1

Chapter 1
Gas Power Cycle
Content:
Air Standard Cycle,
Air Standard Carnot cycle
Reciprocating Engines,
Air Standard Otto Cycle (Spark Ignition)
Ideal Diesel Cycle (Compression Ignition)
Ideal Brayton Cycle (Gas turbine engines)
Gas cycles :
Working fluid remains in the gaseous throughout
the entire cycle applied in gasoline engine, diesel
engine, gas turbine engine
Gas cycles VS Vapor cycles
Source: Assoc.Prof.Dr.Sommai Prepream
2
Gas cycles VS Vapor cycles (contd)
Vapor cycles :
Working fluid exists in the vapor phase during
on part of the cycle and in the liquid phase
during another part such as in steam power
plant cycle and refrigeration cycles
The Carnot Cycle and Its Value in Engineering
Heat
Engine
Source, T
H
Sink, T
L
W
net
Q
H
Q
L
The 4 processes of the carnot cycle: (Heat Engine)
{ Reversible Isothermal heat transfer from high temp.
reservoir.
{ Reversible adiabatic expansion.
{ Reversible Isothermal heat transfer to low temp. reservoir
{ Reversible adiabatic compression
3
Example 8.1 Show that the thermal efficiency of a Carnot
cycle operating between the temperature limits of T
L
AND
T
H
is solely a function of these two temperatures.
Solution
s
T
T
H
T
L
s
1
=s
4 s
2
=s
3
2 1
4
3
Q
H
Q
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
th
L L H H
rev
rev
H
L
H
net
th
T
T
S S T
S S T
Q
Q
S S and S S But
S S T Q and S S T Q Therefore
S S T Q
T
Q
Q
T
S S
T
Q
S S
Q
Q
Q
W
from
=

= =
= =
= =
=
= =
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =

1
) (
) (
1 1
,
) ( ), ( ,
) ( or
1
then
const. T process, Isothermal rev. for
and
1
1 2
4 3
3 2 4 1
4 3 1 2
1 2 2 1
2 1
2
1
1 2
2
1
1 2

{ Open Cycle (intake, discharge)

{ Working fluid is not a pure
substance
{ Heat input by COMBUSTION of
a fuel
{ Involve friction
Actual Gas Cycle
Exhaust
gas
Fuel + air
mixture
Source: Assoc.Prof.Dr.Sommai Prepream
4
Air-Standard Assumption
{ The working fluid is air which continuously
circulated in a close loop and behave as an
ideal gas
{ All the processes are internally reversible
{ The combustion process is replaced by a
heated-addition process from the external
source
{ The exhaust process is replaced by a heat
rejection process which restores the
working fluid to its initial state
Over View on Reciprocating Engines
Top Dead Center (TDC) : Position of the piston
when it forms the smallest volume in diameter
Bottom Dead Center (BDC) : Position of the
piston when it forms the largest volume in diameter
Stroke : Length of piston travel
Bore : Diameter of the cylinder
Clearance Volume (V
c
) : minimum volume
formed in the cylinder when the piston is at TDC
Bore
Stroke
TDC
BDC
Intake
valve
Exhaust
valve
Displacement Volume (V
d
) :Swept Volume (V
max
-V
min
)
Compression Ratio (r
v
) = (V
max
/V
min
) = (V
BDC
/V
TDC
)
Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) : Fictious pressure that acted on the
piston during the entire power stoke
Net Work during the actual cycle (W
net
):
W
net
= (MEP) x (Piston Area) x (Stroke) = (MEP) x (Displacement Volume)
Source: Assoc.Prof.Dr.Sommai Prepream
5
Equivalent
v
P
W
net
v
min
v
max
Actual Processes
W
net
v
P
v
min
v
max
MEP
Equivalent by MEP
Mean Effective Pressure, MEP Concept
TDC
BDC
W
net
= (MEP) x (Displacement Volume)
= (MEP) x (V
max
-V
min
)
Source: Assoc.Prof.Dr.Sommai Prepream
Four Stroke Engine
Intake
Compression
Power Exhaust
1. Intake Stroke piston moves from TDC to BDC,
drawing in fresh air-fuel mixture.
2. Compression Stroke piston moves from BDC to
TDC, compress air-fuel mixture.
3. Power Stroke piston at TDC, spark plug ignite
the air-fuel mixture. the combustion occur
very fast that, in theory, the piston still at
TDC. After that the piston is pushed to BDC.
4. Exhaust Stroke piston moves from BDC to TDC,
pushes the combustion gases out.
6
Two Stroke Engine
Power
Compression
Intake &
Exhaust
1. Compression Stroke piston moves from
BDC to TDC, compress air-fuel
mixture.
2. Power Stroke piston at TDC, spark plug
ignite the air-fuel mixture. After the
piston is pushed to BDC. Meanwhile,
about half way, combustion gases are
discharged and fresh air-fuel mixture
is drawing in .
Actual and Ideal cycles in spark-ignition engine
Actual four-stoke spark-ignition
engine
Ideal Otto
cycle
Under the Air-Standard Assumption
7
Air Standard Otto Cycle
s
T
s
1
=s
2 s
3
=s
4
2
1
4
3
q
in
q
out
v =
const.
v
=
c
o
n
s
t
.
v
P
v
2
=v
3
v
1
=v
4
2
1
4
3
w
out
w
in
P
v k
=
c
P
v k
=

