dq for better matching the application. Current controllers different linear (PI, resonant) and nonlinear (hysteretic, predictive) controllers Grid synchronization phase-locked loop (PLL) based strategies Grid monitoring accurate detection of grid voltage magnitude, frequency and phase angle for fast grid fault detection. On-line grid impedance estimation. Ancillary services voltage support, frequency control, reactive power compensation, UPS, active filtering, etc. can be implemented in software. Control under grid fault symmetrical currents can be injected during unsymmetrical grid faults.
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PV Systems - Main activities

Software Anti-Islanding of PV Inverters

Advanced grid voltage and frequency monitoring for passive anti-islanding detection

Active anti-islanding methods based on: o o o Harmonic injection P,Q variations Phase modulation

PV Systems - Main activities

Advanced MPPT and Diagnostics
Improved MPPT optimized for faster tracking and higher tracking efficiency in cloudy, rapidly changing conditions, typical to northern Europe Intelligent MPPT with detection of slow partial shading caused by fixed obstacles On-line characterization and performance monitoring of PV panels by series and shunt resistance estimation, detection of partial shadows caused by dirt or reduction of the transparency of the covering layers as well as rated power estimation Model parameter extraction (Rs, Rp, diode quality factor) from data-sheet Cell/connection failures detection

PV Systems - Main activities

Analysis and Modelling of Transformerless Photovoltaic Inverter Systems
Efficiency of commercial PV panels is around 1520% The power produced by these PV panels should not be wasted by using inefficient power electronics circuits The efficiency and reliability of both single and three-phase inverters can be improved by using transformerless topologies In case of transformerless topologies new problems related to leakage current and safety need to be dealt with.
Output voltage DC- potencial to ground

IG-PV

IG-PV

CG-PV

Leakage current

Bipolar PWM

Filter
IG-PV
Unipolar PWM

PV Array

PV Systems - Main activities

Integrated multi-function DC/DC converter for PV generation and energy storage for micro grids

Hardware design of: interleaved DC/DC converter topology for battery management DC/DC converter for photovoltaic array Integrated into a single 3-phase bridge Energy management for DC coupled micro grids

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PV Systems - Main activities

Power Generation Profile

Control of Grid Interactive PV Inverters

Output Power [kW]

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253 252 251

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249 5 Voltage 248 247 Injected Power 246 Curtailed Power 245 4

Development of new functions for grid-connected PV inverters to increase their penetration level Improve LV network power quality by PV inverters (harmonics, fluctuations, unbalance)

2 3 Node number

Power curtailment
Active and Reacive Power [kW], [kVA]

Contribution to new LV grid standards regarding PV integration

Power Generation Profile 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 240 Active Power Reactive Power 255

250 Voltage [V]

Voltage 245

2 3 Node number

235

Reactive power support

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Voltage [V]

250

PV Systems - Main activities

PV Inverter Testing
Advanced high-bandwidth PV simulator including dynamic irradiation profiles (pulse, ramp, staircase, custom) and partial shading

Dynamic MPPT efficiency tests dynamic irradiation profile including sunrise, fast- and slow-clouds and sunset Grid-fault tests ride-through tests with faulty grid using grid simulator (sags, short-circuits, asymmetry, etc.) Local grid tests stability and robustness tests under the conditions of the local grid, including islanding Efficiency tests advanced setup with LabView interface and 0.02% power accuracy YOKOGAWA WT3000, PV Simulator with dSPACE control European efficiency tests semi-automated tests
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Green Residential Micro Grid Main Components

5kW 4h, 28V Flow-Battery +Island-Grid Inverter Can switch to the grid for selling electric energy, or buying if there is not enough generation

1.9 kWp Solar Array + PV Inverter

1.5 kW Wind Turbine + WindyBoy Inverter

House 3kW Electronic AC load

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Green Residential Micro Grid Flow battery

