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The profession developed during the 19th century from the earlier "measurer", a specialist tradesman, who prepared standardized schedules for a building project in which all of the construction materials, labour activities and the like were quantified, and against which competing builders could submit priced tenders. Because all tenders were based on the same schedule of information, they could be easily compared so as to identify the best one. The professional institution with which most English-speaking quantity surveyors are affiliated is the UK based Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) , Quantity Surveyors International (QSi) and Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors (ICES) http://www.ices.org.uk/. Those who are qualified members of the RICS are allowed to use the term "Chartered Quantity Surveyor" or simply "Chartered Surveyor". The QS is central to the decision-making process throughout the management of a project from initial inception to final completion. The QS handles estimating and cost control, the tendering process and, after contract award, the commercial interface. All QSs are able to carry out estimating and measurement of construction works prior to tender, producing the bill of quantities; produce tender documentation and manage the tender process; clarify and evaluate tenders; and manage the resultant contract through monthly valuations, variations control, and assessment of claims. The QS is trained in techniques of cost control. Those QSs who emphasize the cost discipline, often use the term "Construction Cost Consultant". They ensure that projects are designed and constructed in such a manner as to secure value for money, cost certainty and programme dates. Others emphasize contracts management. Trained to draft, interpret and administer complex contracts, those QSs who operate in the broader field of project management often adopt other titles such as "Contracts manager" or "Construction surveyor". A number of QSs work in procurement in the oil & gas industry, process and power industries, and civil engineering. Their preferred title, in countries where the QS profession is less known, is "Contracts engineer". Some QSs specialize in project management, the QS background being a good foundation for understanding the complexities of modern large-scale projects. As well as in professional quantity surveying practices, the QS finds employment in all parts of industry and government including primary and secondary industry, national and local government bodies and agencies, contractors and subcontractors, developers, and financial and legal companies. The QS is a major contributor to the success of all types of projects in all sectors of the economy including industry, infrastructure, healthcare, education, public buildings, retail and commercial construction, residential construction, and leisure projects. 1
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Principles Of Measurements
Dimension paper Bs 3327.1970 specification for stationary for quantity surveying specifies the paper size for dimension papers as A4 (210mm297mm) ruled vertically as per the figures 9mm 14mm 15mm 16mm 55mm 14mm 15mm 16mm 56mm
given below. The rulings widths& purpose of columns on the face and reverse sides of the dimension paper are illustrated in figures 1&2. Figure 1- face Side
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Figure 2- Reverse Side 16mm 15mm 16mm 55mm 14mm 15mm 16mm 54mm 9mm
Each dimension sheet is split in to two identically ruled parts each consisting of four columns. The 9mm wide first column of the face side and last column of the reverse side is the binding margin for binding the dimension papers. The purpose of each column is indicated below. Column 1 is the timesing column where multiplying figures are entered when there is more than one of the particular items being measured. Column 2 is the dimension column where the actual dimensions are scaled or taken direct from drawings are entered. There may be one, two or three lines of dimensions in an item depending on whether it is linear square of cubic. Column 3 is the squaring column where the length area or volume obtained by multiplying together the figures in columns 1&2 is recorded ready for transfer to the abstract or bill. Column 4 is the description column where the written description of each items entered the right hand side of the wider column is used for preliminary calculations and other information needed in building up the dimensions references to the location of the work and is referred to as waste. NTK Lokuliyana. BCAS Page 4
Form of Dimensions There are five forms of dimensions as set down by the taker-off. They are as follows 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Cubic measurements Square or superficial measurement. Linear measurement Numbers or enumerated items. Items.
Order of Dimensions A constant order of entering dimensions shall be followed throughout and it is customary to write down in the dimension column in the same order. 1) Horizontal length 2) Horizontal width or breadth. 3) Vertical depth or height. Although the order will not affect the calculations of the cubic or square measurement, it is very valuable in tracing measurements later and an incorrect order in a description may even sometimes mislead an estimator in pricing.
Entering dimensions Dimensions are entered in meters with two decimals in dimension column. When setting down the dimensions immediately under each other in the dimension column each separate item is divided from the next by a line.