c
There are only 2-stroke of all 4-processes,
TDC BDC
Source: Assoc.Prof.Dr.Sommai Prepream
Ideal Otto cycle consists of four internally reversible processes:
Process 1-2 Isentropic Compression Isentropic Compression
Process 2-3 v = constant, heat added v = constant, heat added
Process 3-4 Isentropic expansion Isentropic expansion
Process 4-1 v = constant, heat rejection v = constant, heat rejection
Analysis of Air Standard Otto Cycle

and
constant
gases Ideal of Process Isentropic


: gas Ideal

0 .
q
system closed : law 1
fer heat trans olume Constant v
1
2
1
/ ) 1 (
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2 2 1 1
4 1 1 4
2 3 3 2
2 3 3 2
3 2
3 2 2 3 3 2
st

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = =
= =
= =
= =
=
= =
+ =
k k k
k k
k k k
v out
v in
v
v
v
P
P
T
T
V
V
v
v
P
P
v P v P Pv
) T (T C q q and
) T (T C q q
dT C RT, du Pv
u u q
w const v
w u u
v
P
v
2
=v
3
v
1
=v
4
2
1
4
3
w
out
w
in
P
v k
=
c
P
v k
=

c
s
T
s
1
=s
2 s
3
=s
4
2
1
4
3
q
in
q
out v =

const.
v
=
c
o
n
s
t
.
8
Analysis of Air Standard Otto Cycle (contd)
v
P
v
2
=v
3
v
1
=v
4
2
1
4
3
w
out
w
in
P
v k
=
c
P
v k
=

c
s
T
s
1
=s
2 s
3
=s
4
2
1
4
3
q
in
q
out v =

const.
v
=
c
o
n
s
t
.
( )
) (
Pressure Effective Mean
1 1 ,
1
1
,
efficiency Thermal
2 1
3 2
1 4
th
1 2
2 1
1 1 2 2
2 1
4 3 2 1
th
v v MEP w
q
q
q
q
or
k
T T R
w
k
v P v P
w
C
C
k c Pv
Pdv w
w w w
q
w
net
H
L
v
p k
net
in
net
=
= =

=
= =
=
+ =
=

1. The higher r
v
the higher thermal eff.
2. The higher r
v
cause Self-Ignition engine knock
3. Higher Octane Number of fuel used retard the self-ignition
4. Typical r
v
of gasoline engine ~ 9.0 10.0
5. Thermal efficiency of actual spark ignition engine ~ 25-30%
Spark-ignition Engine
v v
9
Example 8.2 An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the
begining of the compression process, the air is at 100 kPa and 17
o
C,
and 800 kJ/kg of heat is transfered to air during the heat addition
proceed. Accounting for the variation of specific heats of air with
temperature, determine, (a) the maximum temperature and pressure
which occur during the cycle, (b) the net work out put, (c) the thermal
efficiency, and (d) the mean effective pressure of the cycle
s
T
s
1
=s
2 s
3
=s
4
2
1
4
3
q
in
q
out v =
const.
v
=
c
o
n
s
t
.
v
P
v
2
=v
3
v
1
=v
4
2
1
4
3
w
out
w
in
P
v k
=
c
P
v k
=

