Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal

heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 3% and are growing very rapidly.[1] The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables.[2] Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 198 gigawatts (GW) in 2010,[3][4] and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.[5] At the end of 2010, cumulative global photovoltaic (PV) installations surpassed 40 GW[6][7][8] and PV power stations are popular in Germany and Spain.[9] Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 megawatt (MW) SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert.[10] The world's largest geothermal power installation is the Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugarcane, and ethanol now provides 18% of the country's automotive fuel.[11] Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA. While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development.[12] As of 2011, small solar PV systems provide electricity to a few million households, and micro-hydro configured into mini-grids serves many more. Over 44 million households use biogas made in household-scale digesters for lighting and/or cooking, and more than 166 million households rely on a new generation of more-efficient biomass cookstoves.[13] United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity.[14] Climate change concerns, coupled with high oil prices, peak oil, and increasing government support, are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization.[15] New government spending, regulation and policies helped the industry weather the global financial crisis better than many other sectors.[16] According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power generators may produce most of the world s electricity within 50 years, dramatically reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment.[17] Contents [hide] 1 Overview 2 Mainstream forms of renewable energy 2.1 Wind power 2.2 Hydropower 2.3 Solar energy

2.4 Biomass 2.5 Biofuel 2.6 Geothermal energy 3 Renewable energy commercialization 3.1 Growth of renewables 3.2 Economic trends 3.3 Wind power market 3.4 New generation of solar thermal plants 3.5 Photovoltaic market 3.6 Biofuels for transportation 3.7 Geothermal energy commercialization 3.8 Developing country markets 3.9 Industry and policy trends 4 New and emerging renewable energy technologies 4.1 Cellulosic ethanol 4.2 Ocean energy 4.3 Enhanced geothermal systems 4.4 Experimental solar power 4.5 Artificial photosynthesis 5 Renewable energy debate 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Overview

Global renewable power capacity excluding hydro[18] Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena such as sunlight, wind, tides, plant growth, and geothermal heat, as the International Energy Agency explains:[19] Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/ space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services:[20] Power generation. Renewable energy provides 19% of electricity generation worldwide. Renewable power generators are spread across many countries, and wind power alone already provides a significant share of electricity in some areas: for example, 14% in the U.S. state of Iowa, 40% in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, and 20% in Denmark. Some countries get most of their power from renewables, including Iceland and Paraguay (100%), Norway (98%), Brazil (86%), Austria (62%), New Zealand (65%), and Sweden (54%).[21] Heating. Solar hot water makes an important contribution to renewable heat in many countries, most notably in China, which now has 70% of the global total (180 GWth). Most of these systems are installed on multi-family apartment buildings and meet a portion of the hot water needs of an estimated 50 60 million households in China. Worldwide, total installed solar water heating systems meet a portion of the water heating needs of over 70 million households. The use of biomass for heating continues to grow as well. In Sweden, national use of biomass energy has surpassed that of oil. Direct geothermal for heating is also growing rapidly.[21] Transport fuels. Renewable biofuels have contributed to a significant decline in oil consumption in the United States since 2006. The 93 billion liters of biofuels produced worldwide in 2009 displaced the equivalent of an estimated 68 billion liters of gasoline, equal to about 5% of world gasoline production.[21] Mainstream forms of renewable energy

Wind power Main article: Wind power

A wind farm located in Manjil, Iran. Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern wind turbines range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although turbines with rated output of 1.5 3 MW have become the most common for commercial use; the power output of a turbine is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power output increases dramatically.[22] Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms. Typical capacity factors are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly favourable sites.[23][24] Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand. This could require wind turbines to be installed over large areas, particularly in areas of higher wind resources. Offshore resources experience average wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land, so offshore resources could contribute substantially more energy.[25] Hydropower See also: Hydroelectricity and Hydropower

Grand Coulee Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington. The dam supplies four power stations with an installed capacity of 6,809 MW and is the largest electric power-producing facility in the United States. Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea swell, can yield considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms of water energy: Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale hydroelectric dams. Examples are the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington State and the Akosombo Dam in Ghana. Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 kW of power. They are often used in water rich areas as a remote-area power supply (RAPS). Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans without using a dam. Solar energy

See also: Solar energy, Solar power, and Solar thermal energy

Monocrystalline solar cell. Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaics and heat engines. A partial list of other solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. Biomass Biomass (plant material) is a renewable energy source because the energy it contains comes from the sun. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture the sun's energy. When the plants are burnt, they release the sun's energy they contain. In this way, biomass functions as a sort of natural battery for storing solar energy. As long as biomass is produced sustainably, with only as much used as is grown, the battery will last indefinitely.[26] In general there are two main approaches to using plants for energy production: growing plants specifically for energy use (known as first and third-generation biomass), and using the residues (known as second-generation biomass) from plants that are used for other things. See biobased economy. The best approaches vary from region to region according to climate, soils and geography.[26] Biofuel Main article: Biofuel