Indicating a cubic measurement of, 3.00m long 0.60m wide and 1.00 deep. Indicating a superficial measurement, 3.00m long and 2.00 m wide.
4 Nr 4 4/ 1 Indicating four in number Sometimes the SMM requires the insertion of an item which is a description without a measurement quantity and indicated as follows.
Item
There is no need to label the dimensions cube super linear etc Timesing Sometimes when the taker-off has written the dimensions, it is found that there are several similar items having the same measurements and to indicate that the measurement is to be multiplied it will be timesed thus; 3/ 3.00 0.60 1.00 3.00 2.00 Indicating that the cubic measurement is to e multiplied by 3 Indicating that the superficial measurement is to be multiplied by 5
5/
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2/5/3/
2/4/6/
6.00
Dotting ON (.) In repeating a dimension the taker-off may find that it cannot be multiplied but added .where additional items occur the dimensions may be increased by dotting on or added. Thus .2/ 4 .3/2/ 1 3.00 0.60 1.00 3.00 2.00 Indicating that the cubic measurement is to be multiplied (2+4) by 6 Indicating that the square measurement is to be multiplied [2x (3+1)] by8
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2 7
22
Area of triangle with a base of 2.0m and height of 1.0m. Area of circle 1.0m radius Circumference of a circle 1.0 m radius. Volume of a cylinder 1.0 m diameter and 1.00 m height.
2 7
22
7
22
Brackets A bracket is used whenever more than one measurement relates to a description or group of descriptions. The bracket being placed outside of the squaring column, a vertical line with a little cross marks to indicate top and bottom. The total quantity indicated by the measurements within the bracket is set against each related description on the abstract. Alteration of dimensions When dimensions have set down incorrectly they shall never be erased or altered.Incorect dimensions should be cancelled by writing NIL in the squaring column alongside the incorrect figures and the extent of the cancellation indicated by brackets and arrowheads. The correct dimensions shall be written clearly in the dimension column and this can be done thus:
Excavating trenches width exceeding 0.30 m and depth 1.00m 7.20 NIL & Disposal of excavated material off site Total quantity to be abstracted
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Waste calculations Except in very simple cases dimensions shall not be calculated mentally. Not only will the risk of error be reduced if the calculations are written down, but another person can readily see the origin of the dimension when they are checked. The preliminary or waste calculations involved in determining the dimensions and any related explanatory comments shall be written clearly on the right hand side of the description column. the risk of error will then be reduced since these calculations can be checked during working up and in addition the process by which the dimensions where determined will made clear of later reference. Waste calculations are written to three decimal places and the results reduced to the nearest 10mm (ie.above 5mm as 10mm and 5mm neglected) before transfer to the dimension column. Spacing of dimensions All measurements and descriptions shall be spaced well apart, so that it is quite clear where one begins and it ends. It is not unusual for a taker-off to realize that after writing down the measurements that some item has been overlooked and it is desired to insert it in its proper place. if the dimensions are well spaced out, it can be squeezed in, but otherwise it will have to be inserted elsewhere and cross-references made which only complicate the work. The description The description of the item measured is set down opposite the measurement in the description column. Descriptions shall be adequate, clear, concise and built up following the order set out in the tabulated rules of the SMM together with the necessary information from the supplementary rules. The Ampersand or Anding ON (&) When dimensions are to be repeated or other items this is indicated by use of the ampersand sign(&) thereby preventing repetition of dimensions however care must be taken when combining linear with superficial items or superficial with cubic items.
