1. What is Human Geography? a. Human geographers study people and places. b.

Human geography: focuses on how people make places, how people we organize space and society, how we interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world. c. Advances in communication and transportation are making everything interconnected. Popular culture such as fashion and architecture are making people and places look more alike d. Understanding and explaining diversity is the mission of Human Geo. e. Globalization: the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact. The process of globalization exceeds state boundaries and has outcomes that vary across places and scales. i. Global as the blanket covering the world ii. Local seen as a continuation of traditional despite the blanket of globalization. 1. Globalization is much more than this f. Using scale to understand the interrelationship among local, regional, national, and global. i. Global affect local also affects regional and national g. Globalization occurs at the world scale i. What happens at other scales (local, national, regional) helps create the process of globalization and shape the outcomes of globalization 1. Ex: time-warner: work in global city (local scale) to create global processes of media production and flows. ii. Engage in fieldwork (go out in the field and see what people are doing Observing actions and reactions) and research to see how different places a people are on each scale (shaping globalization) 1. No environment stands apart from human action 2. What are Geographic questions? a. Geographers study human phenomena such as language, religion and identify, and they also study physical phenomena, such as landforms, climate, and environmental change b. Examine interactions between humans and environment c. Human geo is the study of human phenomena on earth d. Physical geo is the study physical phenomena on Earth e. Mikesell defined geo as why of where f. What do various facets of this wide-ranging discipline have in common? The answer lies with both human and physical geographers use: i. Spatial: pertaining to space on the earth s surface; sometimes used as a syn. For geographic. ii. All geographers are interested in spatial arrangement of place and phenomena, how it is laid out, organized, and arranged on the Earth, and how they appear on the landscape. iii. Spatial distribution of phenomena is typically the first step to understanding it.

1. Looking at a map raises questions about arrangement and how it came about 2. Patterns: the design of spatial distribution physical location of a geographic phenomenon across space a. (scattered or clustered) b. What relationship exist between different places and things g. Maps in the time of Cholera Pandemics i. Medical geo- the study of health and diseases within a geographic content and from a geographical perspective. Among other things, medical geography looks at sources, diffusion routes, and distributions of diseases. ii. Cholera denotes a set of diseases (diarrhea and hydrations) iii. 1st of several pandemics: worldwide outbreak of diseases iv. 1826-1837 v. Remains a threat vi. Epidemic: regional outbreak of a disease vii. Geographical inquiry = life saving h. Spatial perspective i. UNDERSTAND CHANGE ACROSS SPACE IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT ii. Kant argues that we need disciplines focused not only on particular phenomena (such as economics and sociology), but also on the perspectives of time (history) and space (geography) iii. Spatial perspective: physical location of a geographic phenomenon across space iv. Four major geo organizations in the US came together in 1980s and formed the Geo Educational National Implementation Project v. National Geo Society published findings in 1986, introducing 5 themes of geo, derived from spatial perspective of geo 3. The five Themes a. Location: position of people and things on Earth i. Helps to establishes the context within which events and processes are situated ii. Location theory: has evolved from this which is predicting the why and where of people and things. iii. Absolute location: locations determined by a frame of reference typically latitude and longitude 1. address of school iv. Relative location: a place in relations to other human and physical features 1. Changes McDonalds to Starbucks 2. Absolute locations do not change, but relative locations are constantly modified and change over time v. Site: in the internal, physical characteristics of a place 1. New Orleans is a bad site for human habitation vi. Situation: is the location of a place in relation to surrounding characteristics 1. New Orleans is an excellent situation

vii. Where should super target be located given the current neighborhoods and new developments b. Human environment interactions: how we affect the environment and how it affects us c. Region: areas that have a shared culture i. Formal/ uniform region: regions that can be defined by physical or cultural criteria 1. Midwest or Corn belt of the US ii. Functional/ nodal region- based on products of interaction of movements of various kinds also called a spatial system 1. Shopping centers, broad cast area for radio tower iii. Perceptional/ vernacular region: intellectual detrains that help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena 1. The south iv. Some of these overlap d. Place i. The unique human and physical characteristics associated with a place 1. Sense of place: we infuse what a place means to us by our own experiences 2. Perception of place: books/ movies stereotypes give us ideas about a place even if we have never been there a. Disney world e. Movement: i. To mobility of goods, people, and ideas, spatial interaction is determined by distance among places, their accessibility and connecting though transportation and communication 1. Complementary: exchange of goods between regions that satisfy each other s demands (use of railroads, telephone, internet) 2. Intervening opportunity: the preserve of a nearer community that greatly diminishes the attachments of sites farther away a. Instead of visiting china visit china town in New York City 3. Interconnectedness of places a. Spatial interaction: depends of distance among places and the accessibility (degree of ease from which it is possible to reach a certain location from other locations) of places and the transportation and communication connectivity (the degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network) among places. 4. Cultural Landscape: a. Landscape: the material characteristic of a place, the complex of natural features, human structures and other tangible object that give a particular place, form. b. Landscape is the core element of geography. c. Landscape refers to the material charter of a place complex natural features

