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lat vo ao md co </w k /M%C3%A9d co> cuja hab l dad d v da
x nc a t ca no da n t uo da to a.
nd c
[ cond
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
<#>]
Em mo na c nc a <#Em mo_na_c
.C3.AAnc
a>
Em
mo na f lo of a <#Em
mo_na_f lo of a>
o 2.1 Ant gu dad <#Ant gu dad>
o 2.2 Idad Md a <#Idad_M.C3.A9d a>
_Mod na>
o 2.3 Idad Mod na <#Idad
o 2.4 Em
mo b tn co <#Em
mo_b t.C3.A2n co>
o 2.5 Sculo
XIX <#S.C3.A9culo_XIX>
mo lg co <#Em mo_l.C3.B3g co>
o
2.6
Em
tambm
<# _tamb.C3.A9m>
R f nc a <#R f .C3.AAnc a >
[d ta </w/ ndx.h?t tl=Em
mo&act on=d t& ct on=1>]
Em
mo na c nc a
Um conc
a>
no mtodo c ntf co
to ca tal na
c nc a </w
k /C %C3%AAnc
</w k /M%C3%A9todo_c
nt%C3%ADf co> qu toda v dnc a dv
/ m ca/, to , d nd da com ovao f ta lo nt do
.
, o m gado t mo qu o d f nc am do m mo
G almnt
f lo f co, como
o adjt vo /m co/,
qu a a c m t mo como
/mtodo
m co/ ou / qu a m ca/, u ado
na
c nc a oc a
</w k /C %C3%AAnc a _ oc a >
humana </w k /C %C3%AAnc a _humana >
a a dnom na mtodo d qu a qu o al zada at av da
da x nc a (o xmlo, o func onal mo
ob vao
</w k /Func onal mo_(c %C3%AAnc a _ oc a )>).
Em out o nt do, a alav a od u ada na C nc
a como nn mo d
"x mntal". N nt do, um ultado m co uma ob vao
x mntal. O t mo m -m co u ado m tua a c da , j
qu d gna
t co qu m gam l c ntf ca
mtodo
d o ut l zam da
</w k /L _(c %C3%AAnc a )> - tab l c da
x nc a. At av d o, o co o t co fo a.
No Sculo
X II, fo ndo o nto
no
b noma , d co dando da d a d
ndo a m, o fato qu ma ma cou
da cont ad do x mnto
v o nom da g and
a, l
m todo o tmo .
mo&act on=d t& ct on=2>]
[d ta </w/ ndx.h?t tl=Em
mo na f lo of a
Em
A dout na do m
mo fo df n da xl c tamnt la m a vz
lo f l ofo ngl John Lock </w k /John_Lock> no culo XII
</w k /S%C3%A9culo_X II>. Lock a gumntou qu a mnt a,
nt, um "quad o m b anco" (/tabula a a
o g nalm
</w k /Tabula_ a a>/), ob o qual g avado o conhc mnto, cuja ba
oa , ao na c , o fazm m ab d
a n ao. Ou ja, toda
a
o nnhuma,
m conhc mnto algum. Todo
ab olutam nt nada, m m
o oc o do
conhc , do ab do ag
a nd do la x nc a,
la tntat va o.
mo o a cola conhc da como ac onal mo
H to camnt, o m
</w
k /Rac onal mo>,
gundo a qual o hom m nac a com c ta
d a
nata , a qua
am "aflo ando"
con
c nc a con
t tu am
a
v dad ac ca do Un v o </w k /Un v o>. A a t d a d a , o
no a t cula a ntado lo
homm od a ntnd
o f nm
nt do . O conh c m nto
da v dad </w k / dad >, o tanto,
nd nd a do nt do f co .
nt a oc ado com o m mo o: A ttl
Algun
f l
ofo nomalm
</w k /A t%C3%B3t
l >, Tom
d Aqu no </w k /Tom%C3%A1 _d _Aqu no>,
F anc
Thoma Hobb
Bacon </w k /F anc _Bacon>,
</w k /John_Lock>, Go g B kly
</w k /Thoma _Hobb >, John Lock
> John Stua t
</w
k /G o g _B k l y>, Dav
d Hum </w k /Dav d_Hum
M ll </w k /John_Stua
t_M ll>.
com a
Embo a no g al ja laconado
mo, ao
t o a do conh
c
m
nto
</w
k
/T
o
a_do_conh
c
m
nto>,
o
m
longo
da h t a da f lo of a, t v m lca na lg ca
</w k /L%C3%B3g
ca>, f lo of a da l nguag
m
</w k /F lo of a_da_l nguagm>, f lo of a olt
ca
</w k /F lo of a_ ol%C3%ADt ca>, t olog a </w k /T olog a>, t ca
</w k /%C3%89t ca>, d nt
out o amo .