Brazil has bioethanol made from sugarcane available throughout the country. Shown a typical Petrobras gas station at So Paulo with dual fuel service, marked A for alcohol (ethanol) and G for gasoline. Biofuels include a wide range of fuels which are derived from biomass. The term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.[27] Liquid biofuels include bioalcohols, such as bioethanol, and oils, such as biodiesel. Gaseous biofuels include biogas, landfill gas and synthetic gas.

Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe. Biofuels provided 2.7% of the world's transport fuel in 2010.[28] Geothermal energy Main article: Geothermal energy Steam rising from the Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station in Iceland. Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. Earth's geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of minerals (80%).[29] The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and thermos, meaning heat. The heat that is used for geothermal energy can be stored deep within the Earth, all the way down to Earth s core 4,000 miles down. At the core, temperatures may reach over 9,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Heat conducts from the core to surrounding rock. Extremely high temperature and pressure cause some rock to melt, which is commonly known as magma. Magma convects upward since it is lighter than the solid rock. This magma then heats rock and water in the crust, sometimes up to 700 degrees Fahrenheit [30] From hot springs, geothermal energy has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times, but it is now better known for electricity generation. Solar energy is the most readily available source of energy. It does not belong to anybody and is, therefore, free. It is also the most important of the non-conventional sources of energy because it is non-polluting and, therefore, helps in lessening the greenhouse effect.

Solar energy has been used since prehistoric times, but in a most primitive manner. Before 1970, some research and development was carried out in a few countries to exploit solar energy more efficiently, but most of this work remained mainly academic. After the dramatic rise in oil prices in the 1970s,

several countries began to formulate extensive research and development programmes to exploit solar energy.

When we hang out our clothes to dry in the sun, we use the energy of the sun. In the same way, solar panels absorb the energy of the sun to provide heat for cooking and for heating water. Such systems are available in the market and are being used in homes and factories.

In the next few years it is expected that millions of households in the world will be using solar energy as the trends in USA and Japan show. In India too, the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency and the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources are formulating a programme to have solar energy in more than a million households in the next few years. However, the people s initiative is essential if the programme is to be successful.

India is one of the few countries with long days and plenty of sunshine, especially in the Thar desert region. This zone, having abundant solar energy available, is suitable for harnessing solar energy for a number of applications. In areas with similar intensity of solar radiation, solar energy could be easily harnessed. Solar thermal energy is being used in India for heating water for both industrial and domestic purposes. A 140 MW integrated solar power plant is to be set up in Jodhpur but the initial expense incurred is still very high.

Form of Energy: Thermal energy

This energy is used for: Cooking/Heating, Drying/Timber seasoning, Distillation, Electricity/Power generation, Cooling, Refrigeration, Cold storage

Some of the gadgets and other devices: Solar cooker, Flat plate solar cookers, Concentrating collectors, Solar hot water systems (Domestic and Industrial), Solar pond, Solar hot air systems, Solar Dryers, Solar timber kilns, solar stills, Solar photovoltaic systems, Solar pond, Concentrating collectors, Power Tower, Air conditioning, Solar collectors, coupled to absorption, Refrigeration systems

Solar energy can also be used to meet our electricity requirements. Through Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) cells, solar radiation gets converted into DC electricity directly. This electricity can either be used as it is or can be stored in the battery. This stored electrical energy then can be used at night. SPV can be used for a number of applications such as: a. domestic lighting b. street lighting c. village electrification d. water pumping e. desalination of salty water f. powering of remote telecommunication repeater stations and g. railway signals.

If the means to make efficient use of solar energy could be found, it would reduce our dependence on non-renewable sources of energy and make our environment cleaner. Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various human and natural activities. It is derived from numerous sources, including the by-products from the timber industry, agricultural crops, raw material from the forest, major parts of household waste and wood.

Biomass does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of carbon in growing as it releases when consumed as a fuel. Its advantage is that it can be used to generate electricity with the same equipment or power plants that are now burning fossil fuels. Biomass is an important source of energy and the most important fuel worldwide after coal, oil and natural gas.

Traditional use of biomass is more than its use in modern application. In the developed world biomass is again becoming important for applications such as combined heat and power generation. In addition, biomass energy is gaining significance as a source of clean heat for domestic heating and community heating applications. In fact in countries like Finland, USA and Sweden the per capita biomass energy used is higher than it is in India, China or in Asia.

