PREDICTION OF GREAT SEISMIC WAVES BY GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTORS PAKI' 2, NOISE

AND SENSITIVITY OF

DETE(3ToRS

Jiro Qliba and Tsunehiro Obata Department of Electrical Engineering, Tahaku University Sendai,980 JAPAN

Abstract : According to Einstein's general theory of r e l a t i v i t y , gravitational f i e l d turbulence is propagated by l i g h t velocity 3 X 1 O n (m/s), but on the other hand, seismic wave i t s e l f is propageted by elastic wave Velocity 7 x 1 0 ' (m/s). Accordingly gravitational f i e l d turbulence due to seismic wave rea& instantaneously whereas seismic wave arrive much l a t e r . Therefore prediction of a large seismic wave can be done by the gravitational f i e l d turbulence. In this pper we describe the sensitivity and mise of the gravitational wave detector.

t
I

/ G X f

XS)

/xs
0

I I
If

-fl

Gravitational f i e l d for calibration The dynamic Newtonian gravitational potential, $dynamic, frcm'the generator is given by the expression

F i g . 1. Antenna bar(Weber b a r ) . t h e dynamic Newtonian gravitational field g e n e r a t o r i s a Weber b a r . 60-cm-diam, 154-cml o n g s o l i d alminam c y l inder. The c y l i n d e r i s s u s pended i n a vacuum chamber.

where G = canstant of Gravitation, p o = timindependent density of the antenna bar,

A1 = a p l i t u d e of the antenna bar oscillations = (Z//IT)EO, E " = s t r a i n "red a t the

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Rf

Fig. 2. Dynamic Newtonian gravitational potential ($d+c)

due to the motion of

Weber bar with respect to its center of mass.

center of the antenna bar, w 2 ~ r f ,f = frequency, t = tire, xs = source point coordi~ t e xf = f i e l d point coordinate, The cylin,
drical coordinates of xs and xf are (rs,Os,

[hl = k { l -

(2/3)[1-(

kZaZ/36j2}%

k = (Tr/2f),
Kp

I = (1/2) length of the antenna bar = 77an, J, and J1 are Bessel functions, Io and I1 are m d i f i e d
z s ) and ( r f , e f , z f ) respectively,

=k {

( 8/ 3)

[ 1 - ( kU2/

3 6j2- 1

} !4

Bessel functions, K( ) = ccynplete e l i p i t i c integral of the f i r s t kind,

The f i e l d detector is the same as the f i e l d generator. Figure 2 is the e@ potential l i n e s due to three dimentional oscillating W e b e r bar.

286

M
rr)

3.0
n

3
W

'4'.c E0 .

9 m

L
-0.5

Fig. 3 . Free admittance diagram for the equivalent circuit of the antenna.

Constants of the qravitational wave antenna

L
The f r e e admittance f o r the equiva l e n t circuit of the antenna is sham i n Fig. 3.

(anit the measuring setup f o r the f r e e conductance and f r e e susceptance of the antenna) The equivalent circuit which w e r e
obtained i n the way described above is sham i n Fig.4. T e natural resonant frequency of h the generator was masured to be 1670.336 Hz a t 2OoC, the detector has a natural resonance of 1668.826 Hz a t the same temperature. Fig. 4 . Equivalent circuit of the antenna.

L = 1857.5517[H]
C = 0.4887567IpFI

R - 326.7973 [n]

co5 O.l038571[UFl

287

Sensitivity of the detector

The s t r a i n E induced i n the detector i s given by the expression,

x 10-l~

nV

lot

gL

I - d J

at the center of
where

1.52

1.92

2.32

2.72

Distance d(m)
where Q = figure of merit of the detector = , 6.5x104, Fig. 5. Distance versus s t r a i n and out-put voltage.

a = a, = 2.04[m"1,
pi = radius of the generator (antenna bar) =

u i = radius of the detector = a = 0.291tm1, 2 I = the length of the antenna bar = 1.54 [ml , k = a dimensionless durmry variable
w = 2nf,

t=time,
G = constant of gravitation,
f = frequency of oscillation of the bar w i t h respect to its center of mass, P , = P O = density of the antenna bar = 2.7x10 [kgh3] , YD = Young's d u l u s of the detector = 7x10 [ f ' , Ni] Ala = 0.5~lO-~, Ji( 1 = Sessel function,

0s :

strain

1.b

x ~ o - ~

Fig.5 shows the distance V.S. s t r a i n and output voltage (abtained from Fig.6) f o r a strain of 0.5x10-4in the generator.

