TSTE80, ATIC

Leapfrog Filter Synthesis Extra info 1 Page 1 (7)

1
1.

Leapfrog Filter Synthesis Extra info

Use the lter specication. Peform needed transformatioms (BP/HP/LP/BS). Identify the lter order and component values for the passive lter implementation. Find the ladder structure. Unnormalize the component values. Introduce currents and voltages in the ladder network.
I0 Yi V1 Z1 Y2 Z3 I2 IN-1 YN-1 ZN VN Amin

2.

Amax 0 c s

3.

I4 V3

IN+1

+
E YL

4.

Find the equations determining the relation between the I i and V i . I 0 = Y i ( E V 1 ) , V 1 = Z 1 ( I 0 I 2 ) , ...

I 2k = Y 2k ( V 2k 1 V 2k + 1 ) , V 2k + 1 = Z 2k + 1 ( I 2k I 2 ( k + 1 ) ) , ... I N + 1 = Y L ( V N 0 ) , V N = V L (dependent on the lter order)

5. Normalize all equations with the constant R to achieve voltage-unit variables

Z1 RI 0 = RY i ( E V 1 ) , V 1 = ----- ( RI 0 RI 2 ) , ... R Z 2k + 1 RI 2k = RY 2k ( V 2k 1 V 2k + 1 ) , V 2k + 1 = -------------- ( RI 2k RI 2 ( k + 1 ) ) , ... R RI N + 1 = RY L ( V N 0 ) , V N = V L (dependent on the filter order)

6. Create the signal ow graph describing the equation system. Example for a third order lter:
-1 E R/Ri 1/sRC1 V1 -1 -1 R/sL2 RI2 1/sRC3 -1 -1 RI0 -1 -1 RI4 R/RL -1 V3 VL

J. Jacob Wikner

Department of Electrical Engineering, Linkpings universitet

TSTE80, ATIC

Leapfrog Filter Synthesis Extra info 1 Page 2 (7)

Modify the graph by propagating the 1 s through the net and notify with negative potentials, e.g., V 1 :
-V1 -1/sRC1 R/Ri R/sL2 RI0 VL=V3

-1/sRC3

R/RL

R/Ri

-RI2

RI4

In the filter, we have three amplifying and summating integrators: 1 sRC 1 , R sL 2 , and 1 sRC 3 . A summating integrator can be implemented using active components. The transfer function for this integrator becomes:
VN V2 V1 RN 1/sC R2 R1 V0

VN 1 V1 V2 V 0 = ------ ----- + ----- + + ------ sC R 1 R 2 RN

This is a inverting integrator. This implies that the integrator R sL 2 has to use an inverting buffer to achieve a proper signal path. This gives the following structure:
-V1 R7 Z R8

V3=VL

C5 VL C4 r C6

r R5 E R4 X R6 -RI2 R9
inverting buffer

R10

Now, the component values have to be identified. This is done by comparing the (original) signal flow graph with the active network. For example:

J. Jacob Wikner

Department of Electrical Engineering, Linkpings universitet

TSTE80, ATIC

Leapfrog Filter Synthesis Extra info 1 Page 3 (7)

Active Leapfrog

Signal flowgraph

Result

1 E - [ V 1 ] E = -------- ----sC 4 R 4 1 V1 [ V 1 ] V = -------- ----1 sC 4 R 5 1 RI 2 [ V 1 ] RI = -------- ----------2 sC 4 R 6 ( 1 ) V 1 [ RI 2 ] V = ---------- --------1 sC 5 R 7 ( 1 ) V 3 [ RI 2 ] V = ---------- ----3 sC 5 R 8 1 RI 2 [ V 3 ] RI = -------- ----------2 sC 6 R 9 1 V3 - [ V 3 ] V = -------- ------3 sC 6 R 10

R E E [ V 1 ] E = ---- ------------ = -------------R i sRC 1 sR i C 1 V 1 V 1 R [ V 1 ] V = ---- ------------ = -------------1 R i sRC 1 sR i C 1 1 [ V 1 ] RI = ------------ ( RI 2 ) 2 sRC 1 R [ RI 2 ] V = ------- ( V 1 ) 1 sL 2 R [ RI 2 ] V = ------- V 3 3 sL 2 1 [ V 3 ] RI = ------------ ( RI 2 ) 2 sRC 3 V3 1 R - [ V 3 ] V = ------------ ----- V 3 = --------------3 sRC 3 R L sC 3 R L

C 4 R4 = C 1 Ri C 4 R5 = C 1 Ri C 4 R6 = C 1 R C 5 R7 = L2 R C 5 R8 = L2 R C 6 R9 = C 3 R C 6 R 10 = C 3 R L

In order to achieve good matching properties, we choose the capacitances to be equally large. For example:

C 4 = C 5 = C 6 = 30nF
(This may be somewhat too large in an integrated circuit). From the equations above, we see that

C1R C 3 RL 36.3nF 1k R 4 = R 5 = -----------i = -------------------------------- = 1.21k och R 10 = ------------ = 1.21k C4 C6 30nF

and

C1R L2 R 6 = R 9 = --------- , R 7 = R 8 = --------C4 C5R

For symmetry and hence proper matching, we choose R 6 = R 7 = R 8 = R 9 , and

L2 C 4 R 2 = ------------ R = C1C5
Finally

L 2 C 1 = 1000 72.6 36.3 1.41k

R 6 = R 7 = R 8 = R 9 = 1.21 1.41k 1.71k

The resistance values of the inverting buffer, r , also have to be determined. Choose (for matching) for example

r = R 6 = 1.71k
Note that R 4 can be chosen so that the dc gain is 1. This is done by reducing R 4 to half its value (scaling of the entire filter).

