HYDRAULICS: CWR 3201 SPRING 2012

LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION & PROPERTIES OF FLUID

FLUID PROPERTIES
-Definition: Fluid has certain characteristics by which its physical properties are described. -These properties expressed in terms of length, mass, force, time temperature. -The traditional system of unit in US is ft-lb-s system. -SI system: kg-m-s system. -This course will use both SI & traditional units

BASIC UNITS
SI Unit: -Mass: kg,

Length: m,

Time: s

-Force: Newton= 1kg x 1m/s2

-Temperature: Kelvin K= 273+ oC

BASIC UNITS
SI Unit: -Work or Energy: Joule (J)= N.m (Force x Distance) -Power: Watt= Joule/s
-Prefixes: -G (giga) = 109 -M (mega) = 106 -K (kilo) = 103 c (centi) = 10-2 m (milli) = 10-3 (micro) = 10-6

BASIC UNITS

FPS System / US Customary Units: -FPS (Foot-Pound-Second)

-Mass: lbm, Length: ft, Time: s

Also, -Mass: slug (14.59 kg), -Force: lbf = 1slug x 1ft/s2 -Conversion: 1 slug = 14.59 kg x (1 lbm / 0.453 kg) = 32.2 lbm

Properties Involving Mass or Weight

Mass Density (): Mass per unit volume.

Mass density of water = 1000 kg/m3 or 62.4 lbm/ft3 Specific Weight (): Gravitational force per unit volume

m V

g
Specific weight of water is 9.8 kN/m3 Specific Gravity (S): Ratio of specific weight of a fluid to the specific weight of water.
S
Fluid W ater Fluid W ater

EQUATION OF STATE & DENSITY OF GASES

Ideal Gas Law:
pV nRuT

p= Absolute Press.; V= Volume, n= Number of moles, Ru=Universal gas constant, T= Absolute temperature Eqn may be rewritten as
p nM Ru T V M

M= molecular wt. of the gas. The product of number of moles and molecular wt. is the mass of the gas. Ru/M= R, is the gas constant

EQUATION OF STATE & DENSITY OF GASES

So the Equation of State becomes
p RT

Or mass density of gas

p RT

* Problem (Handout)

VISCOSITY
-Viscosity (also called dynamic or absolute viscosity): -Measure of fluids resistance to deformation under shear stress. -Shear stress proportional to time rate of strain
dV dy
dV / dy N / m2 (m / s ) / m N .s / m 2

-Unit:

Poise= 0.1 N.s/m2

-Viscosity of water @ 20oC is 1 CP (10-2 poise) * Problem (Handout)

VISCOSITY
-Kinematic Viscosity
N .s / m 2 kg / m3 m2 / s

NEWTONIAN VS. NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

Newtonian Fluid Shear stress is directly proportional to rate of strain Non-Newtonian Fluid Shear stress is NOT directly proportional to rate of strain -Shear-thinning fluids:
dV / dy

decreases with

dV dy

-Shear thickening Fluids: gypsum in water -Bingham plastic: Acts like solid

SURFACE TENSION
-Property by which a liquid at a material interface exerts a force per unit length along the surface - Due to Molecular attraction

-Produces a surface that acts like a stretched membrane.

-The tension that acts on the plane of surface is calculated by: F = L L=Length over-which the surface tension acts -Capillary action shows the effect of surface tension

PRESSURE
Pressure: - Ratio of normal force to area at the point.
| Fnormal | dFnormal A 0 A dA - Scalar quantity: Only magnitude p Lim

Units: - SI: N/m2 (Pascal) - Traditional unit: psi, psf - Engineers frequently states the pressure as height of column of liquid (ft, inch, m) - Example: 50 psi= 127 ft of water column or just 127

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE, GAGE PRESSURE, VACUUM PRESSURE

Absolute Pressure: - Pressure measured relative to zero pressure - Pressure in perfect vacuum is called zero pressure - Absolute pressure is referenced to regions such as outer space (region is devoid of gas)
Gage Pressure: -Pressure measured relative to prevailing to atmospheric pressure -e.g.: Gage pressure 50 kPa recorded at a place, where atmospheric press.= 100 kPa then that pressure can be expressed as p= 50 kPa gage or p= 150 kPa abs

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE, GAGE PRESSURE, VACUUM PRESSURE

Vacuum Pressure: -Difference between atmospheric press. & actual press. -When press. is less than atmospheric, press. can be described as vacuum press.

Standard Atmospheric Pressure at sea level 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 14.7 psi = 33.9 water = 760 mm Hg = 2116 psf

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE, GAGE PRESSURE, VACUUM PRESSURE

Relationship
Pabs Patm Pgage

Pabs

Patm Pvacuum
Pgage

Pvacuum

Example

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Five scientific instruments: - Barometer
Today

- Bourdon-Tube Gage - Piezometer

- Manometer
- Pressure Transducer

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Barometer - Measure atmospheric pressure. - Mercury barometer
patm
Hg

pv

Hg

-What is atm. press (kPa) when h=760 mm (SHg= 13.6) - Aneroid barometer: Works mechanically

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Bourdon-Tube Gage Measures pressure by sensing deflection of a coiled tube.
Performed lab experiment