Fig. 6 . Caliblation of the out-put voltage of the antenna. Strain E i n the center of the antenna bar versus out-put voltage of the piezoelectric transducer epoxy bonded on the surface of the bar.

288

Calibration curve of the voltmter is shuwn i n Fig.7.

Conclusion

when an earthquake has a magnitude of M = 7, the gravitational devitatian induces a detectable s t r a i n i n the antenna bar. Accordingly seisnic waves can be detected by
the gravitatianal wave antema before their arrival and therefore be used in the predic-

tion.
Assuming a great earthcp&e w i t h an epicenter distance to a c i t y is long, for instance, - 1 O O k m , the seisnic waves then take a t least 1 4 sec to arrive a t the city. If people in the c i t y f o r m by observing the gravitational f i e l d turbulence generated by the seisnic waves, they would be warned of the a r r i v a l before the seisnic waves approach half the distance (-50 km), and would be able to take emxgency actions a t least 7 sec before the arrival. Even i n a short period, it w i l l be possible to take sane safety m u r e s l i k e turning off the gas and nuclear reactors, bringing trains to a sudden stop, etc. References True value Fig. 7. Caliblation of the voltneter (me a n p l i f i e r + lock-in amplifier + indicator).
[l] Sinsky and J. W e b e r , "NEW SOUIECE FOR J. DYNAMICAL ~VITA?X@QLFIELDS 'I Phys. , a Rev. Utters, vol. 18, pp. 795-797, M y 1967. [21 J. A. Sinsky, "Generation and Detection of Dynamic Newtonian Gravitational Fields a t 1660 cps," Phys. Rev. vol. 167, pp. 1145-1151, March 1968.

Generation and detection of the mavitatianal f i e l d (Morse code cannunication experiment)

An example wave form of the received Morse code (A) is Shawn i n Fig.8. Within the l i m i t s of this experiment S/N is insufficient but Morse code can be read i n the output wave form of the lock-in amplifier.

--

A part of this research w a s supported by

s c i e n t i f i c research fund f r m the Ministry of Education i n Japan.

r O u t put voltage of

the detector

Signal level

b o n e AnUte Eighteen minute twenty-nine second

mise level

Fig. 8. Morse code c c " i c a t i o n by means of a dynamic Newtonian gravitational field, wave f o m of the received Morse code (A). Horizontal axis shms the time. V e r t i c a l axis s h w s the results of dividing the out-put voltage df lock-in amplifier by the total amplification factor (the pre amplifier and the lock-in amplifier). T h constant of the lock-in amplifier ~ = 1 0 0sec., d=1.7ar, Eo = O.SxlO-'.

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ADAPTIVE I I R FILTER I N FREQUENCY DOMAIN AND ITS APPLICATION

*Yuh-Huu Chang, Ph.D.

Associate Professor

**Chih-Chung

K e y MSEE

Design Engineer

Dept. of E l e c t r o n i c Engineering, Chung-Yuan C h r i s t i a n

UniV.