c
Given:
r
v
= 8.0
P
1
= 100 kPa and
T
1
=17
o
C
q
H
= 800 kJ/kg
variation of specific
heats
Determine:
a) T
max
b) w
net
c)
th
d) MEP
(a) T
max
= T
3
:find state 2 and then 3 using Ideal gas eqn.
and Table A-17
Table A-17 ; T
1
= 290 K u
1
= 206.91 kJ/kg, and v
r
= 676.1
1-2 Isentropic proc. v
r2
/v
r1
= v
2
/v
1
, v
2
/v
1
=1/r
v
= 1/8,
v
r2
= v
r1
/r
v
= 676.1/8.0 = 84.51
Table A-17 : at v
r2
= 84.51 T
2
= 652.4 K and u
2
= 475.11 kJ/kg,
P
2
v
2
/T
2
= P
1
v
1
/T
1
,
P
2
= P
1
(v
1
/v
2
)(T
2
/T
1
) = (100 kPa)(8.0)(652.4/290) = 1799.7 kPa
2-3 Constant volume heat added,
1
st
law q
23
= w
23
+ u
3
u
2
; w
23
= 0
q
23
= u
3
u
2
; 800 kJ/kg = u
3
475.11
u
3
=1275.11 kJ/kg table A-17: T
3
= 1575.1 K and v
r3
= 6.108
P
3
v
3
/T
3
= P
2
v
2
/T
2
,
P
3
= P
2
(v
2
/v
3
)(T
3
/T
2
) = (1799.7 kPa)(1/8.0)(1575.1/652.4) = 543.4 kPa
T
max
= T
3
= 1575.1 K answer
10
(b) w
net
= q
H
q
L
, similar to q
23
; -q
L
=q
41
= u
1
u
4
3-4 Isentropic proc.
v
r4
/v
r3
= v
4
/v
3
, v
4
/v
3
=r
v
= 8, v
r4
= v
r3
r
v
= 6.108*8.0 = 48.864
Table A-17 : at v
r4
= 48.864 T
2
= 795.6 K and u
4
=588.74 kJ/kg,
4-1 Constant volume heat rejected,
1
st
law q
41
= w
41
+ u
1
u
4
; w
41
= 0
q
41
= u
1
u
4
= 206.91 - 588.74 = -381.83 kJ/kg
q
L
= -q
41
= 381.83 kJ/kg
w
net
= q
H
q
L
= 800 381.83 = 418.17 kJ/kg answer
(c)
th
= w
net
/q
H
= 418.83/800 = 0.523 or 52.3 % answer
(d) MEP = w
net
/(v
1
-v
2
) ; P
1
v
1
= RT
1
v
1
= 0.832 m
3
/kg , v
2
=v
1
/8,
MEP = 574.4 kPa answer
Diesel cycles: the ideal cycle for
compression-ignition engine
v
P
v
2
=v
3
v
1
=v
4
2
1
4
3
q
out
q
in
P
v k
=

c
P
v k
=

c
s
T
s
1
=s
2 s
3
=s
4
2
1
4
3 q
in
q
out
v =
co
n
st.
P

=

c
o
n
s
t
.
Spark-ignition Engine
Ideal diesel cycle consists of four internally reversible processes:
Process 1-2 Isentropic Compression Isentropic Compression
Process 2-3 P = constant, heat added P = constant, heat added
Process 3-4 Isentropic expansion Isentropic expansion
Process 4-1 v = constant, heat rejection v = constant, heat rejection
11
Analysis of Ideal Diesel Cycle

and
constant
gases Ideal of Process Isentropic
(
(

: gas Ideal
) (
) ( .

system closed : law 1st
fer heat trans pressure Constant
1
2
1
/ ) 1 (
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2 2 1 1
1 4 1 4
1 4 4 1 1 4
2 3 3 2
2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2
2 3 2 3 2
3 2 2 3 3 2

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= + =
= =
+ =
k k k
k k
k k k
v out
v
p in
p
v
v
P
P
T
T
V
V
v
v
P
P
v P v P Pv
) T T C q q
) T T C u u q and
) T (T C q q
dT C RT, dh Pv
h h v v P u u q
v v P w const P
w u u q
v
P
v
2
=v
3
v
1
=v
4
2
1
4
3
q
out
q
in
P
v k
=

c
P
v k
=

c
s
T
s
1
=s
2 s
3
=s
4
2
1
4
3 q
in
q
out
v
=
c
o
n
s
t.
P

=

c
o
n
s
t
.
Analysis of Ideal Diesel Cycle
Cut off ratio (r
c
) is the ratio of the cylinder
volume after and before the combustion process
2
3
2
3
v
v
V
V
r
c
= =
(

