NEW METHODS OF DRILLING AND TERMINATION OF WELLS THAT MAY APPLY TO BOLIVIA Gisela Fuentes Cuba Cochabamba Valley

University Professor Chemical Engineer Master in Environmental Engineering Refining Process Supervisor YPFB http://www.univalle.edu/publicaciones/journal/journal19/pagina10.htm Abstracts Oil and gas, since time immemorial, have been used for the development of man in different stages of his life. Its importance lies in that hydrocarbons have become the main energy grid around the world, besides being the most important raw material for the petrochemical industry. For its production, it is necessary to perform the drilling and completion of producing wells. In this area, have been developing new equipment, materials, tools and operations in order to reduce execution time and / or completion and, therefore, to reduce operating cost and materials. In this paper, we mention some of the alternative methods and materials to carry out these operations, especially those who are involved piping and connections. The experience gained to date through study, analysis, proposals and conduct of operations, alternative products, allows us to anticipate that the use of new techniques or products involves a significant cost savings and operational benefits, economic and environmental issues. In our country, one of the techniques you can have a big impact on economic development is the recovery of low-producing wells with the implementation of the completion tubingless Drilling. One of the requirements of this methodology is to have a broad knowledge has excellent geological and operational benefits, economic and environmental issues. INTRODUCTION Oilfield Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB) created December 21, 1936, during the administration of Cnl. David Toro, Bolivia is a public company engaged in exploration, exploitation, distillation and sale of petroleum and its products. The mission of this oil company is a leader in the energy sector, the backbone and engine of economic and social development, corporate management capacity and international projection.

Partially privatized and production relegated from 1997, was refounded on May 1, 2006, by providing the government of Evo Morales's nationalization of hydrocarbons and, therefore, all stages of the production process. To take advantage of energy from oil and gas, it is necessary to extract reservoir or reservoirs, which are found at great depths. Once removed, try to obtain final products. Origin and Petroleum Training Oil is naturally present in sedimentary rock deposits and only in places where the sea where there were able to emigrate by movements and tectonic faults. Its color is variable, between the amber and black. Thus, the remains of plants and animals, covered by clay and earth for many millions of years, therefore subject to great pressures and high temperatures, together with the action of anaerobic bacteria, cause the formation of oil. Factors for training are: Absence of air Remains of plants and animals (especially marine plankton) Great pressure from the overburden High temperatures Action of bacteria The fact that its origin is very different, depending on the combination of the factors discussed above, means that their presence is also very varied: within porous rocks and the hollows of the rocks, volatile liquid, ie a liquid gas gets in contact with air and, finally, semisolid, textured wax. In any case, oil, by itself, is a liquid mixed with gases and water. Figure No. 1. Outline of the Oil Trap

Source: (1) Table No. 1. Composition of crude oil Gasoline (C5-C10) 31%

Kerosene (C11 - C12) 10% Diesel (C13 - C20) 15% Lubricant oil (C20-C40) 20% Residue (C40 +) 24% TOTAL 100% Source: (2) Table No. 2. Composition of Natural Gas Methane CH4 80-90% Ethane C2H6 4-10% 2-3% Propane C3H8 Butane C4H10 0.5-2% <1% Pentane C5H12 <1% Hexane C6H14 <0.5% Heptane C7H16 + Plus Dry Natural Gas Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Natural Gas Gas condensates Source: (2) According to the above tables, Bolivia produces oil and natural gas free of sulfur compounds, known as gas oil and sweets. DRILLING Is the practice which confirms the existence of hydrocarbons in the ground and proceed to the production thereof. For this it is necessary to drill wells up to 7000 m deep, with diameters varying between 32 and 7 inches. Figure No. 2. Oil and Interest Areas Risk Sharing Contracts

Source: (2) Currently, the type of drilling used is the rotary, which is necessary to use: a drilling rig that supports the entire weight of tools, a rotary table, which transmits energy, drills, used to crush the rock, pipes, and a fluid that allows you to take cuts well, give stability to the formation and cool the equipment. According to the projected depth of the well, the training will be through and the conditions of the subsoil, select the most suitable rig. Figure No. 3. Drilling equipment, completion or repair operation 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

Source: (3) DEVELOPMENT The rig itself is a mechanical or electromechanical system consisting of a tower, about twenty or thirty feet high, supporting a differential gear. Together they form an instrument that allows movement of pipes with their respective tools, driven by a transmission powered by combustion engines or electric. The same package simultaneously or alternately drives a rotating table that contains the stem, the top of the drill string and turn transmitter to the pipe. Similarly, the rig, there are auxiliary elements such as pipes, pumps, tanks, a security system consisting of the well valves to control and routine operations, generators of different capacities depending on the type of equipment and so on. That is, in front of a set of elements that makes drilling activity and almost self-sufficient community. On the other hand, Drilling and Completion activities by companies, with which Bolivia

