Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dr. Atif H. Khirelsied Department of Biochemistry p y Faculty of Medicine International University of Africa y
atifkhirelsied@gmail
Thelearningobjectives g j
Bytheendofthissessionthestudentshouldbeableto: By the end of this session the student should be able to:
1. 1 2. 3. 3 4. 5. OutlinethemolecularstructureofDNAandRNA. Outline the molecular structure of DNA and RNA Explainthesignificanceofspecificbasepairing. DefinethemainpropertiesofDNA. D fi th i ti f DNA Definethecentraldogmaofmolecularbiology. Distinguishbetweensingle strandedanddoublestranded nucleicacids. 6. ExplainthemeaningofdenaturationandreannealingofDNA. 6 E l i h i fd i d li f DNA
Thecentraldogmaofmolecularbiology
TheWatsonCrickstructureofDNA
TheWatsonCrickstructureofDNA
1. Itisadoublestrandedrighthanded helix. helix 2. Eachstrandisisapolymerof2 . ach strand is is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotideslinkedby3' 5'phosphodiesterlinks. 3. Thenitrogenousbasesinthe nucleotidesofDNAareA,G,C,T. nucleotides of DNA are A G C T 4. Thebasesinthetwocomplementary p y strandsarespecificallypairedandheld togetherbyhydrogenbonds.
TheWatsonCrickstructureofDNA
5. Thetwostrandsarepolar andanti parallel . 6. Thebasesareplanner and The bases are planner and perpendicular totheaxisoftheDNA molecules. 7. ThewidthoftheDNAmoleculesis2nm (20A ),andtheheightofthehelical (20 A) and the height of the helical turnis3.4nm(34A). 8. Thegeneticinformationresidesinthe sequenceofbasesintheDNAstrands.
TheWatsonCrickstructureofDNA
TheWatsonCrickstructureofDNA
TheWatsonCrickstructureofDNA
ThestructureofDNA
DNAexistsascircularmoleculeinsomeorganismssuchas bacteria,bacteriophages,andmanyDNAcontaininganimal viruses. viruses
Chromosome(DNA)ofeukaryotic
CircularDNAmoleculeofbacteria
DNAdenaturationof
Denaturation isthe meltingofdoublestranded DNAtogeneratetwosingle DNA t t t i l strands.
ThedenaturationofDNA
Denaturationmayresultfrom: HeatingaboveitsTm. HighpH Organicsolvents(dimethyl sulfoxide). Loweringthesaltconc.oftheDNAsolution g ViscosityofDNAsolutionsdecreasesondenaturation. y Hyperchromicity (increased absorbance of UV on Hyperchromicity(increasedabsorbanceofUVon denaturation)
The ReannealingofDNA
R Reannealingisthereformationofthedoublestranded li i th f ti f th d bl t d d DNA. ViscosityofDNAsolutionsincreasesonreannealing. Hyporchromicity (decreasedabsorbanceofUVon reannealing)
TheRNAstructurediffersfromthatofDNA
TheRNAsarepolymersofribonucleotides linkedtogetherby 3'5'phosphodiester bonds.
RNAssharemanystructuralfeatureswithDNAbuthavesome specificcharacteristics,theseare:
it is usually single rather than double stranded itisusuallysingleratherthandoublestranded itcontainsriboseratherthandeoxyribose it contains the base uracil rather than thymine itcontainsthebaseuracil ratherthanthymine
ThetypesofRNA yp
1. MessengerRNAs(mRNAs). 1 M RNA ( RNA ) ( ) 2. TransferRNAs(tRNAs). 3. RibosomalRNAs(rRNAs).
Prokaryotesand eukaryotes
6. smallinterferingRNA(siRNA)
ThemessengerRNA(mRNA) g ( )
Heterogeneousinsizeandstability. Carriesthecodons specifyingaminoacidsequencesin proteins Actastemplates forproteinsynthesis.
ThemessengerRNA(mRNA)
Thetableofgeneticcode
EukaryoticmRNAshaveseveraluniqueproperties y q p p
1. The5'terminaliscappedby7methylguanosine 1 Th 5' t i l i db 7 th l i
triphosphate.
2. Haspoly(A)tailinthe3'terminals.
EukaryoticmRNAshaveseveraluniqueproperties y q p p
TransferRNA(tRNA)
They are the smallest RNAs TheyarethesmallestRNAs. Fold into tertiary structure by Foldintotertiarystructureby formationofintramolecularbase pairs. Havecloverleafshape(hairpin). Transferaminoacidsintothe ribosomes. ribosomes Act as an adaptor molecule. Actasanadaptormolecule.
RibosomalRNA(rRNA)
Have structural and catalytic functions. Havestructuralandcatalyticfunctions.
RibosomalRNA(rRNA)
Itisanucleoproteinparticle. Themammalianribosome, hasasedimentationvelocity of80S(Svedbergunits). C i Consistsoflarge60Sand fl 60S d small40Ssubunits.
SmallnuclearRNA(snRNA)
Alargenumberofhighlyconservedsmallstablemolecules ofRNAfoundineukaryoticcells. Themajorityofthemexistsasnucleoproteinsdistributedin boththenucleusandthecytosol. TheyareinvolvedinmRNAprocessingandgeneregulation.
microRNA (miRNA)
AreshortRNAmoleculesfoundineukaryoticcells. Haveveryfewnucleotides(anaverageof22)comparedwith otherRNAs. h Havemultiplerolesinregulationofgeneexpression. Have multiple roles in regulation of gene expression
SmallinterferingRNA (siRNA)
AlsoknownasshortinterferingRNAorsilencingRNA g g AredoublestrandedRNAmolecules Have2025nucleotidesinlength Theyinterferewiththeexpressionofaspecificgene.