= = =

) 1 (
1 1
1
4 3 2 1
) 1 / (
) 1 / (
1
) (
1 1
efficiency Thermal
1 th
2 3 2
1 4 1
2 3
1 4
th
c
k
c
k
c
in
out
H
net
r k
r
r
and processes at
isentropic and r of definition from
T T kT
T T T
T T k
T T
q
q
q
w

v
P
v
2
=v
3
v
1
=v
4
2
1
4
3
q
out
q
in
P
v k
=

c
P
v k
=

c
s
T
s
1
=s
2 s
3
=s
4
2
1
4
3 q
in
q
out
v
=
c
o
n
s
t.
P

=

c
o
n
s
t
.
12
1. The thermal efficiency of Diesel cycle always higher than Otto cycle
( ).
2. The diesel engines operated at the higher r
v
and burn the fuel more
completely.
3. Typical r
v
of diesel engine ~ 12.0 23.0
4. In a gasoline engine, its air intake is carefully restricted and controlled by
the carburetor for a 15:1 air to fuel ratio. However, in the diesel engine,
the air intake is unrestricted.
5. Thermal efficiency of actual diesel engine ~ 35-40%.
Compression Ignition Engine
Typical
compression
ratios for
diesel
engines
otto th diesel th , ,
>
v
Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for
Gas-turbine Engines
An open-cycle gas turbine engine
Compressor
Turbine
Combustion Chamber
An closed-cycle gas turbine engine
Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchanger
Compressor
Turbine
in
q
out
q
out
W
in
W
13
Ideal Brayton Cycle
s
T
s
1
=s
2 s
3
=s
4
2
1
4
3
s
s
1
=s
2 s
3
=s
4
2
1
3
P
=
c
o
n
st.
P
=
c
o
n
st.
out
q
in
q
Brayton Cycle consists of four internally reversible processes:
Process 1-2 Isentropic Compression (in a compressor) Isentropic Compression (in a compressor)
Process 2-3 P = constant, heat added P = constant, heat added
Process 3-4 Isentropic expansion Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
Process 4-1 P = constant, heat rejection P = constant, heat rejection
in
q
out
q
out
W
in
W s

=

c
o
n
s
t
.
s

=

c
o
n
s
t
.
in
q
out
q
Analysis of Ideal Brayton Cycle
4
3
/ ) 1 (
4
3
/ ) 1 (
1
2
1
2
2 2 1 1
1 4 3 2
1 4 1 4 1 4
2 3 2 3 3 2
and
constant
and and
4 - 3 and 2 - 1 process at gases Ideal of Process Isentropic


1 - 4 and 3 - 2 process at const.
) ( ) (
cycle Brayton for process flow - steady a for balance energy The
T
T
P
P
P
P
T
T
v P v P Pv
P P P P
) T (T C h h q q and
) T (T C h h q q
P
h h w w q q
k k k k
k k k
p out
p in
inlet exit out in out in
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = =
= =
= = =
= = =
=
= +

s
T
s
1
=s
2 s
3
=s
4
2
1
4
3
s
s
1
=s
2 s
3
=s
4
2
1
3
P
=
co
n
st.
P
=
c
o
n
st.
out
q
in
q
k k
p
p
in
out
H
net
r
P
P
r
T T kT
T T T
T T k
T T
q
q
q
w
/ 1 th
1
2
2 3 2
1 4 1
2 3
1 4
th
1
1
Then ; ) ( ratio Pressure
and 4 3 and 2 1 processes at isentropic from
) 1 / (
) 1 / (
1
) (
1 1
efficiency Thermal

=
=

= = =

P
v
3 2
1 4
in
q
out
q
14
1. The thermal efficiency of an ideal Brayton cycle depends on the
pressure ratio and k.
2. In commom designs, the pressure ratio should be in range of 11-16,
however, it can work in the range at r
p
= 5 20.
3. At the fixed turbine inlet temp. (T
3
), the net work output increase with
the pressure ratio, reaches a maximum, and then starts to decrease.
4. Cycle efficiency can be improved through increasing the tutbine inlet
temp., increasing the efficiency of turbomachinery components,
modification of the basic cycle.
Gas Turbine Engine