Flow Battery 5kW-4h
- no maintenance - 10,000+ deep cycles - high efficiency - full response over temp - nominal charging current - x2 overloading - ca. 300 USD/kWh

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Green Residential Micro Grid System Configuration

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Green Residential Micro Grid Laboratory view

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Green Residential Micro Grid On-line monitoring

Monitoring of:
generated wind power generated solar (PV) power total power fed into utility network

wind speed ambient and PV cell temperature solar irradiation

sampling up to 1Hz

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PhD/Industrial courses
Industrial/Ph.D. Course in "Photovoltaics Power Systems - in theory and practice" by Remus Teodorescu, Aalborg University; Vitezslav Benda, Technical University in Prague; Pedro Rodriguez, Technical University of Catalonia; Dezso Sera and Tamas Kerekes Aalborg University.

Industrial/Ph.D. Course in "Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems - in theory and practice" that will be held at Aalborg University, November 15-17 by Remus Teodorescu, Aalborg University; Marco Liserre, Polytechnic of Bari and Pedro Rodriguez, Technical University of Catalonia.

Industrial/Ph.D. Course in "Micro-Grids - in theory and practice" by Remus Teodorescu and Tamas Kerekes, Aalborg University; Josep Guerrero and Juan C. Vasquez, Technical University of Catalonia.

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Research collaboration projects

Reliable Grid Condition Detection (STVF, Ris, ELTRA) Modelling and control of grid inverter (Gamesa Eolica, Enertron) Control Development for Residential PV Inverters with Software Anti-Islanding Feature (PSO, Danfoss Solar A/S) Gaia Wind Turbine in Wind-Diesel Systems and as Stand-Alone (MITA A/S, GAIA A/S, AAU, RIS, UVE) High Efficiency Solar Inverter (AAU, REFU GmbH)

PhD Projects
Control of Grid Interactive PV Inverters (AAU, Danfoss Solar Inverters A/S) Erhan Demirok (ongoing) Analysis and modelling of transformerless PV inverter systems (PSO, Danfoss Solar Inverters A/S) Tamas Kerekes (finalised) Real-time Modelling, Diagnostics and Optimised MPPT for Residential PV Systems (AAU, PSO/ELTRA) - Dezso Sera (finalised) Reliable Grid Condition Detection and Control of Single-phase DPGS (AAU, STVF) - Mihai Ciobotaru (finalised) Monitoring and Advanced Control of Three-Phase Distributed Power Generation System (AAU, Ris, Eltra) - Adrian Timbus (finalised) In addition, Master student projects related to Micro Grids and PV systems are running continuously
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Future work
Smart Photovoltaic Systems (SPVSYS) to support the integration of PV systems into the electrical power systems by proposing new, more intelligent converters that are able to interact with the electrical environment at their point of connection
- Smart control of PV systems, by employing new functionalities that prepare PV inverters for the integration into the smart grids of the future, and help comply with the ever more stringent grid requirements in an environment where many other PV systems are connected to the same grid. - Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics functionalities that monitor the state of the entire PV power system including the PV array, inverter and grid, and feature effective measures to maximize availability and reduce maintenance.

Partners: Aalborg University; Danfoss Solar Inverters A/S; Sunsil A/S; Technical University of Catalonia; Technical University of Bari; Technical University of Warsaw

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Questions ?

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PON109-25a - GPL

PON107-45 - DRIVES lab

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PON107-45 - DRIVES lab

DC Power Supply

LEM modules

Danfoss FC302 inverter 2.2kW

Danfoss FC302 inverter 15kW

LEM modules

DC Power Supply

DC DC IM PM

Danfoss FC302 inverter interface card

UDC-IM

EN PWM3 PWM2 PWM1

EN PWM6 PWM5 PWM4

Danfoss FC302 inverter interface card

UDC-PM

LEM modules

IRST-IM

dSPACE system

IRST-PM

LEM modules

PC Simulink with RTW & dSPACE Control Desk

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