[d ta </w/ ndx.h?t tl=Em
mo&act on=d t& ct on=3>]
Ant gu dad
</w k /F ch o:A totl _Louv .jg>
</w k /F ch o:A totl _Louv .jg>
A ttl du g and mo tnc a nduo ba ada na x nc a n vl
A d a d qu todo
o conhc mnto o ovn nt da x
nc a
aa c la m a vz, mbo a mu to ouco df n da, no f l ofo
of
>, qu ac d tavam
na v o lat va do mundo,
ta </w k /Sof ta
nt t zada na f a d P otgo a </w
a >: /O homm a
k /P ot%C3%A1go
m d da d toda a
co a/. Eamx ma mo t a qu o mundo conh c do
d uma fo ma a t cula
mu to
oal o cada nd vduo, ndo a
x nc a, c tamnt, fato mo tant a a conhc mnto.
A f loof
a oc t ca ovocou o "dcln o" do m
mo, ao combat o
lat v mo do of ta . Sc at </w k /S%C3%B3c at > Plato
</w k /Plat%C3%A3o> v am
o nt do como ncaaz d a nd a
al dad como v dad amnt a tnta am cata o conc to
oc o qu d mboca na to a latn ca do
ab oluto d cada
co a,
mundo
k /Mundo_da _ d a
da d a </w
>. A tt l
mo, ao con d a a
</w k /A t%C3%B3t l >
toma o m
a a a nduo </w k /Indu%C3%A7%C3%A3o>;
ob vao do mundo
como
ba
ou ja, a a t da obtno d dado
a t cula , no ca o,
a
ob vao m ca, od a t a conclu (ou conhc mnto ) d
v dad ma ab oluta .
cu ta
A
A tt
l , o f l ofo t co </w
k /E to c mo>
</w k /E cu mo>
am t o a m
ta ma x lc
fo
mula
ta ac ca
da fo mao da d a do conc to . O t co , at nc ando Lock
m cntna d ano , ac d tavam qu a mnt humana a uma /tabula
a a/ qu a ma cada la
d a adv
nda
da x nc a n vl.
tanto, adm t am a x tnc a d d a /a- o /, ou ja, d a
Ent
ta
nata
mnt humana. O cu ta t v am uma v o m
, na
na da n ao. Pa a
ma fo t, af mando qu a v dad ov nha
a
l , a co a o conhc da at av d magn m m n atu a, o
chamado
/fanta ma /, qu d ndm do chgam at n ndo
d tamnt alma, ou nd tamnt, at av do nt do . D a fo ma,
xl ca am a o gm da "no comun ", cuja ocdnc a a
cmo hoj. Bacon c t cava tanto
comou a dl m ta tal como o conh
c mnto qu no fo ovn nt do nt do quanto o o
o conh
m
ta d oca
ant o . Pa a l, o mtodo ut l zado o
m
ta ant o no a tmt co: mbo a colh m dado da
x nc a, a nfo ma am "catu ada " ao aca o, m o auxl o
d um mtodo go o o m con t tu um todo co nt.
E a nc o, o tanto,
qu cla f ca tmat za
um mtodo
a
nc a
no nt do d da ao hom m uma
v a x
a o nta
c mnto c ntf co md val. A a t
c nc a t l, m oo o
ao
conh
labo a a
da n a
da nduo,
, a nt l gnc a, gu ndo
o mtodo
o conh c m nto c ntf co. D
a, lac ona
a man
a o conh c m nto
n v l, qu fo n c a mat al a a a nt l gnc a, a
.
ac onal
dad, qu man ula a da
a nt do ao dado do nt do
Pa t ndo d
nc o , F anc Bacon t aou a ba d uma c nc a
t mt
ca m ua ob a ma famo a, /Novum O ganum/, ubl cada m 1620
</w k /1620>.
da
Hobb </w
A o andok /Thoma _Hobb >,
d a d Bacon, Thoma
, a l cou-a
ao tudo da oc dad
out o f l
ofo ngl
</w
dad > da
ca>.
k /Soc
olt ca </wk/Pol%C3%ADt
D a fo ma,
d tanc ava d F anc Bacon,
qu
ocu ou ba cam nt da c nc a
qu tudam o mundo f co.
