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Presentation at the
OECD-MOST Workshop on Indicators for Assessing National Innovation
Systems, Chongqing, China, 19-20 October 2006
Chinese Science and Technology
Indicators System:
Toward an Innovation-based Nations

Presentation at
the OECD-MOST Indicator Workshop
Chongqing, China
October 19-20, 2006

Prof. Gao Changlin

National Research Center for Science and Technology for
Development
gaocl@nrcstd.org.cn
1. New Policy Demands on STS
2. Challenges to measuring
innovation-based nations
3. Main tasks in the future
1. New Policy Demands on
STS
1.1 New S&T development strategy
– General goals
– Specific goals
– Building of an innovation-based nation
 1.1 New S&T development strategy
• General goals
– Enhancement of indigenous innovation, and
significant enhancement of research
capability in the fields of basic science and
technological frontier.
– Significant enhancement of capability of S&T
promoting economy and social development
and enabling national security
– World known achievements in some S&T
fields
– Becoming an innovation-based nation
– Strong support for the construction of a well-
off society in an all-round way
1.1 New S&T development strategy

Well-off society
in an all-round
way

National Innovation- Economic and

social
security Based nation development

Indigenous
creation of innovation and
knowledge S&T capability
1.1 New S&T development strategy
• Specific goals
– Key technology in equipment manufacturing and IT
industry
– Agriculture S&T capability
– Energy technology: energy development, energy
saving and clean energy
– Resource and environment sound technology
– Health science and technology
– Defense technology
– Science community and S&T achievements in some
key fields such as IT, BT, NM and aerospace
– NIS: GRIs and research Universities at world leading
level, competitiveness of enterprises
1.1 New S&T development strategy

• Specific goals
– Quantitative goals
• R&D/GDP(2.5%+)
• S&T contribution rate to growth(60%+)
• Dependence rate on foreign technolgy(30%-)
• Ranking of invention patents granted to residents and
publication citations in the world (the 5th)
1.1 New S&T development strategy

• Building a innovation-based nation

– To enhance indigenous innovation capability,
promote S&T breakthroughs
– To consider the enhancement of indigenous
innovation capability as the core aspect to
adjust industrial structure and shift the way of
growth, to build a resource saving and
environmental sound society
– To build a friendly innovation culture, to raise
high-skilled talents, and a friendly institutional
innovation mechanism
1.2 Understanding of NIS
– Components (actors) of NIS
– Linkages
– Framework of NIS
 1.2 Understanding of NIS
• Components of NIS
– Enterprise-centered technological innovation
system
• Defense innovation system combining military and
civil use
– Knowledge innovation system combining
GRIs and U&Cs
– Socialized S&T intermediate service system
– Regional innovation system embodying
individual features and advantages
– Government system coordinating S&T
policies and economic policies
 1.2 Understanding of NIS

• Linkages
– Actors’ linkage
– knowledge linkages
– Industrial cluster linkages
– Regional linkages
– Environmental linkages
• Institutions and legal system, education system,
infrastructures, market mechanism, and innovation
culture
– International linkages
 1.2 Understanding of NIS
Framework of NIS
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1.3 New policy demands on STS
– Monitoring
– Evaluating
– Benchmarking
– Forecasting
 1.3 New policy demands on STS

• Monitoring
– National innovation system, linkages within
and between NIS(s)
– Regional innovation system, industrial
clusters
– Firm’s innovation
– The implementation of national S&T projects
– The selected quantitative indicators in the
Specific Goals
 1.3 New policy demands on STS

• Evaluating
– Performance of public investment on S&T
– Performance of GRIs and national labs
– National S&T Programs
– Specialization of S&T fields: advantages vs
disadvantages
– new emerging industries: biotechnology
industry, energy, health, knowledge based
services, and etc
 1.3 New policy demands on STS

• Benchmarking
– International benchmarking
– Interprovincial benchmarking
• Forecasting
– The latest data not available in statistic
2. Challenges to measuring
innovation-based nations
2.1 Surveys and data collection
2.2 Development of new indicators
 2.1 Surveys and data collection

• R&D survey
– Just part of S&T survey
– No yearly survey on small-sized firms
– No yearly survey on all service sectors
– No head count data on R&D personal
– No data on researchers in business sector
– Some Classifications is not totally compatible
to international standard
 2.1 Surveys and data collection

• Survey on GBAORD (Government Budget

Appropriations or Outlays for R&D)
– Budget category is not compatible to IMF
standard
– Data openness and transparency
 2.1 Surveys and data collection

• Innovation survey
– Few questions on innovation activities in the
LMEs’ S&T questionnaires.
– Pilot survey compatible to OSLO Manual in
1996(10 years ago)
– No national wide survey conducted
 2.1 Surveys and data collection

• Data on Technology balance of payment

(TBP)
– Data on imported technology is available, but
it may be underestimated due to the
methodology of firms’ volunteer declaration
– Data on international balance of payment has
data on patent fees and royalty, and
consultant, but no other data proposed by
TBP manual
 2.1 Surveys and data collection

• Energy R&D
– No data on government budget on R&D and
demonstration in IEA category
– No data on Energy R&D collected in none
energy production sectors
 2.1 Surveys and data collection

• CDH survey
– Pilot survey in Shaanxi(2005)
– Pilot survey in Tianjin(2006)
 2.1 Surveys and data collection

• Biotechnology survey
– Pilot survey in Shanghai(2004)
 2.1 Surveys and data collection

• Database for policy decision

– Lack of linkage of micro-data of different
government departments
– No web-based database for customerized
query
– Lack of analytical database
 2.2 Development of new indicators

• Linkages indicators
– Linkages among the actors
• Funds flow
• Knowledge flow
• HR mobility
– Linkages b/t input and output
• S&T input and S&T output
• S&T output and economy output
• Intangible investment and economy output
• S&T investment and social returns
(at micro-level, sector level and macro-level)
– International linkage: measuring globalization
 2.2 Development of new indicators

• Dependence rate on foreign technology

– Soft technology(TBP)
– Hard technology(high technology product)
– Intellectual Property Rights(patents in force)
 2.2 Development of new indicators
• Knowledge investment and industry
– Knowledge investment
• R&D, Education and Software
– Knowledge intensive sectors:
• high-tech industry
• Middle high-technology
• Telecommunication
• Finance and insurance service
• Business service
• Health service
• Education service
3. Main tasks in the future
3.1 Measuring indigenous innovation
3.2 Conducting new surveys
3.3 Enhancing analysis
3.4 Database construction
3.5 Capability construction
3.1 Measuring indigenous innovation
– Conducting researched on national and
regional assessment indicators
– Monitoring the progress of indigenous
innovation capability
– Conducting regular innovation survey
3.2 Conducting new surveys
– Biotechnology statistics
– CDH survey
– Survey on government R&D
funds(budget)
3.3 Enhancing analysis
– Enhance analysis on the fields of energy,
agriculture, environment and health
– Improve the analysis ability at provincial
level
– Establishment of regional S&T
indicators
3.4 Database construction
– Basic database
• GRIs database
• National S&T projects database
• Special S&T statistic database
• High-tech product database
– Analytical database
• Main S&T Indicators database
• Regional S&T indicators database
3.5 Capability construction
– Stable and professional research and
analysis teams
– Professional statisticians
– Broad experts network domestic and
internationally