(Q.1) Define reproduction. (Ans) The production of new individuals from their parents is known as reproduction. (Q.

2) Which parts are called as vegetative parts of the plant? (Ans) Root, stem and leaves. (Q.3) What is the function of flowers in the plants? (Ans) Theyhelp inreproduction in plants. (Q.4) Give the term if the flower has both male and female parts. (Ans) Bisexual flower. (Q.5) What are the different modes of reproduction? (Ans) Vegetative, asexual and sexual. (Q.6) Give two examples of plants containing winged seeds. (Ans) Drumstick and maple. (Q.7) From which part of the plant do leaves arise? (Ans) Nodes. (Q.8) Which part of the potato forms new plant? (Ans) Eyes. (Q.9) Where are the buds located in Bryophyllum? (Ans) In the margins of the leaves. (Q.10) List few modes of seed dispersal. (Ans) Seeds of the plants can be carried away by wind, water and animals. (Q.11) Name the parts of a plant that can reproduce through vegetative propagation. (Ans) Plant parts which help in vegetative propagation are root, stem and leaves. (Q.12) What is the difference between an ovary and an ovule? (Ans) Fruit is the mature ovary whereas ovule develops into a seed, which contains the developing embryo. (Q.13) Define fertilisation. (Ans) The process of fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote is called fertilisation. (Q.14) What are the advantages of vegetatively propagated plants? (Ans) Advantages of vegetatively propagated plants are: y These plants take less time to grow and bear flowers and fruits earlier than the plants produced from seeds. y The new plantsareexact copiesof the parent plant as they are produced from a single parent. (Q.15) What are vegetative buds? (Ans) Apart from flower buds, there are buds in the axil (point of attachment of the leaf at the node) of leaves which develop into shoots. These buds are called vegetative buds.

(Q.16) Define vegetative propagation.

(Ans) It is a type of asexual reproduction in which new plants are produced from roots, stems, leaves and buds. Since reproduction is through the vegetative parts of the plant, it is known as vegetative propagation. (Q.17) Write the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction. (Ans) In asexual reproduction plants can give rise to new plants without seeds, whereas in sexual reproduction, new plants are obtained from seeds. (Q.18) Explain two types of pollination seen in plants. (2 Marks) (Ans) Types of pollination: 1. Self pollination Transfer of pollen occurs in the same flower. 2. Cross pollination - Pollen is transferred from one flower to another flower of the same plant or different plant but of same species. (Q.19) Define pollination. Name the two types of pollination. (Ans) The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower is called pollination. Self pollination and cross pollination are the two types of pollination. (Q.20) What are the agents of pollination? (Ans) Biotic pollination- Insects, birds, animals etc. Abiotic pollination- Wind, water, etc. (Q.21) What is the need of seed dispersal? (Ans) Seed dispersal leads to scattering of seeds to varied places. If all the seeds of a plant fall at the same place and start growing, there will be severe competition for space, sunlight, water, minerals and nutrients. As a result the seeds would not grow into healthy plants. Seed dispersal enables the plants to invade new habitats for wider distribution. (Q.22)Give the mechanism of vegetative reproduction in: (a) Potato plant (b) Bryophyllum

(Ans) (a) Potato is a stem which has scars on its surface called eyes. The new shoot and roots arise from these structures and develop into a new plant. (b) Whereas, in Bryophyllum the leaf buds appears on the margins of leaves, which gives rise to new plants. (Q.23) State two advantages of vegetative propagation. (Ans) Advantages of plants produced by vegetative propagation are: (i)The plants take less time to grow. (ii) The plants bear flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds.

(Q.24) Show the diagram of the following parts of the plant: (i) Stamen (ii) Pistil (Ans)

(Q.25) Draw a diagram showing the process of budding in yeast. (Ans)

(Q.26) What are spores? What are their functions? (Ans) The spores are asexual reproductive bodies. Each spore is covered by a hard

protective coat to withstand unfavourable conditions such as high temperature and low humidity. So they can survive for a long time. Under favourable conditions, a spore germinates and develops into a new individual. (Q.27) Describe the process of fragmentation with a suitable diagram.

(Ans) The process of fragmentation is shown by algae. When water and nutrients are

available, algae grow and multiply rapidly. An alga breaks up into two or more fragments. These fragments or pieces grow into new individuals.

(Q.28) Give the name of an organism which shows budding as the mode of reproduction. Also describe the process. (Ans) Yeast. In this process, the small bulb-like projection coming out from the yeast cell is called a bud. The bud gradually grows and gets detached from the parent cell and forms a new yeast cell. The new yeast cell grows, matures and produces more yeast cells. If this process continues, a large number of yeast cells are produced in a short time. (Q.29) What do you understand by the term 'leaf venetion'? What are the two types of leaf venetion? (Ans) The arrangement of veins in a leaf is called the leaf venation. Reticulate Venation :In this the veins form a network like structure Parallel venation : In this the veinsrun paralell to each other

Describe various modifications developed by seeds in respect to their habitat for their suitable dispersal.
(Q.30)

(i) Seed dispersed through air have winged structure and are very light in weight, so that they can be blown off with the wind to far away places. Example: Drumsticks andMaple.
(Ans)

(ii) Seeds dispersed by water usually develop floating ability in the form of spongy tissue. Example: Coconut andWater lily. (iii) Seeds which are dispersed by animals have rough, spiny structure with hooks which gets attached to the bodies of animals. Example:Xanthium and Urena. (iv) Some seeds are dispersed when the fruits burst with sudden jerks and get scattered far from the parent plant. Example: Castor and Balsam.
(Q.31) Draw diagrams showing the process of fertilisation. What are fruits and seeds? How seed dispersal helps plants? (Ans)

Fruit is the mature ovary. Ovule develops into a seed which contains the developing embryo.