d. Cultural landscape: visible imprint of human activity or the landscape identified by carl saucer i. Skyscraper/ tall building in commercial census ii. Sauer: he argued cultural landscapes are compromised of the forms superimposed on the physical landscape by human activity. 1. Successive occupiers of a landscape that brings their own technological and cultural traditions, proposed between Whittlesey a. Think Neighbors and moving into a house that was occupied by other cultures and religion. iii. Layers of imprints from years of human activity iv. Whittlesey proposed the term sequent occupance to refer to cultural succession and its lasting imprints. v. Cultural landscape offering clues into the cultural practices and priorities of its various occupiers 1. Major changes occur after a major event war, invention, and economic depression 5. Why do geographers use maps, and what do maps tell us? a. Map- geo tool i. 3 types of maps 1. Reference (absolute): show locations of places and geographic features 2. Thematic (story): movement of some geographical phenomena 3. Mental (your mental image): places we have been or heard of b. Cartography- the art and science of making maps i. Generalized: everything cannot be included ii. Distortion is a fundamental problem with size of the map 1. Equal- area of projection map keep size or amount of the area intact but still distorts the shape 2. Conformal maps: distorts area but keeps shape intact iii. Scale: the ratio between an actual distance on the map; relationship of the map; the relationship of the size of the map to the amount of area it represents on a planet iv. Cylindrical maps- are true direction and good for navigation, but exaggerates the size and shape of higher latitude land maps 1. Only areas align the equator are true a. Mercator Map v. Planar projection map- examine earth in one direction using a pole or polar region see parallels as circuits distortion increases as you move always from center point of projection vi. Conic projection maps- cone over the earth to deep distance intact distortion shapes is minima; used by US GS to show US

c.

d.

e. f.

g.

h.

vii. Oval projection maps- combination of cylindrical and conic projects such as Mollweide projection good for data all parallels are made but great distortion is at poles viii. Robinson projection: used in many textbooks created by private book companies to make world easier to see and understand Types of Thematic Maps: i. Cartograms: chart and assign data by size so they distort places on map ii. Choropleth maps: put data into spatial formal by using patterns and colors iii. Digital images: use satellite images iv. Dot map: dots represent a certain # of phenomena v. Flow line maps: show data based on line thickness and can be drawn from one base to another vi. Isoline maps:: used continuous lines to join points of the same value 1. Contour map vii. Statistical map: shows variation of quality of a particular factor Maps are used for countless purposes to wage war, make political propaganda, solve medical problems (cholera), locate shopping centers, bring relief to refugees, and warn of natural hazards. Global positioning system (GPS): satellite based; allows to locate things on the surface of the earth with great accuracy (absolute location of places and geographic features) Geocaching: a hunt for a collection, the GPS coordinates which are placed on the internet by other geo-cachers i. "game of high-tech hide and seek Mental Maps: our mental maps of the places within our activity spaces i. Activity spaces are those places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity, are more accurate and detailed than places we have never been. 1. Movie theaters (you go all the time and thus you have a clear image/ mental map of how to get there) ii. Geographers who study human-environment relationships study extensively on how people develop their mental maps. 1. Nomadic people we have to find our way through cities iii. These maps include terra incognita (unknown lands that are off limits) iv. Mental maps reflect a person s activity space, what is accessible to the person in his or her rounds of daily activity and what is not Generalization Maps: i. Cartographers who make maps generalize the information that they present on maps ii. Shading on thematic maps show how little or how much of some phenomena can be found iii. Generalized map 1. The map of world precipitation 2. Importance of Atlantic ocean moistest areas lie around this region

i.

j.

Remote Sensing and GIS i. To understand the scope and rated environmental change over short and long time periods, geographers monitor the Earth s surface from a distance using remote sensing ii. Physically distant from the area or object of study 1. Collected by satellites and aircrafts 2. Instantaneously available a. Hurricane Katrina show impact of destruction 3. Advances in computer technology and data storage, increasing accessibility to locationally based data and GPS technology specific uses have driven incredible advances in geographic information systems (GIS). a. GIS: a collection n of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user i. Analyze: create new insights into geographic patterns and relationships ii. Combine layers of spatial data computerized environment creating maps in which patterns and process are covered iii. Is used for both physical and human geographic research 1. Political map layers showing voters 2. Survey wildlife, mapping soils, analyzing natural disasters, following diseases, assisting first responders, planning cities, plotting transportation improvements, and tracking weather systems a. Make recommendation on issues 3. GISc: emerging research field geospatial concepts and techniques to examine geographic patterns and processes Why are geographers concerned with scale and connectedness? i. Scale has Two meanings: 1. Distance on the map compared to distance one the earth 2. Terrestrial extent of something ii. Different observations at different scales 1. Global affects local which in terms affect global iii. Phenomena human or physical happen in context and that context can look different at different scales 1. Wealth in countries and then zoom into united states to see that not everyone is wealthy

