A two-digit number established by the International Electro Technical Commission, is used to provide an Ingress Protection rating to a piece of electronic

equipment or to an enclosure for electronic equipment. The protection class after EN60529 are indicated by short symbols that consist of the two code letters IP and a code numeral for the amount of the protection. Example: IP65 (NEMA 4) The two digits represent different forms of environmental influence: The first digit represents protection against ingress of solid objects. The second digit represents protection against ingress of liquids. The larger the value of each digit, the greater the protection. As an example, a product rated IP54 would be better protected against environmental factors than another similar product rated as IP42.

IP Ratings (Ingress Protection)

IP TABLE:

First digit: Ingress of solid objects

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 No protection Protected against solid objects over 50mm e.g. hands, large tools. Protected against solid objects over 12.5mm e.g. hands, large tools. Protected against solid objects over 2.5mm e.g. wire, small tools. Protected against solid objects over 1.0mm e.g. wires. Limited protection against dust ingress. (no harmful deposit) Totally protected against dust ingress. N/A N/A

Second digit: Ingress of liquids

No protection Protected against vertically falling drops of water or condensation. Protected against falling drops of water, if the case is disposed up to 15 from vertical. Protected against sprays of water from any direction, even if the case is disposed up to 60from vertical. Protected against splash water from any direction. Protected against low pressure water jets from any direction. Limited ingress permitted. Protected against high pressure water jets from any direction. Limited ingress permitted. Protected against short periods of immersion in water. Protected against long, durable periods of immersion in water.

Ingress Protection (IP) ratings are developed by the European Committee for Electro Technical Standardization (CENELEC) (NEMA IEC 60529 Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures - IP Code), specifying the environmental protection the enclosure provides. The IP rating normally has two (or three) numbers: 1. Protection from solid objects or materials 2. Protection from liquids (water) 3. Protection against mechanical impacts (commonly omitted, the third number is not a part of IEC 60529) Example - IP Rating With the IP rating IP 54, 5 describes the level of protection from solid objects and 4 describes the level of protection from liquids. An "X" can used for one of the digits if there is only one class of protection, i.e. IPX1 which addresses protection against vertically falling drops of water e.g. condensation.. IP First number - Protection against solid objects 0 No special protection 1 Protected against solid objects up to 50 mm, e.g. accidental touch by persons hands. 2 Protected against solid objects up to 12 mm, e.g. persons fingers. 3 Protected against solid objects over 2.5 mm (tools and wires). 4 Protected against solid objects over 1 mm (tools, wires, and small wires). 5 Protected against dust limited ingress (no harmful deposit). 6 Totally protected against dust. IP Second number - Protection against liquids 0 No protection. 1 Protection against vertically falling drops of water e.g. condensation. 2 Protection against direct sprays of water up to 15o from the vertical. 3 Protected against direct sprays of water up to 60o from the vertical. 4 Protection against water sprayed from all directions - limited ingress permitted. 5 Protected against low pressure jets of water from all directions - limited ingress. Protected against temporary flooding of water, e.g. for use on ship decks - limited 6 ingress permitted.

Protected against the effect of immersion between 15 cm and 1 m.

8 Protects against long periods of immersion under pressure. IP Third number - Protection against mechanical impacts (commonly omitted, the third number is not a part of IEC 60529) 0 No protection. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Protects against impact of 0.225 joule (e.g. 150 g weight falling from 15 cm height). Protected against impact of 0.375 joule (e.g. 250 g weight falling from 15 cm height). Protected against impact of 0.5 joule (e.g. 250 g weight falling from 20 cm height). Protected against impact of 2.0 joule (e.g. 500 g weight falling from 40 cm height). Protected against impact of 6.0 joule (e.g. 1.5 kg weight falling from 40 cm height).

Protected against impact of 20.0 joule (e.g. 5 kg weight falling from 40 cm height). In order to comply with the stringent requirements for CE Marking machine makers today fits their machines with parts certified according EU (European Union) and international standards.