Pa a Hobb , o homm od a at ng a v dad </w k / dad>
at av d ac ocn o co to , fundamntado la n a . A m,
m u tudo , l coma df n ndo o t mo no qu va u a ,
ocuando- m tablc um mtodo go o o gundo o qual
man ula a ddu lg ca ovn nt
da x nc a, ntada
lo acontc mnto a ado na h t a </w k /H t%C3%B3 a>.
olt ca do
P oc o mlhant d anl da H t a da tuao
momnto od ncont ado
m out o n ado ant
o a Thoma
Hobb , como N colau Maqu av l </w k /N colau_Maqu av l>.
mo&act on=d t& ct on=6>]
[d ta </w/ ndx.
h ?t tl =Em
Em
mo b tn co
</w k /F ch o:John_Lock.jg>
.jg>
</w k /F ch o:John_Lock
John Lock con d ado o fundado do m
mo b tn co
d Thoma Hobb nflunc ou toda
O mtodo m co d F anc Bacon
uma g ao
d f l
no_Un
ofo no R no
do> a a t do
Un do </w k /R
culo
II>. John Lock </w k /John_Lock >
X II </w k /S%C3%A9culo_X
a t ad o, qu f cou conhc da como
con
d
ado
o
fundado
d
m mo b tn co, m oo o ao ac onal mo qu dom nava na
ma o a t da Eu oa </w k /Eu oa> cont nntal.
Em u l v o /En a o Sob o Entnd mnto
Humano/, Lock d c v a
m nt humana
k /Tabula_ a a>/ (l t alm nt ,
como uma /tabula aa </w
o da x nc a, vo ndo
uma "a d a m b anco"), ond
,
o
m
-0> . A a t d a anl
g avada
a d a ^[1] <#c
t _not
m
a </w
k /E tmolog a>, Lock d f nc a do
ta da tmolog
t o d d a : a d a ml , ob a qua no od a
tablc d t n , como a d /ama lo/, /du o/, tc., a d a
comlxa , qu am a oc a d d a ml (o xmlo /ou o/
qu uma
ub tnc a du a d co ama
lada). Com o, fo ma a-
um conc to ab t ato da ub tnc a mat al.
No
k /S%C3%A9culo_X III>,
culo
X III</w
G o g B k l y
</w k /G o g _B k l y> d nvolv
o m
mo d John Lock
>, ma no adm t a a agm do conhc mnto
</w k /John_Lock
fo nc do lo dado da x nc a a a o conc to ab t ato d
ub tnc
o,
a mat al. Po
B k l y af ma qu uma ub tnc a
mat al no od conhc da m m ma. O qu conhc, na
v dad, um- qual dad vlada du ant o oc o
ct vo. A m, o qu x t almnt nada ma qu um f x d
n a . Da ua famo a f a : / cb do/ ^[2] <#c t_not-1> .
Ent tanto, a a fug do ubjt v mo nd v dual ta (o tudo qu
x t omnt x t a a a a mnt nd v dual d cada ob vado ),
B kly o tula a x tnc a d uma mnt c m ca, qu a un v al
u o mnt do homn nd v dua . Du </w k /Du > a
o El, d modo qu a x tnc a do
mnt tudo o ma a
c b do
mundo xt o m nt nd v dual ta a ga ant da.
No ntanto,
a a
d x t , o mundo a m o v l d conh c do v dad am nt
lo homm, o conhc mnto ac vl a Du . Ao a um
m mo ad cal, Go g B kly </w k /Go g_B kly> c a a
co nt conhc da como dal mo </w k /Idal mo> ubjt vo.
</w k /F ch o:Dav d_Hum.jg>
</w k /F ch o:Dav d_Hum.jg>
c aqu lo qu cbmo
Ao
af ma qu od mo conh
m d atamam nt , Dav d Hum j tou a d a d cau al dad
Lvando a nda
ma ad ant o
namnto
d B kly, o coc Dav d
Hum </w k /Dav d_Hum> dnt f ca do t o d conhc mnto: /mat a
d fato/ / lao d d a /. O m o t lac onado com a
co md ata a a n ca fo ma v dad a d conhc mnto. A
lao d d a uma nf nc a d out a d a , ou ja ao
lac ona dua d a qu tmo na no a mnt ovn nt da
x nc a conclu mo out a d a. E ta nova d a, log camnt
v dad a nc a, o
nf da at av d um ac
oc n o
g a da lg ca fo mal). Ma t conhc mnto
dmon t at
vo
(
tautolg
co, o no
ac c nta nada d novo, a na uma lao d
d a qu j o u amo .