Half a kilo of dry plant tissue can produce as much as 1890 KCal of heat which is equivalent to the heat available from a quarter of kilogram of coal.

Biomass fuels used in India account for about one third of the total fuel used in the country, being the most important fuel used in over 90% of the rural households and about 15% of the urban households.

Instead of burning the loose biomass fuel directly, it is more practical to compress it into briquettes (compressing them through a process to form blocks of different shapes) and thereby improve its utility and convenience of use. Such biomass in the dense briquetted form can either be used directly as fuel instead of coal in the traditional chulhas and furnaces or in the gasifier. Gasifier converts solid fuel into a more convenient-to-use gaseous form of fuel called producer gas.

Form of Energy: Chemical energy

This energy is being used for: Cooking, Mechanical, Applications/Pumping, Power generation, Transportation

Some of the gadgets and other devices: Biogas plant/Gasifier/Burner, Gasifier engine pump sets, Stirling engine pump sets, Producer gas/ Biogas based engine generator sets, Ethanol/Methanol

Scientists are trying to explore the advantages of biomass energy as an alternative energy source as it is renewable and free from net CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions, and is abundantly available on earth in the form of agricultural residue, city garbage, cattle dung, firewood, etc. Bio-energy, in the form of biogas, which is derived from biomass, is expected to become one of the key energy resources for global sustainable development.

At present, biogas technology provides an alternative source of energy in rural India for cooking. It is particularly useful for village households that have their own cattle. Through a simple process cattle dung is used to produce a gas, which serves as fuel for cooking. The residual dung is used as manure.

Biogas plants have been set up in many areas and are becoming very popular. Using local resources, namely cattle waste and other organic wastes, energy and manure are derived. A mini biogas digester has recently been designed and developed, and is being in-field tested for domestic lighting.

Indian sugar mills are rapidly turning to bagasse, the leftover of cane after it is crushed and its juice extracted, to generate electricity. This is mainly being done to clean up the environment, cut down power costs and earn additional revenue. According to current estimates, about 3500 MW of power can be generated from bagasse in the existing 430 sugar mills in the country. Energy from water sources

On an average, the 60 million sq km of tropical seas absorb solar radiation equal to the heat content of 245 billion barrels of oil.

The energy in the flowing water can be used to produce electricity. Waves result from the interaction of the wind with the surface of the sea and represent a transfer of energy from the wind to the sea. Energy can be extracted from tides by creating a reservoir or basin behind a barrage and then passing tidal waters through turbines in the barrage to generate electricity.

Mini or Micro Hydro power

Hydro power is one of the best, cheapest, and cleanest source of energy, although, with big dams, there are many environmental and social problems as has been seen in the case of the Tehri and the Narmada Projects. Small dams are, however, free from these problems. This is in fact one of the earliest known renewable energy sources, in the country (since the beginning of the 20th century).

In fact, for the last few hundred years, people living in the hills of the Himalayas have been using water mills, or chakki, to grind wheat. The 130 KW small hydropower plant in Darjeeling set up in 1897, was the first in India. Besides being free from the problem of pollution, such plants are also free from issues and controversies that are associated with the bigger projects, namely affecting the lives of thousands of people living along the banks of the rivers, destruction of large areas under forest, and seismological threats.

New environmental laws affected by the danger of global warming have made energy from small hydropower plants more relevant. These small hydropower plants can serve the energy needs of remote rural areas independently. The real challenge in a remote area lies in successful marketing of the energy and recovering the dues. Local industries should be encouraged to use this electricity for sustainable development.

It is a technology with enormous potential, which could exploit the water resources to supply energy to remote rural areas with little access to conventional energy sources. It also eliminates most of the negative environmental effects associated with large hydro projects.

Energy from the sea - Ocean thermal, tidal and wave energy

Large amounts of solar energy is stored in the oceans and seas. On an average, the 60 million square kilometre of the tropical seas absorb solar radiation equivalent to the heat content of 245 billion barrels of oil. Scientists feel that if this energy can be tapped a large source of energy will be available to the tropical countries and to other countries as well. The process of harnessing this energy is called OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversion). It uses the temperature differences between the surface of the ocean and the depths of about 1000m to operate a heat engine, which produces electric power.

Form of Energy: Potential/Kinetic energy

This energy is being used for: Power generation

Some of the gadgets and other devices: Turbine generators

Energy is also obtained from waves and tides. The first wave energy, project with a capacity of 150MW, has been set up at Vizhinjam near Trivandrum. A major tidal wave power project costing of Rs.5000 crores, is proposed to be set up in the Hanthal Creek in the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat.

In some countries such as Japan small scale power generators run by energy from waves or the ocean, have been used as power sources for channel marking buoys.

We live between two great sources of energy, the hot rocks beneath the surface of the earth and the sun in the sky. Our ancestors knew the value of geothermal energy; they bathed and cooked in hot springs. Today we have recognized that this resource has potential for much broader application.

The core of the earth is very hot and it is possible to make use of this geothermal energy (in Greek it means heat from the earth). These are areas where there are volcanoes, hot springs, and geysers, and methane under the water in the oceans and seas. In some countries, such as in the USA water is pumped from underground hot water deposits and used to heat people s houses.

Geothermal manifestations are wide spread in India in the form of 340 hot spring sites.

The utilization of geothermal energy for the production of electricity dates back to the early part of the twentieth century. For 50 years the generation of electricity from geothermal energy was confined to Italy and interest in this technology was slow to spread elsewhere. In 1943 the use of geothermal hot water was pioneered in Iceland.

Form of Energy: Thermal energy This energy is being used for: Heating/Power Generation Some of the gadgets and other devices: Heat exchanger, Steam turbines

In India, Northwestern Himalayas and the western coast are considered geothermal areas. The Geological Survey of India has already identified more than 350 hot spring sites, which can be explored as areas to tap geothermal energy. Satellites like the IRS-1 have played an important role, through infrared photographs of the ground, in locating geothermal areas. The Puga valley in the Ladakh region has the most promising geothermal field. An experimental 1-kW generator is already in operation in this area. It is being used mainly for poultry farming, mushroom cultivation, and pashmina-wool processing, all of which need higher temperature. Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air. It has been used for hundreds of years for sailing, grinding grain, and for irrigation. Wind energy systems convert this kinetic energy to more useful forms of power. Wind energy systems for irrigation and milling have been in use

since ancient times and since the beginning of the 20th century it is being used to generate electric power. Windmills for water pumping have been installed in many countries particularly in the rural areas.

Wind turbines transform the energy in the wind into mechanical power, which can then be used directly for grinding etc. or further converting to electric power to generate electricity. Wind turbines can be used singly or in clusters called wind farms . Small wind turbines called aero-generators can be used to charge large batteries.

Five nations Germany, USA, Denmark, Spain and India account for 80% of the world s installed wind energy capacity. Wind energy continues to be the fastest growing renewable energy source with worldwide wind power installed capacity reaching 14,000 MW.

India ranks 5th in the world with a total wind power capacity if 1080MW out of which 1025Mwhaev been established in commercial projects.

Realizing the growing importance of wind energy, manufacturers have steadily been increasing the unit size of the wind electric generators since the late 1980s. Another important development has been the offshore (i.e. in the sea) wind farms in some regions of Europe, which have several advantages over the on-shore ones. The third major development has been the use of new techniques to assess the wind resource for techno-commercial viability.

Form of Energy: Kinetic energy

This energy is used for: Sailing ships, Pumping water/Irrigation, Grinding Grains, Power generation

Some of the gadgets and other devices: Sails, Windmills, Wind turbines In India the states of Tamilnadu and Gujarat lead in the field of wind energy. At the end of March 2000 India had 1080-MWs capacity wind farms, of which Tamilnadu contributed 770-MW capacity. Gujarat has 167MW followed by Andhra Pradesh, which has 88 MW installed wind farms.There are about a

dozen wind pumps of various designs providing water for agriculture, afforestation, and domestic purposes, all scattered over the country.

The design of the Auroville multi-blade windmill has evolved from the practical experience gained in operating these mills over a period of 20 years or so. It has a high tripod tower and its double-action pump increases water output by about 60% compared to the conventional single-action pumps. Below is a list of the Major Thermal Power Plants in India

Anpara thermal power station- Uttar Pradesh

Located on the banks of rihand reservoir in the district of sonebhadra in Uttar Pradesh the Anpara thermal power station is a coal fired thermal power plant. Situated at a distance of 200 km from Varanasi on pipri-singrauli road this powe station is well connected by air/rail and road route from other major cities. This thermal power plant has 5 operational units with a total installed capacity of 500 MW.

Bakreswar Thermal Power Project - West Bengal

The Bakreswar Thermal Power Project is one of the most prominent thermal power projects in India. It is situated at a distance of just 260 Km away from Kolkata. The project has clear rail track access via Chinpai on the Andal-Sinthia Line of Eastern Railways. The Bakreswar Thermal Power Project is running with five operational units having total installed capacity of 1050 MW. Expansion of another 600 MW unit (sixth unit) has been envisaged for implementation during the Eleventh-Five-year Plan period.

Panipat Thermal Power Station II

A coal based Thermal Power Plants in India the Panipat Thermal Power Station II is located in Panipat in Haryana. Developed under four stages this thermal power plant has 8 units in total with an installed capacity of 250 MW.

Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station

A coal based power plant of HPGCL the Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Plant is located at Yamunagar in Haryana. Commissioned in April 2008 with its first unit today this power plant has two units with a total installed capacity of 600 MW.

Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station

The Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station is situated in Kedar in the Hisar district of Haryana. One of the lowest costing power projects in India so far this power plant is a coal based power plants of HPGCL. This thermal power plant has 2 units with a total installed capacity of 600 MW.

Kota Super Thermal Power Plant

Situated on the bank of River Chambal near Kota in Rajasthan this thermal power station is the state's first major coal fired power plant. Known as one of the most efficient and prestigious thermal power plants in India the Kota Super Thermal Power Plant has received many awards for productivity during 1984,1987, 1989, 1981 and every year since 1992 on wards. This thermal power plant has 28 units with an installed capacity of 1240 MW. Power station State Type Operator Units Total capacity (MW) Kaiga Karnataka PHWR NPCIL 220 x 3 660 PHWR NPCIL 220 x 2 440

Kalpakkam Kakrapar Rawatbhata 200 x 1 220 x 4 1180

Tamil Nadu

Gujarat PHWR NPCIL 220 x 2 440 Rajasthan PHWR NPCIL 100 x 1

Tarapur Maharashtra 540 x 2 1400

BWR (PHWR)

NPCIL 160 x 2

Narora Uttar Pradesh PHWR NPCIL 220 x 2 440 Total 19 4560

Name Location

Operator

Configuration Important Facts

Babail Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd 2 X 1.5 MW tube The Babail minihydel project was approved in Sep 1986 and was awarded to PGM in Sep 1988 as a Rs 6.22cr turnkey project. Bhandardara-1 Maharashtra Dodson-Lindblom Hydro Power Pvt Ltd 1 X 14.4 MW Francis This plant was acquired in 1996 from Maharashtra Water Resources Dept and overhauled in 1997/98 with assistance from AHEC. Belka Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd 2 X 1.5 MW tube The Belka and Babail minihydel projects were approved in Sep 1986 and Belka was awarded to FCC and PGM in Jul 1988 as a total Rs 5.66cr project. Construction on Belka did not start until Dec 1996 after delays in securing forest clearance and land acquisition. Chenani-1 Jammu & Kashmir Jammu & Kashmir Power Development Corp 5 X 4.66 MW Pelton The Chenani I&II projects in Udhampur district were inaugurated in 1971 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. They were closed on 25 Feb 2005 following a landslide that damaged a 700m diversion tunnel. Repairs were completed at a cost of Rs 8cr and the plants put back in service in Jun 2008. Bhatgar Maharashtra Maharashtra State Power Generation Co Ltd 1 X 16 MW Kaplan The dam was part of the world's largest irrigation project, known as Lloyd Barrage. This was a multipurpose scheme which was initiated in 1923 by Sir George Ambrose Lloyd, then Governor of Bombay. The project was opened in Jan 1932. Indira Sagar Madhya Pradesh Narmada Hydroelectric Development Corp Ltd 8 X 125 MW Francis NHDC is a joint venture of NHPC and the MP government set up on 1 Aug 2000. Little Ranjit West Bengal West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Co Ltd 2 X 1 MW Pelton Operations commenced in1970 Jammu Canal Jammu & Kashmir Jammu & Kashmir Power Development Corp Francis This power station has been out of service since 1995 2 X 500 kW

Matatila Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd 3 X 10 MW Kaplan dam was built between 1952 and 1964 on the Betwa River in the Ganga Basin.

This

Salal Jammu & Kashmir National Hydro Power Corp Ltd 6 X 115 MW Kaplan Built on the Chenab River this power station has a 118m high, 630m long rockfill dam and a 113m high, 450m long

concrete dam plus an 11m, 2,46km tailrace tunnel. The reservoir is 33km long. Project development started in 1970. Omkareshwar Madhya Pradesh Narmada Hydroelectric Development Corp Ltd 8 X 65 MW Francis This 949m long concrete gravity dam reaches a maximum height of 53m. The Annual production is expected to be 1.1 TWh. Samal Orissa Orissa Power Consortium Ltd 5 X 4 MW S-Turbine OPCL is a power company promoted by VBC Ferro Alloys Ltd. Samal uses releases from Samal Barrage reservoir on the Brahmani River.