J. Jacob Wikner

Department of Electrical Engineering, Linkpings universitet

TSTE80, ATIC

Leapfrog Filter Synthesis Extra info 1 Page 4 (7)

Special case: Cauer Filters Example: Consider the Cauer filter.

I2 L2 C2 C1 C3 RL V3

I0 E Ri

V1

I2

I4

The equations for the voltages and currents are (unnormalized)

E V1 V3 1 I 0 = --------------- , I 2 = ----------------- ( V 1 V 3 ) , I 4 = ----- , L 2 || C 2 Ri RL 1 1 V 1 = -------- ( I 0 I 2 ) , and V 3 = -------- ( I 2 I 4 ) . sC 1 sC 3

For voltage-unit variables, we have normalized with R :

R R R RI 0 = ---- ( E V 1 ) , RI 2 = -------------------------------------------- ( V 1 V 3 ) , RI 4 = ----- V 3 , Ri RL sL 2 ( 1 + s 2 L 2 C 2 ) 1 1 V 1 = ------------ ( RI 0 RI 2 ) , and V 3 = ------------ ( RI 2 RI 4 ) . sRC 1 sRC 3 The inductance and capacitance in parallel introduces some complexity to the signal flow graph. The capacitance C 2 can be eliminated by introducing voltage dependent

sources to the circuit.

V3C2/(C1+C2)

V1C2/(C2+C3)

Ri

L2

+
E

RL C1+C2 C2+C3

Examin the help current, I' 2 . Now we can rewrite the equations as

R RI 2 = RI 2' + sRC 2 ( V 1 V 3 ) and RI 2' = ------- ( V 1 V 3 ) . sL 2

This gives

J. Jacob Wikner

Department of Electrical Engineering, Linkpings universitet

TSTE80, ATIC

Leapfrog Filter Synthesis Extra info 1 Page 5 (7)

1 V 1 = ------------ ( RI 0 RI 2' sRC 2 ( V 1 V 3 ) ) sRC 1 C2 1 -V V 1 = ------------------------------ ( RI 0 RI 2' ) + ------------------ 3 sR ( C 1 + C 2 ) C1 + C2

And similar

C2 1 -V V 3 = ------------------------------ ( RI 2' RI 4 ) + ------------------ 1 sR ( C 2 + C 3 ) C2 + C3

The corresponding signal flow graph becomes:

-1 -1 C2/(C1+C2) C2/(C2+C3) R/sL2 1/sR(C1+C2) -1 -1

1/sR(C2+C3) R/RL

R/Ri

The 1 s are eliminated: -V1 V3=VL

-C2/(C1+C2)

-C2/(C2+C3) R/sL2

R/Ri

-1/sR(C1+C2) E R/Ri

-1/sR(C2+C3)

R/RL

-RI2

J. Jacob Wikner

Department of Electrical Engineering, Linkpings universitet

TSTE80, ATIC

Leapfrog Filter Synthesis Extra info 1 Page 6 (7)

The active filter implementation becomes:

R7 C4 C7

R8 C6 C8

C5 r r R5 E R4 R6 R9 R10

Note the use of C 7 and C 8 as summation elements in the integrators. Component values are identified as in the previous case.

Gm-C implementasttion (Non-elliptic)

The same signal-flow graph is used, but now we insert the corresponding integrating and summating elements described by Gm-C building blocks.

-V1

gm4

gm5

V3

gm2

C4

C5

C6

gm7

E gm1

gm3

-RI2

gm6

J. Jacob Wikner

Department of Electrical Engineering, Linkpings universitet

TSTE80, ATIC

Leapfrog Filter Synthesis Extra info 1 Page 7 (7)

Gm-C

Signal flow graph

Result

g m1 [ V 1 ] E = -------- E sC 4 g m2 [ V 1 ] V = -------- V 1 1 sC 4 g m3 [ V 1 ] RI = -------- ( RI 2 ) 2 sC 4 g m4 [ RI 2 ] V = -------- V 1 1 sC 5 g m5 [ RI 2 ] V = -------- V 3 3 sC 5 g m6 [ V 3 ] RI = -------- ( RI 2 ) 2 sC 6 g m7 [ V 3 ] V = -------- V 3 3 sC 6 Special case: Cauer Filters

R E E [ V 1 ] E = ---- ------------ = -------------- C 4 = g m1 C 1 R i R i sRC 1 sR i C 1 V 1 R V 1 [ V 1 ] V = ------------ ---- = -------------- C 4 = g m2 C 1 R i - 1 sRC 1 R i sR i C 1 1 [ V 1 ] RI = ------------ ( RI 2 ) 2 sRC 1 R [ RI 2 ] V = ------- ( V 1 ) 1 sL 2 R [ RI 2 ] V = ------- V 3 3 sL 2 1 [ V 3 ] RI = ------------ ( RI 2 ) 2 sRC 3 C 4 = g m3 C 1 R C 5 = g m4 L 2 R C 5 = g m5 L 2 R C 6 = g m6 C 3 R

V 3 1 R - [ V 3 ] V = ------------ ----- V 3 = --------------- C 6 = g m7 C 3 R L 3 sRC 3 R L sC 3 R L

-V1 gm8

gm4

gm5

V3 gm11

gm9

gm10

gm13

gm12

C4 gm2 -RI2 E gm1 gm3

C5

C6 gm7

gm6

With: ---------- = ----- = ------------------ and -------- = 1 -

g m9 g m10

C2 1

C2 C1 + C2

g m9 g m8

J. Jacob Wikner

Department of Electrical Engineering, Linkpings universitet