INDEX

Phn ng tng hp - English Phn ng phn hu - English Polyme ho - English Phn ng dy chuyn - English Phn ng trao i, loi tr, gp - English Phn ng Oxy ho - kh - English Phn ng thu phn - English Phn ng acid base - English

CHEMICAL REACTION
Synthesis: A synthesis reaction, in the simplest sense, involves elements as reagents and the formation of a compound (a substance composed of more than one element) as the product, often as the only product. Iron, symbolized as Fe, reacts with sulfur, S, to form iron sulfide, FeS, as shown by this chemical equation: Fe + S FeS. Decomposition: Decomposition reactions are chemical reactions in which chemical species break up into simpler parts. The decomposition of the gas ammonia is represented by the equation 2NH3 N2 + 3H2; or, in terms of a single mole of ammonia, NH3 1/2N2 + 3/2H2,read as: one mole of ammonia molecules decomposes to form one-half mole of nitrogen molecules and three-halves of a mole of hydrogen molecules. Compounds need not break down into elements in a decomposition reaction. For example, ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3, decomposes into ammonia, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water, according to the equation (NH4)2CO3(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g). Polymerization: Polymerization reactions are not unlike synthesis reactions in thatsimpler substances combine to form more complex substances. The term polymerization, however, is restricted to chemical reactions in which the product is composed of many, hundreds or thousands, of the simpler reagent species. The polymerization of terephthalic acid, HO2C(C6H4)CO2H, with ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH, to form the polymer called Dacron in fibre form or Mylar in sheet form, is represented by the equation: nHO2C(C6H4)CO2H [...OC(C6H4)CO2CH2CH2O...]n + 2nH2O in which n signifies a large number of moles (and 2n twice that number of moles): the dotted extensions at either end of the repetitious polymeric molecule symbol signify further extensions of the same pattern. The polymer ends eventually with an HO2C(C.. .) at the left and a . . . CH2OH at the right end. Chain reactions:

A chain reaction is a series of reactions in which the product of each step is a reagent for the next. Many polymerization reactions are chain reactions. A simpler example, however, is found in the synthesis of hydrogen bromide. The overall synthesis equation is H2 + Br2 2HBr. The details by which this synthesis occurs are believed to involve a series of reactions beginning with Br2 2Br, which is endoergic. Some of the bromine atoms will recombine, however, in the reverse exoergic reaction, Br + Br Br2, but not all do so. If a bromine atom instead moves in such a way as to meet and interact with a hydrogen molecule, another reaction will occur: Br + H2 HBr + H. This hydrogen atom then can react either with a bromine molecule, H + Br2 HBr + Br, or with an HBr molecule, already formed, H + HBr H2 + Br. Note that HBr is formed and the chain is propagated by the two reactions Br + H2 HBr + H and H + Br2 HBr + Br; each recurrence of this sequence converts one molecule of hydrogen and one of bromine to two molecules of hydrogen bromide and generates other atoms that reinitiate the sequence, thus continuing the chain. Finally, after most of the hydrogen and bromine molecules present have reacted, the chain-termination reaction, Br + Br Br2, predominates, with the formation of trace amounts of bromine molecules. Here, the symbols used in the equations represent atoms and molecules rather than moles of atoms and molecules. Stoichiometric application is not as appropriate for these details as it is for the overall synthesis equation. Substitution, elimination, addition: Substitution reactions are reactions in which a molecule is changed by the loss of one or more atoms and the gain of one or more other atoms that in a sense substitute for those that are lost. For example, chloroform, CHCl3, reacts with antimony trifluoride, SbF3, to form the useful compound monochlorodifluoromethane, CHClF2. The incomplete, nonstoichiometric equation, emphasizingonly the substitution, is CHCl3 + SbF3 CHClF2. Two fluorine atoms are substituted for two chlorine atoms in this equation. The product substance undergoes a further reaction when heated strongly: 2CHClF2 C2F4 + 2HCl. This reaction is an example of an elimination reaction; in this case, a hydrogen atom and a chlorine atom are eliminated as molecular hydrogen chloride, HCl. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide or other catalysts, this compound, tetrafluoroethylene, C2F4, polymerizes to form the well-known substance Teflon, (CF2)n, or . . . CF2CF2CF2CF2CF2CF2CF2CF2 . . . . Addition reactions, as the name implies, are reactions in which atoms are added to a molecule. If the added atoms are hydrogen atoms, the addition