currently has joint venture contracts, involve a large investment to carry them out. Among them may be listed: New Drilling Workover closed or low production Construction of new Natural Gas Treatment Drilling a well requires significant investment, whether highly producer or not, so it is quite logical to think in a reduction of costs, mainly in low-producing wells. These, in their lifetime, generating a cumulative production, at times, does not justify certain investments. The largest percentage of costs that will inquire into this activity corresponds to the tubular material (steel) and the rental of drilling equipment. Since the inception of cable drilling to date, with the use of a rotary tool operated from the surface or through the use of a downhole motor, there has been a constant concern for trying to improve the quality of the wells drilled, cut operating costs and optimize the conditions for operator safety. For this reason, techniques for drilling oil and gas have been studied from birth, in an effort to improve the process of obtaining a useful well at the lowest possible cost. The methods, which are currently quite important and are being used widely in the world, the operational benefits and reduced costs they offer, are: a. - DRILLING WITH CASING The Casing Drilling is a technology that is gaining momentum due to the possibility offered simultaneously drilling and casing a well. In this process, jacketed pipe (casing) is used to replace the drill pipe to transmit energy to mechanical and hydraulic drill, making it a technology that offers, to date, the drilling of a well quality, providing security , effectiveness and reduce operating costs. The concept of Casing Drilling is based on the well drilling widened to improve the cementing and cleaning it and the possibility to carry out the change maneuvers or making witnesses trephine crown without the need to remove the pipe from the well maintaining the circulation of drilling fluid at all times. The way of drilling is done basically in two ways: Using a set of background that is recoverable through cable maneuvers that allow quick access to the drill bit, downhole motor and other components. No BHA, with the drill and accessories directly sympathetic to waterline casing, which will be cemented on the bottom with the pipe (drill of sacrifice). Since the maneuver involves two simultaneous actions (drilling and casing), the advantages of this approach lies in reducing costs related to transportation, handling, housing,

inspection, etc.. survey of the bars. But the critical or most significant is the possibility of reducing drilling problems related to lost circulation, unstable walls, with no downtime circulate well, and so on. The ideas expressed above apply to all three types of drilling pipes, which are: Drilling with Casing (Casing Drilling) Casing Drilling with Liner (Liner Drilling) Tubing Drilling (Drilling Tubing) Although several attempts have been undertaken to date, with the aim of using this method to drill shallow wells have all been performed using only rudimentary use of the drill casing and screwed in place of the shoe. At present, there is a technology developed to apply Casing drilling tools made up of all the whole background to the rig, so that full well was drilled in all its stages, all of which makes the process much more efficient and controlled. However, at the same time, this constitutes a limitation for use in countries like Bolivia, which do not have the necessary financial funds to cover this investment. Benefits of Casing Drilling Removes a major fraction of the cost of the well using a tubing system that allows the same as it is being drilled. Eliminates down time of pipe. Eliminates costs associated with purchasing, handling, inspection, transportation and maneuvers with the survey and the time lost by these items allocable to problems, reducing capital investment in equipment and operating costs. From the point of view of the background to use tools such as drill bits, downhole motor, MWD, and so on., There are no major changes or special requests regarding the same. Cementation is in the form not unlike the conventional one. It is used in short sections. Mainly used in problematic sections. Improved cleaning cuts. It requires special equipment.

Figure No. 4. Drilling with Casing

Source: (4) b. - Coiled Tubing Drilling The Coiled-Tubing, as its name implies, consists of a continuous metal tube built into a special alloy that allows it to treat it as a tube of PVC (polymerized vinyl chloride), but has the same physical characteristics of a pipe similar diameter conventional, with the following advantages: No need to manipulate or stowage section by section to lower or remove the pit, as it unwound or wound on a reel mechanically driven like a hose. This last feature allows for better, faster handling and storage, for which, this tube has many applications in the drilling of wells as directed in the completion and repair thereof, and allows the continuous injection of fluids while the pipeline flexible continues to move. Coiled Tubing Unit is an autonomous unit workover repair, easily transportable and hydraulics, which injects and retrieves a flexible pipe and continues within the largest online Tubing or Casing. With this system, you may enter with coiled tubing or drill pipe, this allows the first section of drill hole in a conventional manner and then quickly switch to coiled tubing. Advantages of Coiled Tubing Operating

 This system fails to reach greater depths and longer times of operation, allowing continuous drilling. Eliminates assembly and disassembly times of polling. Works without choking the well, with constant upwelling control. Reduce the rise and fall times of tool. Reduced ROP unable to rotate. Versatility for a wide range of jobs. Continuous development of new technologies (expanding service). Possibility of realization of global solutions (Integrated Services). Mainly used for shallow gas wells.

Economic Operational readiness and mobilization Low cost location Environment and Security Decrease audio visual impact Low impact on the ground Possibility of remote command (security staff) Requirements Trained Task Is limited in maximum diameter and depth hole

Figure No. 5

Source: (3) Figure 6

Source: (4)

Figure No. 7. Coiled Tubing Units

Source: (4) c. - DRILLING TO TERMINATION TUBINGLESS A well terminated Tubingless is similar to a traditional well drilling in the form of each of the stages, but is reduced in diameter from the beginning of the well, and comes to the area of interest with tubing, which in turn makes production pipe, thus avoiding the use of accessories termination (packer shirt subsurface valve, etc..) as well as the packing fluid. Tubingless completion wells can be applied in fields in which it has enough information about the training stops and the water-hydrocarbon contact, where there are geological risks, low-risk areas. Some companies also use this type of exploratory wells or termination delimiters, where corrosion problems are not critical and when you have a high success rate in primary foundations. Typically, this type of finish applied in fields with low or medium production due to the difficulty in applying recompletacin and secondary extraction methods. The main differences in the technical aspects most important of a traditional well and a well with Tubingless termination are: Drill Bits: You can use the same type of drills in both cases for the different sections raised, with the difference that a well-terminated Tubingless be used smaller diameters. Drill Pipe: Planning on the drill pipe diameter to be used should consider the smaller diameter segment producer in the case of well Tubingless, you can use different diameters of pipe or a single average diameter can pass freely Pipe: As with the drills, you should use smaller diameter pipes in the well with Tubingless Termination, always taking care to perform the analysis of bursting or collapse and stress for them and ensuring their integrity, once cemented each section .

Guns: At the time of shooting the area of interest, in both cases, we use similar tools, but as in all previous cases the well with Tubingless Termination, guns are used with smaller diameter, and therefore less charge density , which can pass the tubing. Logging Tools: As in the case of guns, tools for cementing record for the production area must be special in the case of well Tubingless terminated and that they should be able to pass through the production tubing. Accessories Termination: Termination For Tubingless, accessories are not necessary termination as in the case of a traditional finish, but Niclas be used to anchor the pipe plugs (if necessary as the well begins to produce water), always ensuring that the plug cementing and logging tools get to the bottom of the well without problems. In all other technical aspects of the well completion Tubingless are equal to those of a traditional well and can use the same equipment in the second case. Advantages of Drilling Completion Tubingless: OPERATIONAL Reduce volume of steel used. Reduces sludge volume required. Hole cleaning is faster and more efficiently, and eliminated the use of packers, completion equipment steel lines and mechanical failures associated. Eliminates the need for termination accessories. Requires extensive geological knowledge of the field. It does not require special equipment. ECONOMIC Reduced costs due to lower volumes of sludge, cement, steel, small diameter drill bits and the volume of sand to use in plugs to isolate intervals. Reduction of time required to start production. HALF ABIENTALES Reduce volume of cuttings generated. Reduce the volume of sludge to be treated. Requires tight control of quality in primary cementing and major repairs are more complicated. CONCLUSIONS Some of the factors that influence the decision making of daily oil and gas industry include: efficiency, flexibility and the operation and functioning of a well, but it is

considered that the most critical factor economic. The need to cut costs in areas of low productivity wells was increasingly used in technical and / or materials, which reduced handling time and cost of equipment in the world. According to information obtained in this work, on different technologies have been developed worldwide for the drilling of wells, is that many of them have advantages that can not pass by, but must be tested for application in our country. In Bolivia, it is also very important to minimize search costs and drilling equipment for the development of our Oil and Gas industry. This leads to think seriously about the importance of conditioning studies the geometry of the expected production wells, drilling wells of small diameter, and analyze technical and economic feasibility of applying other drilling methods. One option would allow the recovery of low-producing wells, is the implementation of the Drilling Completion Tubingless, as these wells meet a broad geological knowledge and provide excellent operational advantages, economic and environmental issues. Currently, many companies operating in our country are conducting several studies and analysis to determine the benefits and applicability of these new drilling systems. Achieve the ultimate goal will be to use these new technologies to reduce the cost of drilling wells in a variable range between 30% and 70%, which currently exists in many countries, while reducing costs, and concerns the environment. REFERENCES 1. http://bo.kalipedia.com/tecnologia 2. www.superhid.gov.bo 3. http://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/pope/pope.shtml 4. http://biblioteca.iapg.org.ar/iapg/ArchivosAdjuntos/7jornaper/Gingins.pdf

BIBLIOGRAPHY PRINTED RESOURCES

J.C. Gonzalez, Tivelli M., Quintanilla H. and G. Cumin. "Experience in High Performance DST Line Pipe for Sour Services and Flowlines" 40th MWSP Conference, ISS 1998. EP/22/23 SIPM. "Casing Design Manual", Shell Exploration and Production, 1980. H. Woods B. "API Drilling and Production Practices," 1951

Virtual Resource Coiled Tubing driling http://biblioteca.iapg.org.ar/iapg/ArchivosAdjuntos/7jornaper/Gingins.pdf

 Oil http://bo.kalipedia.com/tecnologia/tema/mecanismos-motores-energia/ hometrainingpetroleo.html? x = 20070822klpingtcn_78.Kes & ap = 0 Drilling and completion of oil wells: http://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/pope/pope.shtml