Understanding IP and NEMA Ratings

The protection of enclosures against ingress of dirt or against the ingress of water is defined in IEC529 (BSEN60529:1991). Conversely, an enclosure which protects equipment against ingress of particles will also protect a person from potential hazards within that enclosure, and this degree of protection is also defined as a standard. The degrees of protection are most commonly expressed as "IP" followed by two numbers, e.g. IP65, where the numbers define the degree of protection. The first digit (Foreign Bodies Protection)shows the extent to which the equipment is protected against particles, or to which persons are protected from enclosed hazards. The second digit (Water Protection) indicates the extent of protection against water. The wording in the table is not exactly as used in the standards document, but the dimensions are accurate. The first digit in the rating is the protection against contact and foreign bodies. The second digit in the rating is the water protection factor. The third digit in the impact protection factor It is normally displayed in the format below. IP s l (i) s = solids, l=liquids and i= impact (optional) First Index - Foreign Bodies Protection, Solids Index Protection against Human/Tool Contact 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 No special protection Back of hand, Fist Finger Tools and wires etc with a thickness >1mm Complete protection, (limited ingress permitted) Complete protection Large foreign bodies, diam. >50mm Medium-sized foreign bodies, diam. >12 Granular foreign bodies, diam. >1mm Dust protected; dust deposits are permitted, but their volume must not affect the function of the unit. Dust-proof Second Index - Water Protection, Liquids Index Protection against water 0 1 2 3 4 5 No special protection Water dripping/falling vertically Condensation/Light rain Protection from condition Protection against solid objects (foreign bodies)

Tools and wires etc with a thickness >2.5mm Small foreign bodies, diam. >2.5mm

Water sprayed at an angle (up to 15 degrees Light rain with wind from the vertical) Spray water (any direction up to 60 degrees Heavy rainstorm from the vertical) Spray water from all directions, (limited ingress permitted) Low pressure water jets from all directions, (limited ingress permitted) Splashing Hose down, residential

6 7 8

High pressure jets from all directions, (limited Hose down, commercial. ingress permitted) eg. Ship decks Temporary immersion, 15 cm to 1m Permanent Immersion, under pressure Immersion in tank For use on Titanic recovery vehicle

Third Index - Impact Protection, Impact Index Protection against impact 0 1 2 3 4 5 No special protection Protected against 0.225J impact eg. 150g weight falling from 15cm height Protected against 0.375J impact eg. 250g weight falling from 15cm height Protected against 0.5J impact Protected against 2.0J impact Protected against 6.0J impact eg. 250g weight falling from 20cm height eg. 500g weight falling from 40cm height eg. 0.61183kg weight falling from 1m height Equivalent mass impact

6 Protected against 20.0J impact eg. 2.0394kg weight falling from 1m height Examples: UmbrellaIP-01 or IP-02 depending on umbrella Chain link fence- IP-10 Chicken wireScreenKevlar clothSaran wrapBottle of wineIP-20 IP-30 IP-40 IP-51 IP-67

Tent (camping)- IP-42

SubmarineIP-68 NEMA Ratings There are many NEMA ratings available for enclosures. Below, is an brief explanation of each NEMA rating. NEMA 1 General Purpose - Indoors Type 1 enclosures are intended for general purpose indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against contact with the enclosed equipment or locations where unusual service conditions do not exist. NEMA 2 Drip Proof - Indoors Type 2 enclosures are intended for general purpose indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against limited amounts of falling water and dirt. NEMA 3 Dust Tight, Rain Tight, & Ice/Sleet resistant - Indoors/Outdoors Type 3 enclosures are intended for general purpose outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against windblown dust, rain, and sleet; and to be undamaged by the formation of ice on the enclosure. NEMA 3R Rain Proof & Ice/Sleet Proof - Indoors/Outdoors Type 3R enclosures are intended for general purpose outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against falling rain; and to be undamaged by the formation of ice on the enclosure. NEMA 3S Dust Tight, Rain Tight, & Ice/Sleet Proof - Outdoors Type 3S enclosures are intended for general purpose outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against sleet; and to be undamaged by the formation of ice on the enclosure. NEMA 4 Water Tight & Dust Tight - Indoors/Outdoors Type 4 enclosures are intended for general purpose indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against windblown dust and rain, splashing water, and hose directed water; and to be undamaged by the formation of ice on the enclosure. NEMA 4x Water Tight, Dust Tight, & Corrosion Resistant - Indoors/Outdoors Type 4X enclosures are intended for general purpose indoor and outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against corrosion, windblown dust and rain, splashing water, and hose-directed water; and to be undamaged by the formation of ice on the enclosure. NEMA 5 Superseded by NEMA 12 for Control Apparatus Type 5 see NEMA 12 NEMA 6 Submersible, Water Tight, Dust Tight, & Ice/Sleet Resistant - Indoors/Outdoors Type 6 enclosures are intended for general purpose indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against the entry of water during temporary submersion at a limited depth; and to be undamaged by the formation of ice on the enclosure. NEMA 7 Underwriters Lab Class 1-Groups C&D -Explosion Proof - Indoors Type 7 enclosures are for indoor use in locations classified as Class I, Groups A, B, C, or D, as defined in the National Electrical Code. Type 7 enclosures shall be capable of withstanding the pressures resulting from an internal explosion of specified