Ba ado n o, Hum futa a a cau al dad
</w
k /Cau al dad >, a
noo
ntal a a a c nc a
d cau a
f to, fundam
va mo , o xmlo, um dao d mtal,
</w k /C %C3%AAnc a>. Ao ob
odmo chga a um conc to d /mtal/, qu co ond al dad
ctvl. S a ox mamo no a mo do fogo, tmo uma
conc
ta,
quando
d a d /calo /, qu tambm co ond al dad. Ma
d lata com o calo ,
a ox mamo um m tal
do
fogo
ob
vamo
qu
l
o qu qunta". A d a
no odmo conclu qu "o co o
d lata
"o
o qu nta" "o co o d lata" t am como o gm dua
co
ct vam nt , do tato
m
do nt do , ov
n nt ,
ma t na x o
</w k /Tato> da v o </w k / %C3%A3o>.
O obl
/ o qu /. Qu
m
o n v l o g na a d a d o qu? Como
conclumo qu um f nmno a cau a d out o?
Pa a Hum, o ml fato d um fnmno </w k /Fn%C3%B4mno>
d tal
m gu do d out o faz com qu l lac onm nt
fo
qu um nca ado como cau
Cau a
f to, nquanto
ma
a do
out o.
n v , no am ma do qu um v nto gu do d out o.
m
A noo d cau al dad a, o tanto, uma "c ao" humana, uma
. No ntanto,
acumulao d hb to d nvolv do m o ta
n a
, qu da am ao
a c na n a "v dad " t n am nt nabalv
mundo uma aa nc a d tab l dad, a lu o. D a fo ma, mu ta
d d a / qu no
v dad
c ntf ca am ana / la
x t am na al dad, , o tanto, mo v d conf ma .
con d am xag ado o m
mo d Dav d
Mu to c nt
ta fl ofo
Hum </w k /Dav d_Hum >, qu n ga a v dad ac ona obt da a a t
tn d uma
da ob
vao. Ma u n am nto vu d al ta
c nc a xclu
vam
nt m ca, o ta
a uj ta ao ma do
d al mo </w k /Id al mo>, tal como fo d mon t ado o l .
mo&act on=d t& ct on=7>]
[d ta </w/ ndx.h?t tl=Em
Sculo XIX
No
</w k /S%C3%A9culo_XIX>,
v a cola
of ca fo
culo
XIX
f l
am
nflu
nc
ada
lo
m
mo,
d
tacandonc
alm
nt
o
o
t
v mo
nal mo>. Igualmnt
</w k /Po t v mo> o fnomnal mo </w
k
/F
nom
num oa fo
va d lac ona m
mo ac onal
am a t ntat
mo
</w k /Rac
mo com o
onal mo> (/v t co aba xo: Int g ao do m
ac onal mo)/.
[d ta </w/ nd
x. h ?t tl =Em
mo&act on=d t& ct on=8>]
mo lg co
Em
/ a t go nc al: Po t v mo lg co </w k /Po t v mo_l%C3%B3g co>/
mo na d m mo d taca- o m mo
Ent a co nt cont
lg co (tambm conhc do como o t v
mo ou noo t v mo lg co,
mbo a algun no conco dm com a nonm a), uma tntat va d
a do m
ntt za a d a nc
mo b tn co (o xmlo, a
nc a n o al como ba a a o conhc mnto) com
na
fo t nfa
x
mt ca
d t m nada d a da lg ca mat
m%C3%A1t ca>, confo m fo d nvolv da o
</w k /L%C3%B3g ca_mat
g> Ludw g W ttgn t n
Gottlob
F g </w
k/Gottlob_F
</w k /Ludw
ttg n t n>. Alguma daf gu a chav n t mov mnto
g_W
Go g
ll>
fo am o ngl
B t and Ru ll </w k/B t and_Ru
Moo </w k /G o g _Edwa d_Moo >, o al m
Mo tz Schl ck
</w k /Mo tz_Schl ck> Rudolf Ca na </w k /Rudolf_Ca na> o
no t-am
cano W lla d an O man Qu n
</w k /W lla
d_ an_Oman_Qu n >, John Au t n </w k /John_Au t n> A. J.
Ay </w k /A._J._Ay >.
ta lg co, a f lo of a a o cla c mnto
Pa a o m
conc tual do mtodo , d a d cob ta da C nc a. Po tanto,
od - - a anal a o dado da d v a d c l na c ntf ca m
bu ca
a lg ca
d uma nt
do conh
c m nto, d um modo d ad qua
</w k /L%C3%B3g ca> do ac ocn o ab t ato lg ca da x
nc a
t ca d um d cu o log camnt f to, l v d amb g dad
ovocada c almnt la mtaf ca </w k /Mtaf%C3%AD ca>
*
*
*
*
mo&act on=d t& ct on=9>]
[d ta </w/ ndx.h?t tl=Em
Rac onal
mo </w k /Rac onal
mo>
Po t v mo </w k /Po t v mo>
Ilum n mo </w k /Ilum
n mo>
E n t Glln </w k /E n t_Glln >
Rf nc a
tambm
, John </w k /John_Lock>, /An E ay Conc n ng
1. <#c t_ f-0> Lock
Human
Und tand ng
tand ng>/, Knnth P. W nkl
</w k /An_E ay_Conc n ng_Human_Und
( d.), . 3336, Hack tt Publ h ng Comany, Ind
ana
ol , IN, 1996.