reaction is called a hydrogenation reaction.For example, many different vegetable oils can be hydrogenated. The product is a solid that can be used as shortening in the preparation of food. Oleic acid, C18H34O2, serves as an example: C18H34O2 + H2 C18H36O2. This reaction and the hydrogenation of other vegetable oils are usually carried out in the presence of a specific catalyst, finely divided porous nickel; for this process to be economically effective, the hydrogen must be under high pressure. Oxidationreduction reactions: Oxidationreduction reactions form another class of important chemical reactions. For example, the generation of electric current by the use of a socalled dry cell or by a storage battery can occur only by means of an oxidationreduction reaction that takes place within the battery. (The chemical reactions that take place inside any typical battery remain unknown in detail.) In the more recently developed mercury cell, constructed out of zinc (Zn) metal, usually in the form of a cuplike container, in which mercury monoxide, HgO, water, and other substances are enclosed, in the region near the electrode marked with a plus sign, a reduction reaction occurs (the electron itself is represented by the symbol e, which can be taken to indicate [stoichiometrically]a mole of electrons): 2e + HgO + H2O Hg + 2OH. This equation is called a reduction half-equation because it symbolizes the gain of electrons by the reagents, mercury monoxide and water, to form the products, mercury metal, Hg, and hydroxide ion, OH. At the corresponding negative electrode, an oxidation reaction occurs, electrons being lost during the formation of product from the reagent. The reaction is symbolized in the oxidation half-equation Zn + 2OH ZnO + H2O + 2e. In addition to the disappearance of hydroxide (OH) ion, zinc is also consumed. Hence, the cell will certainly cease to function when the enclosing cup, made of zinc, has disappeared. Further, the reduction half-equation states that, as this cell is discharged, metallic mercury is produced within the cell. Acidbase reaction: Although the classes of chemical reaction have by no means been exhausted, the final class to be mentioned here is acidbase reaction. One definition of an acid is that it is a substance that gives up a proton; i.e., a hydrogen ion, H+ (a hydrogen atom with its single electron removed). Vinegar is largely composed of waterand acetic acid, CH3COOH. The hydrogen atom on the right end, as depicted here, can be lost as an ion with the electron remaining behind on the acetate residue, now to be identified as an acetate ion (CH3COO). CH3COOH (CH3COOO) + H+.

The ionization of acetic acid, however, will not occur unless a base is present. A base is defined as a substance that tends to take protons from acids. Water is a suitable base, taking the proton to become a hydronium ion, H3O+: CH3COOH + H2O (CH3COO) + H3O)+. In water solution, sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3 (common baking soda), forms dispersed sodium ions, Na+, and bicarbonate ions (HCO3), for the most part. Bicarbonate ions are bases, and they tend to take hydrogen ions from hydronium ions, which act as an acid, to form carbonic acid, H2CO3: (H3O)+ + (HCO3) H2O + H2CO3. The carbonic acid is unstable at ordinary temperatures; most of it decomposes into water and gaseous carbon dioxide: H2CO3 H2O + CO2.

PHN NG HO HC
Phn ng tng hp: Phn ng tng hp, ni mt cch n gin, l tng hp cc cht tham gia (cc nguyn t) v to thnh sn phm l hp cht (cht cha nhiu hn mt nguyn t) , v thng ch to ra mt sn phm. V d: St tc dng vi lu hunh to thnh st (II) sulfide: Fe + S FeS. Phn ng phn hu: Phn ng phn hu l phn ng m cc thnh phn ho hc ca mt cht c phn tch ra thnh nhiu cht n gin hn. V d: Kh amonic khi b phn hu nhit cao vi xc tc s to thnh hai kh nitrogen v hidrogen: 2NH3 N2 + 3H2 (hay NH3 1/2N2 + 3/2H2) Hp cht khng nht thit phi b phn hu thnh nhng nguyn t trong phn ng phn hu. V d: ammonium carbonate phn hu thnh kh amonic, kh cacbonic v nc: (NH4)2CO3(rn) 2NH3(kh) + CO2(kh) + H2O(lng). Polyme ho: Phn ng polyme ha khng phi l phn ng tng hp n gin m trong nhng cht n gin kt hp vi nhau to ra mt cht phc tp hn.

