LABORATORY

NOTE BOOK

Name

Roll No :

Experiment 1

Date: 11.11.11

Aim: To measure the resistance by using Aquameter.

Experimental setup:
Aquameter
Resistance box
Connecting wires
18V D.C. supply using 12 no.s 1.5V batteries
Observations:
Array
no.
1
2
3
4

Resistance (ohm)
R1
220
9.8
3.4
4.5

R2
46.5
4.63
22.2
2.0

R3(R1+R2)
265
14.5
24
6.8

Precautions:

Readings should be taken carefully.

Electrical connections should be good.

Use the resistance knobs precisely to record very small fraction of resistance on
internal mode.

Low power A.C. voltage is present, hence comparatively less harmful.

Limitations:

Very low powered A.C. signal will not penetrate to the higher depth of the ground.

Impossible to take more than one reading at a time- time consuming.

Experiment 2
Aim: to find out response of induction in an electromagnetic field.
Experimental setup:
a) Frequency generator

b) Power amplifier
c) Electrical field frame
d) Height changer frame
e) Induction coil/ Transistor
f) V.T.V.M. connecting wire
g) Different types of metal plate
h) Detector
Observations:
Input frequency of A.C. supply: 4 kHz

Table 1: Induced e.m.f. on different metal plates when they are placed 6 inch (vertically)
away from the transistor.
S. N.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

Position
From
centre
inch
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Induced e.m.f.
Without metal plate

Cu

Pb

Al

mV
170.94
146.62
134.75
120.63
115.34
109.78
105.72
102.26
100.04
98.44
97.65
96.46
95.67
95.14
95.1
95.14
95.87
96.5
97.51
99.18
101.02
103.24
106.17
109.63
114.63
121.46
132.08
147.59
168.63

mV
168.4
146.31
131.08
121.44
115.08
109.64
105.35
102.04
99.14
96.62
94.54
92.71
91.07
90.02
89.55
89.98
91.02
92.65
94.78
97.15
99.67
102.55
106.15
109.94
115.46
122.75
131.47
146.98
170.15

mV
170.15
146.2
132.38
121.74
115.33
110.08
109.98
102.72
100.01
97.24
95.1
93
91.38
90.16
89.7
90.08
90.43
92.19
94.1
96.23
99.51
102.24
105.72
109.62
115.06
121.67
132
146.35
169.64

mV
169.26
147.05
132.91
122.68
115.78
110.32
109.74
101.86
98.31
94.65
91.62
88.46
86.37
84.79
84.01
84.41
85.38
87.38
89.58
93.36
96.78
100.78
105.07
109.98
115.44
123.08
133.13
147.68
171.7

Figure 1: Plot of induced e.m.f. on different metal plates versus horizontal distance
along profile (vertical distance 6 inch)

Table 2: Induced e.m.f. on different metal plates when they are placed 9 inch (vertically)
away from the transistor.
S. N.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

Position
From
centre
inch
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Without metal plate

e.m.f.
Cu

Pb

Al

mV
170.94
146.62
134.75
120.63
115.34
109.78
105.72
102.26
100.04
98.44
97.65
96.46
95.67
95.14
95.1
95.14
95.87
96.5
97.51
99.18
101.02
103.24
106.17
109.63
114.63
121.46
132.08
147.59
168.63

mV
168.79
146.77
132.91
122.41
114.66
109.74
105.51
102.54
100.17
98.69
96.77
94.92
94.34
93.93
93.17
93.55
94.06
94.81
95.5
97.53
99.57
102.4
105.95
110.1
115.2
122.66
132.66
146.6
166.47

mV
169.61
145.82
132.12
128.95
114.94
110.26
106.09
102.83
100.3
98.6
97.06
95.34
94.25
93.52
92.95
93.33
93.75
94.06
96.12
97.6
99.67
102.6
105.94
109.74
114.95
122.15
131.26
144.95
166.41

mV
170.37
147.56
134.18
122.45
115.48
109.98
105.97
102.44
99.61
96.52
94.61
92.78
91.51
90.78
90.4
90.4
91.15
92.27
93.88
95.98
98.4
101.48
104.74
109.59
114.92
121.98
131.67
145.18
169.64

Figure 2: Plot of induced e.m.f. on different metal plates versus horizontal distance
along profile (vertical distance 9 inch)
Discussions:
1. Induced current in the secondary coil follow Lenzs law which states that induced
current is always in such direction so as to oppose the change causing it. Thus the
introduction of plates will reduce the induced magnetic field.
2. If two coils have mutual inductance M and the current flowing in the primary coil is I,
then the current induce in the secondary coil is M I where M is the function of
geometry of two coils.
3. The mutual inductance M depends on the flux of the field passing through the
medium in between the two coils, change in height of the coils, changes the amount of
flux passing through the plate and hence changes M and consequently also the
induced current.

Experiment 3
Aim: To measure resistance by using DDR resistivity meter
Required materials:
a. Connecting wire with plugs
b. Resistance box with unknown resistance
c. Battery box
Procedure:
a. Connect 6 volts battery box as a power source to resistivity meter box
b. Connect C1 and C2 from resistivity meter to resistance box
c. Connect P1 and P2 from resistivity meter to resistance box. Switch on the power.
d. On the SP switch and adjusted it in 0 in mV display
e. Press the energized switch
f. Record the readings of both mV and mA display by holding the switch
g. Take the same reading in reverse connection
h. Calculate the value of unknown resistance

Table: recorded data and its respective calculation

Current( in
V=I/R
mA)
Direct Reverse Direct Reverse R=V/I
Voltage (in mV)

Set no.

OBS. No.

Set-1

1
2
3

297
1376
1675

296
1375
1671

6
6
6

6
6
6

49.5
229.3
297.2

Set -2

1
2
3

46
868
915

45
868
915

10
10
10

10
10
10

4.5
86.8
91.5

Set-3

1
2
3

65
439
504

66
438
504

20
20
20

20
20
20

3.3
22.0
25.2

1
2

76
161

75
161

36
35

35
35

2.1
4.6

Set-4

or

238

238

35

35

6.8