2. <#c t _ f-1> B k l y G. T atado ob o
nc o do
conhc mnto humano. In: Colo O Pn ado . So Paulo: Nova
Cultu al; 1992.
[Exand
<#>]
v </w k /P df n %C3%A7%C3%A3o:F
loof a_da_c
%C3%AAnc a>
<// t.w
k d a.o g/w/ nd x. h ?t tl =P d f n %C3%A7%C3%A3o:F lo of a_da_c %C3%
AAnc
a&act
on= d t>
F lo of a da c nc
a>
a</w k /F lo of a_da_c %C3%AAnc
F l ofo </w k /Cat go a:F l%C3%B3 ofo _da_c %C3%AAnc a>
Alb t E n t n </w k /Alb
t_E n t n> Alf d No th Wh t h ad
</w k /Alf d_No th_Wh
t h ad> A ttl </w k /A t%C3%B3t l >
Augu to Comt </w
k /Augu to_Comt > Av o </w k /Av %C3%B3 >
B l m
C culo
d
</w/ ndx.h?t tl=C%C3%AD
culo_d_B l m&act on=d t& dl nk=1> Ca l
Gu tav
C. D. B oad
H m l </w
k /Ca l_Gu tav_H m l>
d t& dl nk=1> Cha l Sand
</w/
nd
x.
h
?t
tl
=C._D._B
oad&act
on=
_P c> Dom n cu Gund al nu
P c </w k /Cha
l _Sand
</w/ ndx.h?t tl=Dom
n cu _Gund al nu
&act on=d t& dl nk=1>
Dan l Dnntt </w k /Dan l_Dnntt> E cu o </w k /E cu mo>
Bacon </w k /F anc _Bacon_(f l%C3%B3 ofo)> F d ch
F anc
Sch ll
ng
ll ng&act on=d t& dl nk=1>
</w/ ndx.h?t tl=F
d ch_W lhlm_Jo
h_Sch
Gal lu Gal l </w k /Gal lu_Gal l > Hn Po nca
H
Hugh of Sa nt cto
</w/ ndx.h?t tl=Hugh_of_Sa
nt_ cto &act on=d t& dl nk=1>
Immanu
</w k /Immanul_Kant> Im Lakato
l Kant
</w k /Im _Lakato > I aac Nwton </w k /Iaac_Nwton> John Dwy
</w k /John_Dwy> John Stua t M ll </w k /John_Stua t_M ll> J gn
ma > Ka l Pa on
Hab ma
</w k /J%C3%BC g n_Hab
</w k /Ka l_P a on> Ka l Po
</w k /Ka l_Po > Ka l Thodo
Ja
</w/ ndx.h?t tl=Ka l_Thodo _Ja &act on=d t& dl nk=1> La y
Laudan </w/ nd x. h ?t tl =La y_Laudan&act on= d t& dl nk=1> Otto
u ath> Paul Hab l n
Nu ath
k /Otto_N
</w
b l n&act on=d t& dl nk=1> Paul
</w/ nd x. h ?t tl
=Paul_Ha
F y ab nd </w k /Paul_F
Duhm </w k /P _Duhm>
y ab nd> P
P
Ga nd </w k /P
_Ga nd > Plato </w k /Plat%C3%A3o>
R.B. B a thwa t
</w/ ndx.h?t
d t& dl nk=1> Rn
tl=R.B._B athwa t &act on=
D ca t </w k /R n%C3%A9_D ca t > Rob
t K lwa dby
</w/ ndx.h?t tl=Rob t_K lwa dby&act on=d t&
dl nk=1> Rog
Bacon </w k /Rog
_Bacon> Rudolf Ca na </w k /Rudolf_Ca na >
Sthn Toulm n
</w/ nd
n&act on=
d t& dl nk=1> E to c mo
x. h ?t
tl =St h n_Toulm
</w k /E
Hobb </w k /Thoma
to c mo> Thoma
_Hobb > Thoma Samu l
Kuhn </w
l_Kuhn> C culo d
na
k /Thoma _Samu
_ na> W..O. Qu n
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