Polyme ho l phn ng to ra sn phm l cht bao gm hng trm hay hng ngn nhng cht tham gia n gin. V d: Qu trnh polyme ho ca acid terephthalic, HO2C(C6H4)CO2H, vi ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH, to thnh hp cht cao phn t gi l Dacron dng si hay dng tm, c biu din bi phng trnh: nHO2C(C6H4)CO2H [...OC(C6H4)CO2CH2CH2O...]n + 2nH2O n biu th cho mt s lng mole rt ln (v 2n l gp i): the dotted extensions at either end of the repetitious polymeric molecule symbol signify further extensions of the same pattern. The polymer ends eventually with an HO2C(C.. .) at the left and a . . . CH2OH at the right end. Phn ng dy chuyn: Phn ng dy chuyn l mt chui phn ng trong sn phm ca qu trnh trc s l cht tham gia ca qu trnh sau. Nhiu qu trnh polyme ho cng l nhng chui phn ng. V d: S tng hp hydrogen bromide. Phng trnh c bn: H2 + Br2 2HBr. Phn ng ny xy ra c th c bt u bng phn ng: Br2 2Br. Mt s phn t Brom c th kt hp li vi nhau trong mt phn ng thu nhit: Br + Br Br2, nhng khng phi tt c u nh vy. Nu mt s nguyn t Brom gp v tng tc vi cc phn t hidro, mt phn ng khc s xy ra: Br + H2 HBr + H. Nguyn t hidro ny cn c th gp v tng tc vi cc phn t Brom: H + Br2 HBr + Br, hay vi cc phn t HBr c to ra: H + HBr H2 + Br. Note that HBr is formed and the chain is propagated by the two reactions Br + H2 HBr + H and H + Br2 HBr + Br; each recurrence of this sequence converts one molecule of hydrogen and one of bromine to two molecules of hydrogen bromide and generates other atoms that reinitiate the sequence, thus continuing the chain. Finally, after most of the hydrogen and bromine molecules present have reacted, the chain-termination reaction, Br + Br Br2, predominates, with the formation of trace amounts of bromine molecules. Here, the symbols used in the equations represent atoms and molecules rather than moles of atoms and molecules. Stoichiometric application is not as appropriate for these details as it is for the overall synthesis equation. Phn ng trao i, phn ng loi tr, phn ng gp: Phn ng trao i l phn ng ho hc m trong mt phn t b bin i khi mt hay nhiu nguyn t b mt i v c thay th bng mt hay nhiu nguyn t khc

V d: chloroform, CHCl3, phn ng vi antimony trifluoride, SbF3, s to thnh mt hp cht c li l monochlorodifluoromethane, CHClF2. Phn ng cha hon chnh, nhn mnh s thay th: CHCl3 + SbF3 CHClF2. Hai nguyn t flour c thay th bi hai nguyn t chlorine trong phng trnh. Cht to thnh ny cn phi chu mt phn ng na nhit cao: 2CHClF2 C2F4 + 2HCl. y cng l mt v d cho phn ng loi tr; trong trng hp ny, mt nguyn t hidro v mt nguyn t chlorine b loi tr to thnh hidro chlorua HCl. Trong cu to ca hydrogen peroxide (thuc st trng) hay trong cc cht xc tc khc, hp cht tetrafluoroethylene, C2F4, polyme ho to thnh Teflon, (CF2)n, hay . . . CF2CF2CF2CF2CF2CF2CF2CF2 . . . . Phn ng gp l phn ng m nguyn t c thm vo trong cu to ca phn t. Nu nguyn t hidrp c thm vo, phn ng l s hydro ho. V d: Nhiu loi du thc vt c th b hidro ho Sn phm to thnh l mt cht rn c th c dng rt ngn thi gian chun b thc n. Acid oleic , C18H34O2, l mt v d: C18H34O2 + H2 C18H36O2. S hidro ho ca cc loi du thc vt ny c th c tin hnh vi mt s cht xc tc c bit; v t hiu qu kinh t, thng c tin hnh vi hidro c nn di p sut cao. Phn ng Oxy ho - kh: Phn ng oxy ho - kh l mt dng phn ng ho hc rt quan trng. V d: s pht in ca pin kh hay ca bnh c-quyc th coi l mt phn ng oxy ho - kh xy ra trong bnh c-quy . Hin nay, pin c lm bng thu ngn vi lp v bng km, l ni m km monoxide, HgO, nc, v nhng cht khc c bao ph, ni gn in cc dng, th phn ng kh xy ra: 2e + HgO + H2O Hg + 2OH. y gi l phng trnh kh bi v n m t s tng thm s electrons t cht tham gia, thu ngn monoxide v nc, to thnh kim loi, thu ngn kim loi, Hg v ion OH. in cc m, phn ng oxy ho xy ra, electrons b mt trong qu trnh to ra sn phm. Phn ng ny c m t trong phng trnh oxy ho: Zn + 2OH ZnO + H2O + 2e. Tng ng vi s bin mt ca ion OH, Km cng c s dng. V th, pin s ngng pht in khi lp v km bao ngoi bin mt. Hn na, phng trnh kh ch r rng, khi pin phng in, thu ngn kim loi c sn xut bn trong cc pin.