gases, and contain such an explosion sufficiently that an explosive gas-air mixture existing in the atmosphere surrounding the enclosure will not be ignited. Enclosed heat generating devices shall not cause external surfaces to reach temperatures capable of igniting explosive gas-air mixtures in the surrounding atmosphere. Enclosures shall meet explosion, hydro-static, and temperature design tests. NEMA 8 Underwriters Lab Class 1-Groups C&D -Explosion Proof - Indoors Type 8 is same as NEMA 7, except the unit is oil-immersed NEMA 9 Underwriters' Lab Class II - Groups E,F,G - Indoors Type 9 enclosures are intended for special purpose indoor use in locations classified as hazardous (Class II, Groups E, F, or G, as defined in the National Electrical Code). Type 9 enclosures shall be capable of preventing the entrance of dust. Enclosed heat generating devices shall not cause external surfaces to reach temperatures capable of igniting or discoloring dust on the enclosure or igniting dustair mixtures in the surrounding atmosphere. Enclosures shall meet dust penetration and temperature design tests, and aging of gaskets (if used). NEMA 10 Bureau of Mines NEMA 11 Corrosion Resistant & Drip Proof - Oil Immersed - indoors NEMA 12 Industrial Use - Dust Tight & Drip Tight - Indoors Type 12 enclosures are intended for industrial indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against dust, falling dirt, and dripping noncorrosive liquids. NEMA 13 Oil Tight & Dust Tight - Indoors Type 13 enclosures are intended for industrial indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against dust, spraying of water, oil, and noncorrosive coolant. Comparing NEMA and IP enclosure ratings. This comparison is only approximate, and it is the responsibility of the user to verify the enclosure rating necessary for the given application. Enclosure type IP23 IP30 IP32 IP55 IP64 IP65 IP66 IP67 1 2 3 4 4X 6 12 13

Design and placement

Bus bars are typically either flat strips or hollow tubes as these shapes allow heat to dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface area to cross-sectional area ratio. The skin effect makes 5060 Hz AC bus bars more than about 8 mm (1/3 in) thick inefficient, so hollow or flat shapes are prevalent in higher current applications. A hollow section has higher stiffness than a solid rod of equivalent current-carrying capacity, which allows a greater span between busbar supports in outdoor switchyards. A bus bar may either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may completely surround it. Bus bars are protected from accidental contact either by a metal earthed enclosure or by elevation out of normal reach. Neutral bus bars may also be insulated. Earth bus bars are typically bolted directly onto any metal chassis of their enclosure. Busbars may be enclosed in a metal housing, in the form of bus duct or busway, segregated-phase bus, or isolated-phase bus. Bus bars may be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by bolted, clamp, or welded connections. Often joints between high-current bus sections have matching surfaces that are silver-plated to reduce the contact resistance. At extra-high voltages (more than 300 kV) in outdoor buses, corona around the connections becomes a source of radio-frequency interference and power loss, so connection fittings designed for these voltages are used. Bus bars are typically contained inside switchgear, panelboards, or busway. Distribution boards split the electrical supply into separate circuits at one location. Busways, or bus ducts, are long busbars with a protective cover. Rather than branching the main supply at one location, they allow new circuits to branch off anywhere along the route of the busway.
Thickness Range of Widths

1/16" 1/8" 3/16" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 3/4"

1/2 - 2" 1/2 - 4" 1/2 - 4" 1/2 - 12" 3/4 - 12" 1 - 12" 4 - 12"