**INFOCOMM I n t e r n a t i o n a l Corp.

ABSTRACT An a d a p t i v e I I R f i l t e r i n f requency domain i s proposed. T h i s new struct u r e may d e t e c t e v e r y incoming n o i s y s i n u s o i d i n a r e l a t i v e s h o r t p e r i o d of time. It a l s o c a n be c o n s t r u c t e d a s a m u l t i p l e n o t c h f i l t e r , t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t shows i t s performance i s w e l l enough even though t h e d e s i r e d s i g n a l and jammer appear a t b o t h t h e r e f e r e n c e and primary i n p u t s . T h i s r e s u l t s can be a p p l i e d t o improve t h e performance of t h e bugging d e v i c e .

complex s i g n a l i s g i v e n . I n s e c t i o n 3 , t h e new s t r u c t u r e f o r a d a p t i v e I I R f i l t e r i n g i n frequency domain i s d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l . Some s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s w i l l be examined i n s e c t i o n 4 and w e s h a l l conclude t h i s work w i t h a few remarks i n s e c t i o n 5. 2. Real I I R ALE Algorithm f o r Complex S i g n a l
=k

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n
The a d a p t i v e a l g o r i t h m c a n be used t o improve t h e eavesdropping t e c h n i q u e . Most of t h e a d a p t i v e a l g o r i t h m i s i n t h e FIR s t r u c t u r e . Here a a d a p t i v e I I R s t r u c t u r e i n frequency domain was proposed, t h i s may be a p p l i e d i n making a a d a p t i v e I I R s t r u c t u r e bugging d e v i c e . It i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e a d a p t i v e s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g t o d e t e c t and t r a c k a s i n u s o i d i n n o i s e environment. Most of t h e work on s u c h a d a p t i v e l i n e enhancer ALE) a r e f i n i t e impulse r e s p o n s e (FIR) f i l t e r s whose p r o p e r t i e s a r e w e l l known [13[ 3 ] . R e s c e n t l y , some implementation of t h e ALE w i t h a n i n f i n i t e impulse r e s p o n s e (IIR) f i l t e r have been p r e s e n t e d [ 4 ] - [ 9 ] . However, David e t a l . proposed a v e r y s i m p l e , e f f i c i e n t I I R f i l t e r whose s t a b i l i t y and a n unique g l o b a l minimum are g u a r a n t e e d f o r a d a p t i v e l i n e enhancement [ 6 ] . Thus, two a p p l i e d s t r u c t u r e s f o r t h e d e t e c t i o n of m u l t i p l e s i n u s o i d s a l s o have been propsed. The f i r s t i s t h e p a r a l l e l I I R ALEs [7]. Some of t h e i n p u t s i g n a l s may n o t be t r a c k e d i f t h e i n i t i a l weight v a l u e s a r e n o t s e l e c t e d p r o p e r l y . The second i s t h e cascaded I I R ALEs [ 8 ] . Although i t a s s u r e s t h e d e t e c t i o n of each s i g n a l , t o o much time i s needed f o r convergence. I n t h i s p a p e r , a v o i d i n g such disadvant a g e s , a new method i s recommended by u s i n g a p a r a l l e l I I R ALEs i n frequency domain. I n s e c t i o n 2, t h e r e a l I I R a l g o r i t h m f o r t h e
Fig.1. General ALE structure.

The I I R ALE i s shown i n Fig.1. Transfer f u n c t i o n of t h e I I R bandpass f i l t e r X ( z ) i s given by [ 6 ] 1-rz l+r wz-(l-r2) H(z)= z2--wz+r2 where

A t t h e o u t p u t of t h e I I R f i l t e r , an a d d i t i o m l real a d a p t i v e c o e f f i c i e n t , bk, i s used t o i n d i c a t e whether t h e I I R ALE d e t e c t s t h e d e s i r e d s i g n a l o r n o t [7]. S e v e r a l charact e r i s t i c s and a d a p t a t i o n of H(z) have been d i s c u s s e d [ 6 ] - [ 9 ] . Now w e i n t e n d t o d e t e c t a complex s i n u s o i d w i t h t h e same I I R ALE. The i n p u t i s assumed t o be

x k =Aejyk+n k

(4)

where k i s t h e t i m e i n d e x , A i s t h e a m p l i t u d e

y i s t h e a n g u l a r frequency of t h e complex
s i n u s o i d , and nk i s complex w h i t e n o i s e . Then

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