Phn ng thu phn: Phn ng thu phn l phn ng tri ngc vi phn ng trung ho. Trong phn ng thu phn, mui tc dng vi nc to thnh acid v base. V d: Natri clorua khi b ho tan, s c phn ng xy ra mt mc no : (Na+ + Cl) +H2O (Na+ + OH) + (H+ + Cl) Trong phn ng ny, lng H+ v lng OH phn ly l bng nhau nn phn ng ny l trung ho. l v NaOH l base mnh v HCl l acid mnh. V vy, mui ca mt acid mnh v mt base mnh s to thnh mt phn ng trung ho khi b tan trong nc. Tuy nhin, nu Na2CO3 tan, ta c: (2Na+ + CO32) +2H2O (2Na+ + 2OH) + H2CO3 H2CO3 l mt acid yu. V ion OH cn t do trong phn ng tan, nn qu trnh thu phn c tnh base. V vy, mui ca mt acid yu v mt base mnh s to thnh mt phn ng base. Cn nu chng ta dng ZnCl2, mui ca mt acid mnh v mt base yu, ta c: (Zn2+ + 2Cl) + 2H2O (2H+ + 2Cl) +Zn(OH)2 Ion OH b gi trong cht ion ho yu, trong khi ion H+ vn cn t do thc hin phn ng, to thnh phn ng acid. V vy, mui ca mt acid mnh v mt base yu s to thnh mt phn ng acid khi tan trong nc. Cn khi ta ly mui ca acid yu v base yu, v d nh amoni carbonate (NH4)2CO3, tan trong nc: (NH4)2CO3 + 2H20 2NH4OH + H2CO3 C hai cht, NH4OH l base yu v H2CO3 l acid yu. V vy, qu trnh thu phn ca mui to bi acid yu v base yu l mt phn ng trung ho, v c ion H+ v ion OH u khng cn t do c th thc hin phn ng na. Phn ng acid - base: l phn ng gia mt acid v mt base. Acid l cht khi phn ly cho proton H+ (nguyn t hidro b mt electron). V d: Gim l mt hn hp ca nc v acid acetic, CH3COOH. The hydrogen atom on the right end, as depicted here, can be lost as an ion with the electron remaining behind on the acetate residue, now to be identified as an acetate ion (CH3COO). CH3COOH (CH3COOO) + H+. Qu trnh ion ho ca acid acetic khng th thc hin c khi khng c base (cht nhn proton H+ t acid). y dng nc l thch hp, nhn proton H+ tr thnh ion H3O+: CH3COOH + H2O (CH3COO) + H3O+. Khi b ho tan trong nc, natri bicarbonate, NaHCO3 (thng gi l soda thc phm), s b phn ly thnh ion Na+ v ion bicarbonate (HCO3). Ion bicarbonate l base,v chng c khuynh hng nhn proton t ion hydronium

(H3O+), cht ng vai tr nh mt acid, to thnh acid carbonic H2CO3: (H3O)+ + (HCO3) H2O + H2CO3. Acid cacbonic khng tn ti iu kin thng, nn phn ln b phn hu thnh nc v kh cacbonic: H2CO3 H2O + CO2.