Deductions
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Ddt.4/215
& Ddt. Filling to excavations. 450 mm avg.thickness a.b.d. & Add Disposal of excavated material off site
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Headings Headings are essential in taking off in order that the dimension sheets can be identified with a particular contract and also to indicate the sequence of measurement for later reference. The title of the contract must appear at the head of each dimension sheet. In contracts with several buildings; the name of the building unit shall be incorporated in the title on the appropriate dimension sheets. Column numbering Numbering in sequence at the bottom of the column must identify each column of dimensions.this useful for reference purposes and provides a check which ensures that the dimensions are complete. Extra over items Certain items are measured as extra over the item of work in which they occur in which case the estimator will price the additional cost involved as to some extent this item will have been previously measured. An example of this type of item is bends on rainwater goods. Abbreviations & symbols NTK Lokuliyana. BCAS Page 11
Use of schedules In addition to providing design information schedules can be produced to facilitate the taking off process. Schedules can be used to collect all the relevant specification information on concise tabulated form for ease of reference to assist measurement or they may be used for recording measurement and can become the taking-off. The use of schedules for items, which repeat themselves throughout the building, is advocated as a mean of saving time and due to the more systematic approach reducing the possibility of errors. Drawn information General rules clause 6 refers to three types of Drawn information. 1. Location Drawings 2. Component Drawings 3. Dimension Drawings. With regard to dimension diagrams, sometimes rather than a lengthy and possibly ambiguous dimension description a sketch included in a bill of quantities can be more appropriate. it has the advantage of showing clearly the shape and dimensions of the work, although a bill diagram shall not replace an item otherwise require to be measured. Deemed To Be Included Item Items, which are deemed to be included are mentioned in the coverage rules of SMM(SLS 573:1999) and indicate that an allowance is to be made by the estimator for these specific items, which are not require to measure separately. Query Sheets During the taking off process problems may arise involving the interpretation of drawings, clarification of the specification or additional information, which will require a decision from the Architect or Engineer. in the event of this a query sheet is to be produced by taker-off. The sheet is normally divided down the centre to accommodate the queries on the left-hand side of the sheet and the answers on the right hand side. NTK Lokuliyana. BCAS Page 12
QUERY
ANSWER
Architects Signature Order Of Taking Off The order of taking off largely follows the order of construction to simplify the work and to reduce the risk of items being missed. The measured items will subsequently be sorted in to bill order, which can embrace the work sections in SMM to secure uniformity and assist with computerization. The taking- off of dimension is usually divided in to sections under three main subdivisions. a) Carcass: (1) Foundations( substructure) (2) Frame (3) External walls internal walls (4) Partitions (5) Fires and vents (6) Floors (7) Roofs (1) Internal & external finishing (2) Windows (3) Doors, including openings without joinery (4) Fixtures and surfaces (5) Stairs and lifts (6) Plumbing and engineering services (1) Drainage (2) Roads, paths, site layout, outbuildings etc
b) Finishing
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Substructure
T.o List 1. Cutting down trees 2. Clearing site vegetation 3.Top soil Excavation 4. Disposal of excavated material for Preservation 5. Trench excavation 6. Disposal of excavated Material 7. Trimming sides of excavation 8. Compaction of bottom of excavation 9. Earth work support 10 Disposal of surface water 11. Concrete in foundation 12.Brick work to dpc 13DPC 14.Filling to excavation 15. Filling to make up levels 16. DPM 17. Concrete bed
The Standard Method of Measurement The Standard Method of Measurement, 7th edition, (SMM7) and the Code of Measurement Practice (MC), both agreed by the Royal Institutio of Charted Surveyors (RICS), set out rules for the measurement and description of building work. SMM7 is a document that provides not only a uniform basis for measuring building work but also embodies the essentials of good practice. If all bill of quantities are prepared in accordance with these rules then all parties concerned are aware of what is included and what is to be assumed. Contractors therefore tender on an equal basis and their tenders can be more readily compared and evaluated. Without the use of such a set of rules the quality of bills of quantities can vary widely. The Code of Measurement Practice is a companion volume which clarifies and explains the rules contained in the SMM. NTK Lokuliyana. BCAS Page 15
Group Exercise
1. Make five groups of student 2. Four groups should select sixteen different measurement procedures( each group will select four) 3. Study their significance in measurement process 4. One student from each group should make a presentation regarding the significance of selected procedures in measurement process for five minutes using multimedia or chalkboard 5. The fifth group will be presenting five minutes presentation on significance of SMM in measurement process 6. Every group MUST make at least one comment on all five presentation
References
1. Ivor H. Seeley & Roger, W. (1999) Building Quantities Explained: 5th.ed., Macmillan, Pp, 1 to 36
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