iv. Must be sensitive about scale and analysis v. Scale goes beyond interest in the scale of individual phenomena to concern with how process operating at different scales on influence one another 1. Tutsi vs. Hutu people in Rwanda vi. How people scale politically 1. Rescale: their actions to involve players at other scales and create a global outcry of support for their position a. Internet vii. Lawson uses jumping scale to describe rescaling 1. Taking a single regional view and jumping scale to s the view and globalize it legitimates that view and negates other regional and local views k. Region: constitutes areas that share similar characteristics i. Formal region: defined by physical criteria: can be defined by cultural traits 1. Formal cultural region: the people share one or more cultural traits 2. When scale of analysis shifts, the formal region changes 3. If we shift scales to the world the French speaking formal region expands beyond France into former French colonies of Africa and into the overseas departments that formally associated politically with France. ii. Functional region: product of movements and interaction of various kinds 1. Is a spatial system its boundaries are defined by the limits of that system. 2. Not culturally homogeneous 3. Function together politically, socially, and economically iii. Perceptual regions are intellectual contructs designed to help us understand the nature in distribution of phenomena in human geography. 1. The natural environment is part of this inventory a. Swiss culture 2. Major news events help us create our perceptual regions by defining certain countries or areas of countries as part of a region 3. In the US: a. Defining and delimiting can be solved in many ways b. Overall pecepion of the south in region 6. Culture: heart of human geo lies here a. Location, decisions , patterns and landscapes are fundamentally influenced by cultural attitudes and practices b. Not only the tangible items bur also their prevailing values and beliefs c. Hobel defined culture as: wholly the result of social invention and transmitted and maintained solely through communication and learning d. System of meaning not just a set of facts, customs, or material products. e. Cultural trait: single attribute of culture

i. Turban f. Cultural traits are not neccarily confined to a single culture i. Each will consist of a discreet combination of traits called culture complex 1. Cattle ii. No culture exhibits exactly the same combination of traits g. Cultural hearth: area where cultural traits develop and from which cultural traits diffuse (source area/ heartland) h. Independent invention: trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other 7. Connectedness through diffusion: a. Occurs through the movement of people, good, ideas across space b. Cultural diffusion: the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth to their places i. Time as well as distance affects individual human behavior and the diffusion of people and ideas ii. Use GIS and other tech to model movement and diffusion iii. The further the place is from the hearth the less likely an innovation is to be adopted c. Time-distance decay: the time and distance involved in diffusion process d. Cultural barriers: can work against diffusion; some ideas are not adoptable to particular cultures because of prevailing attitudes or taboos i. Contraceptives ii. Alcohol e. Are powerful obstacles to the spread of ideas and artifacts 8. Expansion Diffusion: idea that develops in hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward a. Contagious: all adjacent individuals are affected b. Hierarchal diffusion: a pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is through some segment such as the social elite i. TOMS, Crocks c. Stimulus diffusion: an idea that was stimulated though diffusion but took on a new form to create an innovative product i. Many indirectly promote local experimentation and eventual changes un ways of doing thinks 1. Introduction of hamburger to India d. Relocation diffusion: actual movement of the individuals who have already adopted to idea or innovation and carry in to a new locale where they proceed to distribute it i. Migration ii. Neighborhood 9. What are geographic concepts, and how are they answering geographic questions? a. Geographic concepts: the way of seeing the world spatially and how geographers use this to answer questions

b. Environmental determinism: Aristotle: hold human behavior responsible by the physical environment c. Isotherms: lines connecting points of equal temperate values d. Natural environment affects humans activity in some way but ultimately the people are the design makers and the modifiers e. People and their cultures shape environments constantly altering the landscape and affecting environmental systems f. Possibilism: geographic viewpoint- and response to determinism that holds that human decisions making, note environment, is a crucial factor in cultural development i. Environment Proving a set of broad restrictions that limits the possibilities of human choice g. Cultural ecology: h. Political ecology: i. Human societies are diverse 10. Today s Human geo a. Cultural geo is the syn for human geo i. Many questions about pop, economy, and politics can be poses without emphazing the cultural dimensions Maps: 1. A map any map is an incomplete representation of reality 2. There are 3 fundamental properties of a map: a. Scale, projection, and symbols b. Scale: reveals how much the real world has been reduced to fit on a page or screen on which it appears i. Ratio: the units are measured in fractions ii. Example: 1/10,000 1. If the unit of one inch then an inch on the map represents 10,000 inches on the ground or slightly more than 833 feet iii. Selection of scale= objective of the map c. Graphic form: without calculations determine approx.. distances 3. Map projections: any modern global shows that a system: a set of horizontal lines, usually at 10 degree intervals north and south from the equator called parallels 4. And the other set of vertical lines covering the poles often shown at 15 degree intervals and called meridians a. Parallels and meridians intersect at right angles i. Direction is true everywhere on map ii. Mercator projection enables navigators to maintain an accurate course at sea simply by adhering to compass directions and plotting straight lines iii. The spatial distortion of the Mercator projection serves to remind us that scale and projection are interconnected

iv. cylindrical b. Latitude (parallels) and longitude (meridians) 5. Symbols on maps: