Source: HVAC Systems Design Handbook

Chapter

24
Smoke Management
24.1 Introduction Smoke management or smoke control design is a relatively new concept in the building industry. Todays design guidelines and building codes are based on research that has primarily been performed by the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST). The MGM Grand Hotel re in Las Vegas on November 21, 1980, was the second worst hotel re in U.S. history. Most of the 87 deaths were due to smoke inhalation. This case changed the requirements for high-rise buildings in the U.S. The concept of smoke management is to provide the building occupants time to safely evacuate the building during a smoke or re event. Based on an analysis of egress time (typically 20 to 30 minutes), the HVAC equipment is used to control the migration of smoke to allow tenable conditions to exist for this time period. This chapter is devoted to a discussion of this potentially lifesaving system design. The methods discussed herein are considered to be state-ofthe-art design for providing these systems. Although there are different opinions on how to design these systems, there are design guidelines that have been established and that should be adhered to by the HVAC engineer/ designer in order to provide the current standard of professional care. There are essentially two different types of smoke-management systems. The rst is zoned smoke control, which is typically required for high-rise and institutional buildings (hospitals, jails, and prisons). The second type is smoke evacuation, used for malls, atriums, and large spaces.
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The approach to these systems is different but the end result is the same, to provide tenable conditions for a specic period of time to allow for safe evacuation of the building. 24.2 Basic Principles, Codes, Denitions, and Design Guides for Smoke-Management Systems First we will provide some basic principles concerning smoke management, plus some of the keywords and their denitions.
24.2.1 The Purpose of Smoke Control Systems6

The following are some of the requirements of smoke management: 1. Maintain egress (tenability) from the building for a specic period of time for all occupants during a smoke/re event, thus reducing deaths and injuries 2. Reduce damage and property loss caused by smoke damage 3. Aid reghters and assist with purging the building of smoke once the re has been extinguished 4. Maintain tenability for a minimum period of timenot smoke-free egress paths 5. Limit the migration of smoke from the origin of the smoke/re for a specic period of time; these systems are not intended to allow for continual occupancy of the building during a re event
24.2.2 Applicable Codes and Design Guides

The following are applicable codes and design guidelines that apply to smoke management systems. The HVAC engineer/designer must verify which version of the national codes (NFPA) and model building codes are currently adopted by the state or location of the building being designed: 1. NFPA 92A, Recommended Practice for Smoke Control Systems 2. NFPA 92B, Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Areas 3. International Building Code (IBC) or state version: a. Chapter Section 402.0, Covered Malls b. Chapter Section 403, High-Rise Buildings c. Chapter Section 404, Atria d. Chapter Section 909, Smoke Control Systems 4. ASHRAE/SFPE, Principles of Smoke Management4

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Smoke Management 24.2.2 Denitions of Smoke Management Terms

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The following terms are used in this chapter. A cover mall building is a single building enclosing a number of tenants and occupancies wherein two or more tenants have a main entrance into one or more malls. A high-rise building is a building having occupied oors more than 75 feet above the lowest level of re department vehicle access. An atrium is an opening connecting two or more stories other than enclosed stairways, elevators, hoistway, escalators, plumbing, electrical, air conditioning, or other equipment, which is closed at the top and not dened as a mall. Stories, as used in this denition, do not include balconies within assembly groups or mezzanines that comply with the local building code. A fuel-limited re is a re that has a heat release rate that is controlled by the material burning. A sprinkler-controlled re is a re that has a constant or decaying heat release rate due to the action of sprinkler spray. A steady re is a re that has a constant heat release rate. A T-squared (t) re is a re that has a heat release rate that grows proportionally to the square of the time from ignition. An unsteady re is a re that has a heat release rate that varies with respect to time. A ventilation-limited re is a re in which every object in the re compartment is fully involved and the heat rate depends on the air ow through openings in the re compartment. Growth time (ts ) is the time interval from the time of effective ignition until the heat release rate of the re is 1000 BTU/sec (1055 kW). Plugholing is the condition where air from below the smoke layer is pulled through the smoke layer into the smoke exhaust due to a high exhaust rate. A plume is a column of smoke that rises above a re. An axisymmetric plume is a plume that rises above a re, does not come into contact with the wall or other obstacles, and is not disrupted or deected by air ow. A balcony spill plume is a smoke plume that originates from a compartment re, ows out the doorway, ows under a balcony, and ows upward after passing the balcony edge. A tenable environment is an environment in which smoke and heat are limited or otherwise restricted to maintain the impact on occupants to a level that is not life threatening. Smoke is the airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass. A smoke layer is the accumulated thickness of smoke below the physical or thermal barrier.

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24.3 Atrium and Mall Smoke Management Design Requirements Smoke management systems for atriums, malls, and large spaces are based on exhausting these spaces during a re/smoke event in order to maintain the bottom of the smoke layer at 72 inches or greater above the highest occupiable oor level (Figure 24.1). In order to determine the amount of exhaust air required, the physical volume and dimensions of the space must be known as well as the vertical cross section. The amount of space above the 72-inch height (or the smoke layer) above the highest occupiable area is of particular interest in this discussion due to the fact that it will have a major impact on the amount of exhaust air required for the space. The more volume above the required minimum smoke layer level, the smaller the exhaust system (and make-up air system) will need to be. This space becomes a buffer for temporary storage of the smoke during a smoke event.
24.3.1 Atrium and Mall Smoke Management Concept

The concept of smoke management for large-volume spaces (such as atriums and malls) is to remove the smoke from the space at a rate that will

Smoke Layer Minium 72 above highest occupied level

Z

Axisymmetric Plume Fire in an Atrium/Mall

Mall/atrium re/smoke interface layer at the highest occupiable level.6

Figure 24.1

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Smoke Layer Minimum 72 above highest occupied level

Balcony Plume Fire in an Atrium/Mall

Mall/atrium re/smoke interface layer at the highest occupiable level.6

Figure 24.2

maintain the smoke layer a minimum of 72 inches above the highest occupiable level for a given period of time (usually 20 to 30 minutes). Therefore, the basic solution to the design of this system is to determine the rate of smoke production (usually in terms of BTU/sec) and then determine the volumetric exhaust rate required to maintain the minimum smoke layer for the given period of time. The rst step is to determine the re heat release package on which the design will be based. Fire packages may consist of some of many different items that could be located at the lowest level of the mall or atrium, such as sofas, chairs, merchandise kiosks, carpeting, and wall coverings. If the re package basis of design materials is known, the heat release rate (also known as HRR) can be determined based on predetermined burning characteristics for each item (time vs. heat production), the location in the atrium or mall, and the distance to other re package items. Figure 24.3 is an HRR curve for a typical sofa. Notice that there are two curves (with and without re sprinklers). The contents of the re package should be reviewed and agreed upon with the local re marshal before starting the design of the system. If the re package is not known, the building code default is 5000 BTU/sec. Fire packages almost always contain multiple

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Curve for sprinklered building Curve for non-sprinklered building Figure 24.3 Heat release rate for typical sofa. Courtesy National Institute of Standards and Technology.

items with different HRR characteristics. The smoke control system designer must determine the maximum HRR for the entire package. This can be done through manual calculations by determining the orientation of the objects (sofa, chairs, etc.) on the bottom oor of the atrium or mall space. One method of manual calculation is to obtain the HRR curve for each object, overlay the curves, and add the peaks of HRR. This must be done with the time difference between the start of the re in one object and the calculated time of the start of combustion in the adjacent objects. In other words, the re will start in one objectsay, the sofathen spread to the next object (chair) based on the distance separating them (Figure 24.4). The best method is to use computer software to model the atrium and the re package. One of the most useful software programs for this is CFAST. If CFAST is not suitable for the particular problem, FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) is another computational uid dynamics software developed specically for re modeling. CFAST, FDS, and the companion program Smokeview are available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology and are free. Another useful program called AZONE is available with the purchase of the ASHRAE/SFPE Principles of Smoke Management.4

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Once the re package is determined (or the code default of 5000 BTU/ sec is used), the following empirical equations may be used for manual calculations. A spreadsheet could be constructed to allow for faster calculations.
24.3.2 Empirical Equation Calculations for Atriums and Malls

The following equations are used for calculations of atrium and mall smoke-control systems. All of the equations are from the NFPA-92B.2 Steady state re duration with fuel limited: mH c t = (24.1) Q Where t = duration of fire (sec) m = total fuel mass consumed (lb) or (kg) H c = heat of combustion of fuel ( BTU lb ) or ( kJ kg ) Q = Heat release rate (HHR) ( BTU sec ) or (kW ) Unsteady re design using a T-squared re growth model: t Q = 1000 tg
2

(24.2a)

Where Q = heat release rate of design fire ( BTU sec ) t = time after effective ignition (sec) t g = growth time (sec) t Q = 1055 tg
2

(24.2b)

Where Q = heat release rate of design fire (kW ) t = time after effective ignition (sec) t g = growth time (sec) T-squared re with limited fuel supply:

2 mH c t g t = 333

(24.3a)

Where t = m= Hc = tg =

duration of fire (sec) total fuel mass consumed (lb) s heat of combustion of fuel BTU lb growth time of fire (sec)

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2 mH c t g t = 333

(24.3b)

Where t = m= Hc = tg = duration of fire (sec) total fuel mass consumed (kg) s heat of combustion of fuel kJ kg growth time of fire (sec)

Fuel package conguration to be used with other nearby combustibles (Figure 24.4): 1 Qr 2 (24.4a) R= " 4 qr Where R = Separation distance from target to center of fuel package (ft) r Qr = Radiative portion of the HHR of the fire (BTU/ft) " i qr = Incident radiant flux required for piloted ignition ( BTU ft 2 sec ) Q R= r " 4 qr
1 2

(24.4b)

Where R = Separation distance from target to center of fuel package (m) r Qr = Radiative portion of the HHR of the fire (kW) " qr = Incident radiant flux required for piloted ignition kW m 2

Steady-state re mass consumption: m= Where m= Q= t = Hc = Q t Hc (24.5)

total fuel mass consumed (lb) or (kg) heat release rate ( BTU sec ) or (kW) duration of fire (sec) heat of combustion of fuel ( BTU lb ) or ( kJ kg ) m= 333t 3 2 H ct g (24.6)

T-squared re mass consumption: Where m= tg = t = Hc =

total fuel mass consumed (lb) or (kg) growth time of fire (sec) duration of fire (sec) heat of combustion of fuel ( BTU lb ) or ( kJ kg )

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BASE FUEL PACKAGE CALCULATIONS FOR ATRIUMS

Determine Items in Base Package Burn Rate and Time:
ITEM 1 2 3 4 Chair 1 Sofa 1 Sofa 2 Chair 2 Distance (Feet) 5 0 5 5 to Object (Feet) Sofa 2 Chair 1/2 Chair 2 Peak HRR BTU/S 2000 2970 2970 2000 Qr BTU/S 600 891 891 600 Distance for Ignition 5.150398643 6.276305457 6.276305457 5.150398643 Will Object Ignite? Yes Source No Yes

Chair 1

5 -0

5 -0

Sofa 2

Sofa 1

5 -0 5 -0

Chair 2

Sofa 1 is expected to ignite Chairs 1 and 2. Chairs 1 and 2 are not expected to ignite Sofa 2

Example re package HRR calculations. Note: Distance between objects determines ignition time of adjacent objects. Abstracted from Smoke Management Design Part 2, November 2007, by Michael E. Myers PE.6
Figure 24.4

Smoke layer calculations: Steady-state res (uniform cross section for height, A/H2 0.9 to 1.4, z/H 0.2, prior to smoke exhausting): 13 tQ 4 3 z (24.7a) = 0.67 0.28 ln H A H H2 Where z = distance from the base of the fire to the bottom of the smoke layer (ft) e H = ceiling height above the fire surface (ft) t = time (sec) Q = heat release rate for steady state fire (BTU/sec) A = cross-sectional area of the space being filled with smoke (ft 2 )
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13 tQ 4 3 z = 1.11 0.28 ln H A H H2

(24.7b)

Where z = distance from the base of the fire to the bottom of the smoke layer (m) e H = ceiling height above the fire surface (m) t = time (sec) Q = heat release rate for steady state fire (kW) A = cross-sectional area of the space being filled with smoke (m 2 ) Unsteady res (T-squared res): uniform cross section for height, A/H2 0.9 to 2.3, z/H 0.2, prior to smoke exhausting: z t = 0.23 3 2 4 5 H t 5H 5 A H2 g Where z= H= t = tg = A =
1.45 4

(24.8a)

distance from base of fire to bottom of the smoke layer (ft) height of ceiling above the fire surface (ft) time (sec) growth time (sec) cross-sectional area of space being filled with smoke (ft) e z t = 0.91 3 2 4 5 H t 5H 5 A H2 g
1.45 4

(24.8b)

Where z= H= t = tg = A =

distance from base of fire to bottom of the smoke layer (m) height of ceiling above the fire surface (m) time (sec) growth time (sec) cross-sectional area of space being filled with smoke (m)

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The following are the empirical equations from NFPA 92B2 for atrium res that are not under balconies: zl = 0.533Qc 5 when z > zl , m = 0.022Qc 3 z when z zl , m = 0.0208Qc 5 z Where zl = Qc = z = m=
3 2

) + 0.0042Q

(24.9a) (24.9b) (24.9c)

limiting elevation (flame height) (ft) convective portion of heat release rate (BTU/sec) distance above the base of the fire to the smoke interface layer (ft) mass flow rate in plume at height z ( lb sec ) e
1 m = 0.071Qc / 3 z 5 3

when z > zl , m = 0.022Qc 3 z when z zl , m = 0.0208Qc 5 z Where zl = Qc = z = m=

3

+ 0.0018Qc
1 5 3

) + 0.0042Q

(24.10a) (24.10b) (24.10c)

limiting elevation (ft) convective portion of heat release rate (kW) o distance above the base of the fire to the smoke interface layer (m) mass flow rate in plume at height z ( kg sec )

The smoke layer temperature can be calculated from the following:4 Q (1 ) Ts = To + c (24.11) mC p Where Ts = smoke layer temperature, F(C) To = ambient temperature, F(C) e Qc = convective portion of HHR, BTU sec (kW ) m = mass flow rate of exhaust air, lb sec ( kg sec ) C p = Specific heat of plume gases, BTU lb ( kg kJ ) = wall heat transfer fraction (dimensionless) The convective portion of the HRR is determined by:2 Qc =
c

Q
BTU sec

(24.12) (kW)

Where Qc = convective portion of heat release rate, , Q = heat release rate, BTU sec (kW) = convective heat fraction (0.7 default) c

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Density of the plume gases can be calculated from the following equation:4 T = r r (24.13) s Ts Where = density of exhaust gases, lbm ft 2 ( kg m3 ) s Ts = temperature of exhaust gases, absolute, R (K) , Tr = Reference temperature, absolute, R (K) = density at reference temperature, absolute, lbm ft 2 ( kg m3 ) r The following are the empirical equations from NFPA 92B for atrium balcony spill plumes: m = 0.12 QW 2 Where m= Q= W= zb =

( zb + 0.25 H )

(24.14a)

mass flow rate in plume ( lb sec ) heat release rate (HHR) of fire ( BTU sec ) width of the plume under the balcony (ft) height above the underside of the balcony to the smoke layer interface (ft) H = height of the balcony above the base of the fire (ft) m = 0.36 QW 2

( zb + 0.25 H )

(24.14b)

Where m= Q= W= zb =

mass flow rate in plume ( kg sec ) heat release rate (HHR) of fire (kW ) width of the plume under the balcony (m) height above the underside of the balcony to the smoke layer interface (m) H = height of the balcony above the base of the fire (m)

Atrium smoke management example calculations using NFPA-92B equations: Atrium height 60 ft2 Area 10,000 ft2 Design re 5000 BTU/sec default HRR (steady state re) 3500 BTU/sec convective portion of HRR (Qc 0.7Q) Highest oor 30 ft Tenable time 20 min or 1200 sec Therefore: Minimum smoke layer height: z highest walking surface, height of the (base of the re) atrium z 30 ft 6 ft 36 ft

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Determine ame height z using equation 24.9a: zl = 0.533Qc 5 zl = 0.533( 3500) zl = 13.9 ft Since the ame height zl z, use equation 24.9b to determine the mass ow rate into the plume at z: m = 0.022Qc 3 z
2 5 2

(Solution 24.1a)

) + 0.0042Q
1 5

m = (0.022 3500 3 36 3 ) + 0.0042 3500 m = 145 lb/sec Find the temperature of the plume gases at z 24.11: Ts = To +

(Solution 24.1b) 36 feet using equation

Qc (1 ) 3500(1 0.4 ) = (70) + = 130F mC p 145(0.24 )

(Solution 24.1c)

Find the density of the plume gases at 130F using equation 24.13:
s

Tr 70 + 460 = 0.075 = 0.0674 lb ft 3 Ts 130 + 460

(Solution 24.1d)

Find the volumetric ow rate based on standard at density at 70F for exhausting of the space to maintain the minimum smoke layer interface of 36 feet above the base of the re: V= m = 145 ft 3 = 2151 = 129, 080 CFM 0.0674 sec (Solution 24.1e)

Thus, 129,080 CFM is needed to maintain the smoke layer interface at the minimum of 36 feet above the base of the re or 72 inches above the highest walking surface. This is a basic calculation that does not take into account the lling rate (or volume) of the space above the lowest allow z (smoke layer at 72 inches above the highest walkable oor surface). It also does not take into account the geometrical dimensions (height and area) of the atrium, and it makes the assumption that the atrium is already lled with smoke to the lowest minimum z (36 feet, for this example). In reality, the space volume lls with time. The reader should notice that equation 24.9b does not have a time variable. In order to make good use of equation 24.9b, calculations would need to be done starting at z H (or 60 feet in this example) and

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performing the calculation again with the next lower interval value for z to the minimum smoke layer interface height (36 feet in this example). Therefore, Solution 24.1e may be incorrect in many cases. However, it does give the reader an appreciation for a steady state re that lls an atrium space with smoke and the CFM required to maintain the minimum z (smoke layer interface). A more useful analysis starts at the time of effective ignition of the re and the assumed re package to be used. Most res are unsteady due to the material characteristics that are in the re package. Referring to Figure 24.3, we can see that the typical heat release rate (HRR) for a sofa varies with time. The typical sofa actually has two peak HRR values at 450 seconds and 900 seconds for an unsprinklered building. Calculating the characteristics and requirements of an unsteady (T-squared re) in an atrium is tedious with manual calculations. Software-based methods will help to simplify the calculation process. AZONE4 is a FORTRAN program that will operate on a personal computer. The program is written by John Klote and it is provided with ASHRAE/SFPE Principles of Smoke Management.4 Below is the example atrium from above, recalculated with AZONE using a tenability time of 1200 seconds (20 minutes): AZONE: Atrium Zone Fire ModelSummary Output Ambient temperature: 21.1 C 70.0 F Ceiling height: 18.3 m 60.0 ft Cross-sectional area: 929. sq m 10000. sq ft. Height of fuel: 0.00 m 0.00 ft Fire growth time: 300. s 300. s Upper limit of re: 5275. kW 5000. Btu/s Exhaust ow rate: 61.26 cu m/s 129800. CFM Exhaust location factor: 2.80 2.80 Exhaust below ceiling: 0.30 m 1.00 ft Number of exhaust inlets: 4 4 Exhaust activation time: 60.0 s 60.0 s Wall heat transfer fraction: 0.40 0.40 Simulation duration: 1200.00 s 1200.00 s Constants: Specic heat: Gas constant: Atmospheric pressure: Time interval: Convective fraction: Plugholing exponent: 1.010 kJ/kg K 287.0 J/kg K 101325. Pa 0.05 s 0.70 6.0

See Table 24.1 for AZONE output results for this sample atrium.

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Table 24.1

Atrium Smoke Exhaust Calculations with AZONE4,6

(continued on next page)

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Table 24.1

(Continued)

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The AZONE4 results for the example atrium indicate that an exhaust system of 129,800 CFM for 20 minutes with a medium re speed of 300 seconds will allow for a smoke layer interface at 36.05 feet above the base of the re (re base at the oor of the atrium). The HRR is variable up to 5000 BTU/sec. Starting at 660 seconds, the HRR becomes constant at 5000 BTU/sec. This is usually conservative due to the fact that the fuel source should start to deplete (see the HRR curve for the typical sofa). However, other items in the atrium may have ignited within the 20 minutes used for tenability in this example. Up to this point, plugholing has not been discussed. Plugholing is a phenomenon where the velocity of the exhaust air is so great that it can greatly reduce the capacity of the smoke management system within the atrium by creating a hole in the smoke layer, thereby allowing makeup air to exhaust through the smoke layer to the exhaust fans and reducing the amount of smoke being exhausted. The maximum velocity of the makeup air entering a smoke plume should not exceed 200 fpm. You will notice that there is a plugholing exponent factor of 6 that appears in the constants portion of the input summary information in the AZONE4 example. (See Figure 24.6 for a view of plugholing.) Additional modeling tools include CFAST.5 CFAST is a smoke distribution prediction program that utilizes ordinary differential equations and basic laws of physics to determine an output for a given two-zone model. The software has been available since 1990 and has been revised over the years to improve its accuracy. It has a graphic user interface. A companion program called Smokeview4 may be used to view the distribution of smoke in the building model results that are generated by CFAST. Using the example atrium from above, results can be modeled using CFAST and Smokeview.

Figure 24.5 Example 10,000 ft2 atrium with 129,800 CFM smoke exhaust with visual view at t 610 seconds. Smoke layer shown as temperature.6

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Exhaust Fan

Plugholing of air into smoke exhaust

Figure 24.6

Plugholing in atrium/mall re.6

Table 24.2 CFAST Results for Example 10,000 ft2 Atrium with 129,800 cfm Smoke Exhaust6
NORMAL Compart- Compart- Compart- Compart- Compart- Compart- Compart- Compart- Compart- Compart- Compart- Compart- Compartment 1 ment 1 ment 1 ment 1 ment 1 ment 1 ment 2 ment 2 ment 2 ment 2 ment 2 ment 3 ment 3 Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Layer Layer Layer Ambient Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer Temp Temp Height Volume Pressure Target Temp Temp Height Volume Pressure Temp Temp 23.9 23.9 18.2 1.0 -13.5 0.0 23.9 23.9 4.5 0.4 -13.5 23.9 23.9 25.2 24.4 18.0 154.2 -13.4 4.7 24.9 23.9 4.5 0.4 -13.3 24.9 23.9 25.7 24.9 17.9 277.1 -13.4 7.6 25.4 23.9 4.5 0.4 -13.2 25.4 23.9 26.2 25.3 17.8 299.2 -13.5 10.0 25.7 24.0 4.5 0.4 -13.1 25.7 24.0 26.6 25.7 17.8 321.5 -13.5 12.1 26.0 24.1 4.5 0.4 -13.1 26.0 24.1 26.9 26.0 17.6 504.6 -13.5 14.1 26.2 24.2 4.5 0.4 -13.0 26.2 24.2 27.7 26.3 17.1 940.7 -13.3 17.3 26.4 24.3 4.5 0.4 -12.8 26.4 24.3 28.7 26.6 16.5 1513.8 -13.2 21.1 26.6 24.4 4.5 0.4 -12.6 26.6 24.4 29.6 26.8 15.9 2117.4 -13.1 25.1 26.7 24.5 4.5 0.4 -12.4 26.7 24.5 30.6 27.1 15.2 2703.6 -12.9 29.4 26.8 24.7 4.5 0.4 -12.2 26.8 24.7 31.6 27.3 14.6 3250.8 -12.8 33.8 26.9 24.8 4.5 0.4 -12.1 26.9 24.8 32.7 27.5 14.1 3754.0 -12.7 38.7 27.0 25.0 4.5 0.4 -11.9 27.0 24.9 33.8 27.7 13.6 4212.9 -12.5 43.8 27.1 25.1 4.5 0.4 -11.7 27.1 25.1 35.0 27.8 13.1 4627.0 -12.4 49.2 27.1 25.3 4.5 0.4 -11.5 27.1 25.2 36.2 28.0 12.7 4998.5 -12.2 54.8 27.2 25.4 4.5 0.4 -11.4 27.2 25.4 37.5 28.2 12.4 5331.2 -12.1 60.7 27.3 25.6 4.5 0.4 -11.2 27.3 25.5 38.9 28.3 12.0 5636.0 -11.9 67.8 27.3 25.7 4.5 0.4 -11.0 28.7 25.7 40.6 28.5 11.8 5844.5 -11.6 75.4 27.4 25.9 4.5 0.4 -10.7 30.8 25.8 42.4 28.6 11.7 5968.9 -11.4 83.6 27.4 26.0 4.5 0.4 -10.5 31.9 25.9 43.3 28.7 11.6 6011.8 -11.3 87.8 27.4 26.1 4.5 0.4 -10.3 32.4 25.9 44.3 28.7 11.6 6046.3 -11.2 92.1 27.4 26.2 4.5 0.4 -10.2 32.8 26.0 46.3 28.8 11.5 6098.4 -11.0 100.8 27.5 26.3 4.5 0.4 -10.0 33.7 26.1 47.7 28.9 11.5 6102.9 -11.4 105.2 27.5 26.4 4.5 0.4 -10.3 34.6 26.1 48.3 29.0 11.6 6067.4 -11.7 106.3 27.5 26.5 4.5 0.4 -10.7 35.2 26.2 48.2 29.1 11.6 6020.1 -12.0 105.1 27.6 26.7 4.5 0.4 -11.0 35.5 26.3 47.7 29.2 11.7 5952.4 -12.4 102.3 27.6 26.8 4.5 0.4 -11.3 35.6 26.4 47.2 29.2 11.8 5804.9 -12.7 98.9 27.6 26.9 4.5 0.4 -11.6 35.4 26.6 46.7 29.3 12.1 5610.7 -12.8 95.7 27.7 27.0 4.5 0.4 -11.8 34.8 26.8 46.1 29.4 12.3 5343.3 -13.0 92.2 27.7 27.1 4.5 0.4 -11.9 34.1 27.0 45.6 29.5 12.8 4940.3 -13.2 88.0 27.7 27.2 4.5 0.4 -12.1 33.5 27.2

Time 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 200.0 220.0 240.0 260.0 280.0 300.0 320.0 340.0 360.0 370.0 380.0 400.0 420.0 440.0 460.0 480.0 500.0 520.0 540.0 560.0

Time = Seconds, Volume = cubic meters, Temperture = C, Pressure = kPA, Height = Meters

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24.4

Zoned Smoke Management Systems

Zoned smoke management systems are used for containing the smoke of a re in one smoke compartment of a building during an event. In general, the smoke compartment with the re is under negative pressure with respect to the oors/zones above, below, or adjacent to the zone with the smoke event. Zoned smoke control systems are designed to help maintain tenability in a high-rise building, prison, jail, or hospital to allow the occupants to evacuate the area (jails, prisons) or the building. Zoned smoke control systems differ from atrium systems in the type of system used and its requirements. Atrium and mall systems are designed to exhaust a large amount of air to maintain the smoke layer interface at 72 inches above the highest walking surface (for a given amount of time). Zoned smoke control systems are designed to provide a positive pressure differential between the oors that are above and below the oor or zone with the re/smoke event and the oor with the event. Egress stairs must be positively pressurized to allow for a relatively smoke-free exit path from the building (Figure 24.7). Zoned smoke control systems utilize the buildings HVAC systems (plus additional fans for stair and elevator shaft pressurization) to accomplish smoke management. Additional requirements to ordinary HVAC system

Compart- Compart- Compart- Compart- Compart- Compart- Compart- Compartment 3 ment 3 ment 3 ment 4 ment 4 ment 4 ment 4 ment 4 Sofa Sofa Sofa Upper Lower Layer Layer Layer Layer Height Volume Pressure Temp Temp Height Volume Pressure Plume Pyrolysis Fire Size 4.5 0.4 -13.5 23.9 23.9 4.5 0.4 -13.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.4 -13.2 24.9 23.9 4.5 0.4 -13.4 18.0 0.0 27164.6 4.5 0.4 -13.0 25.4 23.9 4.5 0.4 -13.4 36.0 0.0 54328.6 4.5 0.4 -12.9 25.7 23.9 4.5 0.4 -13.4 54.0 0.0 81492.2 4.5 0.4 -12.7 26.0 24.0 4.5 0.4 -13.4 71.9 0.0 108655.0 4.5 0.4 -12.6 26.2 24.0 4.5 0.4 -13.4 87.5 0.0 135819.0 4.5 0.4 -12.4 26.4 24.0 4.5 0.4 -13.2 100.6 0.0 299400.0 4.5 0.4 -12.1 26.6 24.1 4.5 0.4 -13.1 104.2 0.0 462935.0 4.5 0.4 -11.9 26.7 24.1 4.5 0.4 -12.9 103.8 0.0 626424.0 4.5 0.4 -11.7 26.8 24.2 4.5 0.4 -12.8 101.5 0.0 789867.0 4.5 0.4 -11.5 26.9 24.2 4.5 0.4 -12.7 98.5 0.1 953265.0 4.5 0.4 -11.3 27.0 24.3 4.5 0.4 -12.5 95.5 0.1 1135030.0 4.5 0.4 -11.1 27.1 24.3 4.5 0.4 -12.4 92.5 0.1 1316860.0 4.5 0.4 -10.9 27.1 24.4 4.5 0.4 -12.2 89.5 0.1 1498740.0 4.5 0.4 -10.7 27.2 24.4 4.5 0.4 -12.1 86.7 0.1 1680680.0 4.5 0.4 -10.5 27.2 24.5 4.5 0.4 -11.9 84.1 0.1 1862670.0 4.5 9.7 -10.2 27.3 24.5 4.5 0.4 -11.7 83.0 0.1 2178560.0 4.4 117.0 -9.9 27.3 24.6 4.5 0.4 -11.5 82.7 0.1 2494680.0 4.2 300.6 -9.6 27.4 24.7 4.5 0.4 -11.2 83.3 0.1 2811030.0 4.1 410.0 -9.5 27.4 24.7 4.5 0.4 -11.1 83.7 0.2 2969300.0 3.9 527.1 -9.4 27.4 24.7 4.5 0.4 -11.0 84.3 0.2 3127620.0 3.6 775.7 -9.1 27.4 24.8 4.5 0.4 -10.8 85.5 0.2 3444430.0 3.3 1026.4 -9.4 27.5 24.8 4.5 0.4 -11.2 83.2 0.2 3088080.0 3.0 1248.5 -9.8 27.5 24.9 4.5 0.4 -11.5 81.3 0.1 2732040.0 2.8 1426.6 -10.1 27.5 25.0 4.5 0.4 -11.8 79.2 0.1 2376300.0 2.7 1559.6 -10.4 27.6 25.0 4.5 0.4 -12.2 72.2 0.1 2020860.0 2.6 1636.4 -10.7 27.6 25.1 4.5 0.4 -12.5 61.5 0.1 1665710.0 2.5 1655.2 -10.8 27.6 25.1 4.5 0.4 -12.7 55.0 0.1 1439030.0 2.5 1648.1 -11.0 27.6 25.2 4.5 0.4 -12.8 48.0 0.1 1212250.0 2.6 1641.5 -11.1 27.7 25.3 4.5 0.4 -13.0 40.4 0.1 985359.0

Sofa

Sofa

Flame Convective Height ow 0.0 0.0 0.1 18200.3 0.3 36400.2 0.6 54599.8 0.7 72799.2 0.9 90998.6 1.5 200598.0 1.9 310167.0 2.3 419704.0 2.6 529211.0 2.8 638687.0 3.1 760471.0 3.3 882293.0 3.6 1004150.0 3.8 1126050.0 4.0 1247990.0 4.3 1459640.0 4.6 1671440.0 4.8 1883390.0 4.9 1989430.0 5.1 2095500.0 5.3 2307770.0 5.0 2069020.0 4.8 1830470.0 4.5 1592120.0 4.1 1353980.0 3.8 1116030.0 3.5 964150.0 3.2 812204.0 2.9 660190.0

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Provide Multiple Injection points for even pressurization of stairwell. Avoid injection of air on the level to the outside

Supply Fan

Stairwell pressurization. Note: supply fan ideal location at base of stairs.6

Figure 24.7

requirements and components for suitable use in a smoke control mode include: 1. All metal ductwork 2. Underwriters Laboratory (UL) UUKL testing and labeling of the temperature control system components including application-specic controllers (ASC) and the components for controlling the system 3. Smoke and combination smoke/re dampers; dampers should be Class 1 rated (Figure 24.8) 4. Air handling units and ductwork design (sizing and routing) carefully thought out with respects to the smoke zones (dened by the architect) to allow for best possible and least complicated control during a smoke/re event 5. Exhaust designed for a minimum six air changes per hour in the smoke control mode; use the air ow monitoring station on the return air main for each zone to allow for increasing/maintaining air changes Provide a separate personal computer with customized software or custom switch and light panel board with graphics of the smoke management system for the local re departments use during a smoke/re event. This

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Figure 24.8 Combination smoke/ re damper. Courtesy Ruskin Company.

is typically called the Firemans Override Panel. The re department must be able to completely control all aspects of the air-handling equipment and control dampers (combination smoke/re and smoke dampers) during the smoke/re event and post-event for changing or selecting different smoke compartments to exhaust (purging) or to positively pressurize the building. The HVAC engineer/designer must include the proper sequence of operation for all equipment (air handling units, supply fan, return/relief/ exhaust fans, restroom exhaust fans, smoke and combination smoke/re dampers, control dampers, etc.). The entire building must be addressed when one smoke detector is activated. Therefore, the HVAC engineer/designer must address the whole building by providing the action required for each piece of equipment in the system as mentioned above upon the activation of one smoke zones smoke detector. A matrix sequence of control for smoke management is suggested using the x-axis as the equipment response required and the y-axis as the smoke zone initiation device list. The matrix helps to avoid confusion with the contractor, building ofcial, building owner, and the test and balancing company during permitting, construction, system commissioning, and building operation. Proper coordination between the HVAC engineer/designer and the electrical engineer/designer is needed in providing for location and required response of each of the buildings smoke detectors. Smoke detectors can be either zone space-mounted or return ductwork-mounted. Another method of initiation of the smoke management system is through water ow of the re sprinkler system using re sprinkler systems with the same zoning as the smoke-management zones with ow detection for each system (although this is the least preferred method by the author due to the amount of smoke that could be generated before the sprinkler heads fuse and release water).

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24.5

Design Procedure for Zoned Smoke Control

Proper design procedure for a typical zoned smoke management system includes the following: 1. Determine the smoke zones with the architect and building department. 2. Determine the number of oors above and below the oor with the re/ smoke event (for a vertical zoned system) with the local re marshal. 3. Determine the number of doors opened or partially opened to the stairs during a re/smoke event with the local re department. The door at the base of the stairs should be considered 100 percent open during the egress time for any number of interior doors opened to the stairs. Verify the number of doors opened with the local re department. If the local re department will not comment or declines input during design, the minimum amount should be determined by the HVAC engineer/designer. This writer suggests modeling the doors at 50 percent opened, with the number of interior doors opened to the stairs also at 50 percent minimum. Regardless of the number of interior doors opened to the stairs, the exterior door must be considered open during a re/smoke event to maintain the proper stair pressurization. Failure to provide enough outside air to the stairs through the ground level door to the outside, can lead to compromise of the exit egress path from the building. 4. The differential pressure across the interior stair doors must be in the range of 0.05 to 0.35 inch W.C. with ow from the stairs into the oor. This is to allow for occupants to open the stair door and to limit the amount of smoke that may enter from the oor(s) with the smoke event. 5. Computer modeling is required using ContamW. ContamW software is a Microsoft Windows-based network equation solutions software available from NIST. The software is free. It is designed for building pressurization analysis and air contaminants transport analysis. The International Building Code and NFPA 92A1 Recommended Practice for Smoke Control Systems requirements can be modeled with ContamW to assist the HVAC engineer/designer in analyzing the building for a proper zoned smoke control system design: a. Interior walls and oor air leakage rates b. Building stack-height considerations c. Wind and weather conditions for summer and winter d. Stairs and elevator shaft openings e. Transport of products of combustion (if required) f. Modeling of fans for exhaust and supply

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6. Program results include: a. Airow through each wall, roof, and oor surface b. A prediction of the air ow throughout the building during activation of the smoke management system c. Building codes requirement for a rational analysis to be submitted by the professional engineer of record; best achieved by using ContamW d. The zone or oor with the re/smoke event not required to maintain tenability; it is assumed that this zone or oor has adequate time for people to evacuate 24.6 Zoned Smoke Management Calculation Example

The following example is an actual building model performed by this writer in 2005.6 It is a 10-story courthouse building that has four egress stairs on the exterior of the building. The total height of the building is approximately 175 feet. The following criteria were used in this ContamW5 model (see Figure 24.9 for the schematic system of the building, with two stairs shown): 1. Climatic data: Fort Myers, Florida. 2. Exterior wall height varies per oor from 13 feet to 20 feet. 3. Wall, roof, and oor leakage rates are for a medium-tight building. Typical leakage test data for various construction types are used (available from www. ashrae.org or www. nist.gov). 4. The actual total (100 percent) supply CFM for cooling was used for smoke management mode for one oor above and below the re/ smoke event oor. 5. The exhaust utilizes return ductwork for the re/smoke event oor. The ductwork was oversized in this application to achieve the minimum six air changes per hour during the re/smoke event. 6. Interior stair doors are modeled as seven doors 50 percent open (to simulate the doors opening and closing during the period of egress). The remaining interior doors are modeled as closed. 7. The exterior doors from the stairs to the outside are modeled as 100 percent open (typically 36 by 84 inches). 8. All interior and exterior walls and oors are modeled with their respective areas and leakage rates per unit area. 9. Elevator shafts are modeled with the oor doors 100 percent closed but with a high leakage rate due to the fact that elevator oor doors are not low-leakage. 10. The rst-oor doors to the exterior are modeled as closed.

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11. The rst- and second-oor lobbies are modeled as one zone because there is an escalator that connects both oors. The remainders of both oors are separated from the respective lobbies by re-rated wall construction and therefore modeled each as separate zones. 12. The re/smoke event oor is the fourth oor. This oor is modeled with the supply air 100 percent closed and the return air (in this model, exhaust air) along with the public restroom exhaust air operating. 13. The third and fth oors are modeled as 100 percent supply air with the return air 100 percent closed. The public restroom exhaust is 100 percent closed. 14 The remaining oors are modeled with both the supply and the return air to the oor 100 percent closed. The building model is input into ContamW. The only input unknown that must be estimated is the supply air rate for each of the stairs and the elevator shafts for pressurizationthe elevator shafts are not pressurized in this example.
Relief/Exhaust Fan

Supply Fan

Stairs #2
SFD

10th Floor Zone 9th Floor Zone 8th Floor Zone 7th Floor Zone 6th Floor Zone 5th Floor Zone + 4th Floor Zone (Fire Floor)

Stairs #1

3rd Floor Zone + 2nd Floor Zone

Supply Fan

1st Floor Zone

Supply Fan

Schematic system arrangement in smoke control mode.6 Upon activation of any fourth-oor smoke detector or re sprinkler ow to that oor: 1. Shut down supply air to fourth oor. Return air system becomes 100 percent exhaust air at recommended 6 ACH. 2. Fifth- and third-oor return air shutdown. Supply air to both oors opens to 100 percent. 3. Stair pressurization systems are activated. 4. First-, second,- sixth through-tenth oor supply and return air are shut down.
Figure 24.9

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Screenshot from ContamW6 for example 10-story courthouse addition. Note: Lines perpendicular to the building walls indicate air ow and pressure differentials.
Figure 24.10

Screenshot from ContamW6 for example 10-story courthouse addition. Note: Lines perpendicular to the building walls indicate air ow and pressure.
Figure 24.11
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Screenshot from ContamW6 for example 10-story courthouse addition. Note: Lines perpendicular to the building walls indicate air ow and pressure.
Figure 24.12

The calculation process is iterative. The program user must adjust the stair pressurization fans until all stair doors are within the required pressure differential of 0.05 to 0.35 inch w.c. The software does not calculate the required air ow but only the results for the input values. (See Table 24.3 for the air ow results by zones.) 24.7 Implementation and Performance Testing

The following requirements for testing of atrium/mall smoke control systems are based on NFPA 92B:2 1. Employ a testing and balancing (TAB) company with experience in commissioning and testing of the smoke control system. 2. Requirements for testing: a. All HVAC equipment shall be in the normal operation mode. All smoke control sequences shall be off. Initial TAB should have been performed. b. Initiate the smoke control mode with normal power. 3. Verify the following: a. Activation of smoke control equipment.

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b. Deactivation of equipment that is not part of the smoke control system. c. Verify and record all dampers, fans, doors and related equipment operation. d. Measure the force to open egress doors. e. Total volumetric ow rate of all smoke management equipment. 4. Complete operation of the smoke management system shall be demonstrated for the following: a. Normal mode b. Automatic smoke management mode for rst alarm. c. Manual override of the normal and automatic smoke management modes. d. Return to normal mode. e. Repeat the normal power testing for standby emergency power testing. 5. Owner-required periodic testing: a. Properly maintain all equipment in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. b. Verify air ow and pressure differences across door openings, make-up air supplies, and smoke exhaust equipment. c. All data shall match the original acceptance testing data. d. Perform the same test for standby emergency power. 24.8 Testing of Zoned Smoke Control Systems

The following requirements for testing of zone smoke control systems and stair pressurization are based on NFPA 92A:1 1. Test each oor/zone. Document air ows, damper positions, and air handling equipment response. 2. Verify pressure drop across each stair door. 3. Adjust equipment and dampers as required and repeat the testing. 4. Record all nal readings. 5. Properly maintain all equipment in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. 6. Verify air ow and pressure differences across door openings, makeup air supplies, and smoke exhaust equipment. 7. All data shall match the original acceptance testing data. 8. Perform the same test for stand-by emergency power.

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Table 24.3

Chapter Twenty-Four
Partial Air Flow ContamW Results for Example 10-Story Courthouse Building

Project File: Courthouse Addition Summer 6 doors open Medium leakage Exterior Doors open time: Jan01 00:00:00 flows: [scfm] level <11> <11> <11> <11> <11> <10> <10> <10> <10> <10> <10> <9> <9> <9> <9> <9> <9> <8> from\to NEstairs1 judgepriselev Penthouse swstairs1 Southelev NEstairs1 judgepriselev 10thfloor swstairs1 Southelev Southelev2 NEstairs1 judgepriselev 9thfloor swstairs1 Southelev Southelev2 NEstairs1 <11> NEstairs1 0 0 123.7 0 0 19660 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <11> judgepriselev 0 0 261 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <11> PenthouseFlo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <11> swstairs1 0 0 137.9 0 3.248 0 0 0 19590 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <11> Southelev 0 0 514.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <10> NEstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 258.9 0 0 0 19240 0 0 0 0 0 0 <10> judgepriselev 0 328.7 0 0 0 0 0 804.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <10> 10thfloor 0 0 408.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <10> swstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 187.6 0 91.68 0 0 0 0 19100 0 0 0 <10> Southelev 0 0 0 0 511.2 0 0 561 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <10> Southelev2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 560.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <9> NEstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 236.6 0 0 0 18840 <9> judgepriselev 0 0 0 0 0 0 1133 0 0 0 0 0 0 759.7 0 0 0 0 <9> 9thfloor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 302.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <9> swstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 167.6 0 78.28 0 0 <9> Southelev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 980.6 0 0 0 526.5 0 0 0 0 <9> Southelev2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 560.3 0 0 525.8 0 0 0 0 <8> NEstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <8> stairnw1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <8> judgepriselev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1893 0 0 0 0 0 <8> 8thfloor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 441.4 0 0 0 0 <8> sestairs2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <8> swstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <8> Southelev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1429 0 0 <8> Southelev2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1086 0 <7> NEstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <7> stairnw1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <7> judgepriselev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <7> 7thfloor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <7> sestairs2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <7> swstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <7> Southelev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <7> Southelev2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <6> NEstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <6> stairnw1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <6> judgepriselev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <6> 6thfloor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <6> sestairs2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <6> swstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <6> Southelev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <6> Southelev2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <5> NEstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <5> stairnw1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <5> judgepriselev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <5> 5thFloor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <5> sestairs2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <5> swstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <5> Southelev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <5> Southelev2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <4> NEstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <4> stairnw1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <4> judgepriselev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <4> 4thfloor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <4> sestairs2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <4> swstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <4> Southelev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <4> Southelev2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <3> NEstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <3> stairnw1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <3> judgepriselev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <3> 3rdFloor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <3> sestairs2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <3> swstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <3> Southelev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <3> Southelev2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <2> NEstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <2> stairnw1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <2> judgepriselev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <2> 2ndflrnorth 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <2> 2ndfloor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <2> sestairs2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <2> swstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <2> Southelev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <2> Southelev2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1> NESTAIRCOR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1> NEstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1> stairnw1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1> judgepriselev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1> 1stfloornorth 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1> 1stfloor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1> sestairs2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1> swstairs1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1> Southelev 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1> Southelev2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ambt 22000 0 0 22000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

24.9 Note of Caution on Smoke Machine or Smoke Bomb Testing Many re departments insist on testing atrium and mall smoke control systems with cold smoke bombs or theatrical smoke-generating machines. This is a mistake. The only way to test a smoke management system for atriums and malls is to actually build a re. This writer urges the HVAC engineer of record to challenge any local re marshal who wishes to test these systems. This test proves nothing other than it can or cannot exhaust cold smoke. Many re departments will demand changes to the system if the atrium or mall smoke exhaust system cannot exhaust this cold smoke test. Changes to the system can actually lead to these systems failing in a real re/smoke event due to plugholing, as described earlier in this chap-

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<6> <6> <8> <8> <8> <8> <8> <8> <7> <7> <7> <7> <7> <7> <7> <7> <6> <6> <6> <6> <6> <6> judgeprisel 8thfloor sestairs2 swstairs1 Southelev Southelev2 NEstairs1 stairnw1 judgeprisel 7thfloor sestairs2 swstairs1 Southelev Southelev2 NEstairs1 stairnw1 judgeprisel 6thfloor sestairs2 swstairs1 Southelev Southelev2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18640 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 216.5 0 0 0 0 18470 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 163.8 0 0 0 0 0 4484 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 674.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 156.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4471 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 151.8 0 0 71.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 18220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 459.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 458.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 184.6 0 0 0 0 18120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 142.4 0 0 0 0 0 4076 0 0 0 0 0 0 2567 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 492.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 649.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 134.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4069 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128 0 0 64.27 0 0 0 0 0 0 17820 0 0 0 0 0 0 1817 0 0 0 0 308.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1545 0 0 0 307.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3060 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 605.9 606.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1621 0 0 0 0 751 1871 739.6 0 2562 1262 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2061 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1852 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2320 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1398 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1246 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5500 0 14000 5500 0

ter. Below are the reasons that cold smoke bomb testing does not test the performance of the systems: 1. Cold smoke machine or smoke bomb testing does not accurately model a real re. There is no heat as in a real re. The plumes act differently. The mass of the smoke is different. 2. Testing of properly designed smoke-control systems may fail due to the use of cold smoke testing. Challenge all authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ) who want to use cold smoke testing. 3. If adjustments are made to the system to pass the cold smoke test, unpredicted response and failure of the system could occur during a real re event.

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Chapter Twenty-Four

24.10

Summary

This chapter is intended to inform the reader of the proper methods for designing smoke management systems for atriums, malls, and high-rise buildings. Although this section is not a complete reference for this topic, the basics methods and references are given to help set the HVAC engineer/designer on the correct path to comply with the standard of care with these systems. Many engineers/designers have rule-of-thumb methods for designing these systems. However, it can be shown that many of these methods are now obsolete, as scientic methods and implementation have advanced this portion of the HVAC system design to allow for more accurate methods that should be followed by every engineer or designer involved in engineering these potentially life saving systems. References
1. NFPA 92A, Recommended Practice for Smoke Control Systems2009 Edition. 2. NFPA 92B, Standard for Smoke Management in Malls, Atria, and Large Spaces2009 Edition. 3. International Code Council, International Building Code2006 Edition. 4. ASHRAE/SFPE Principles of Smoke Management 2002 (Klote/Milke). 5. National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST). 6. Smoke Management Systems, ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer Presentation, 20082009, Michael E. Myers, PE.

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