Seed dispersal helps the plants to: (i) Prevent overcrowding (ii) Avoid competition for sunlight, water and minerals (iii) Invade new habitats. (Q.32) What are the unisexual and bisexual flowers? Give examples. Write a note on sexual reproduction in plants. (Ans) The flowers which contain either pistil or stamens are called unisexual flowers. E.g. Corn, papaya and cucumber. The flowers which contain both stamens and pistil are called bisexual flowers. E.g. Mustard, rose and petunia. Anthers of stamen contain pollen grains which produce male gametes. A pistil consists of stigma, style and ovary. The ovary contains one or more ovules. The female gamete or the egg is formed in an ovule. In sexual reproduction, a male and a female gamete fuse to form a zygote.

(Q.33) Describe the reproductive parts of a plant with the help of a labeled diagram. (Ans) Flowers are the reproductive parts of a plant. The stamens are the male reproductive part and pistil is the female reproductive part. Stamen is formed of an anther and filament. Anther contains pollen grains which produces male gametes. A pistil consists of a stigma, style and ovary. The ovary contains one or more ovules. The female gamete or an egg is formed in an ovule.

(Q.34) (a) Name an alga which reproduces by fragmentation. Explain its process of reproduction with help of a diagram. (b) Define sporogenesis. Give an example. (c) What is the mechanism of reproduction in hydra and yeast? (Ans) (a) Spirogyra (an alga) multiplies vegetatively by fragmentation. The algae grows rapidly in presence of water and nutrients. An algal filament breaks up into two or more fragments. These fragments or pieces grow into

new individuals. This process continues and they cover a large area in a short period of time.

(b) Sporogenesis refers to the process of reproduction through spores. It occurs in reproductive structures known as sporangia which produce spores. Example: Moss and ferns. (c) Hydra and yeast reproduce by the process of budding, where a new organism forms eventually and breaks away from the parent body.
(Q.1) Define reproduction. (Ans) The production of new individuals from their parents is known as reproduction. (Q.2) Which are the vegetative parts of a plant? (Ans) Root, stem and leaves. (Q.3) What are the functions of flowers in a plant? (Ans) They perform reproduction in plants. (Q.4) What are the different modes of reproduction? (Ans) Vegetative, asexual and sexual. (Q.5) Give the example of plants containing winged seeds. (Ans) Drumstick and maple. (Q.6) Where are the buds located in Bryophyllum? (Ans) In the margins of the leaves. (Q.7) What are vegetative buds? (Ans) Apart from flower buds, there are buds in the axil (point of attachment of the leaf at

the node) of leaves which develop into shoots. These buds are called vegetative buds. (Q.8) How can you define vegetative reproduction? (Ans) It is a type of asexual reproduction in which new plants are produced from roots, stems, leaves and buds. Since reproduction is through the vegetative parts of the plant, it is known as vegetative propagation. (Q.9) Write the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction. (Ans) In asexual reproduction plants can give rise to new plants without seeds, whereas in sexual reproduction, new plants are obtained from seeds. (Q.10) What are the properties of vegetatively propagated plants?

(Ans) Plants produced by vegetative propagation take less time to grow and bear flowers

and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds. The new plants are exact copies of their parent plant, as they are produced from a single parent. (Q.11) Give the name of the organism, which produces buds as the mode of reproduction. Also describe the process. (Ans) Yeast. In this process, the small bulb-like projection coming out from the parent yeast cell is called a bud. The bud gradually grows and gets detached from the parent cell and forms a new yeast cell. The new yeast cell grows, matures and produces more yeast cells. If this process continues, a large number of yeast cells are produced in a short time. (Q.12) Draw a diagram showing the process of budding in yeast.
(Ans)

(Q.13) Describe the process of fragmentation with diagram. (Ans) The process of fragmentation takes place in algae when water and nutrients are suitably available. Algae grow and multiply rapidly. An alga breaks up into two or more fragments. These fragments or pieces grow into new individuals. This process continues and they cover a large area in a short period of

time. (Q.14) What are spores and what are their functions? Show the diagram. (Ans) The spores are asexual reproductive bodies. Each spore is covered by a hard protective coat to withstand unfavourable conditions such as high temperature and low humidity. Thus they can survive for a

long time. Under favourable conditions, a spore germinates and develops into a new

individual. (Q.15) What do you understand by the term budding? (Ans) Budding is type of asexual reproduction by which a new,similar plant or animal begins

to grow at the side of the parent and enlarges until a new complete individual is created. (Q.16) What are the unisexual and bisexual flowers? Give the examples. (Ans) The flowers which contain either only the pistil or only the stamens are called unisexual flowers, e.g. corn, papaya and cucumber. The flowers which contain both stamens and pistil are called bisexual flowers as mustard, rose and petunia. (Q.17) What is pollination? (Ans) The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower is called pollination. (Q.18) Draw the diagram showing the process of fertilization. What are fruit and seed?

(Ans) Fruit is the mature ovary whereas ovule develops into a seed, which contains the developing

embryo. (Q.19) Write a note about sexual reproduction in plant. (Ans) Anther contains pollen grains which produce male gametes. A pistil consists of stigma,

style and ovary. The ovary contains one or more ovules. The female gamete or the egg is formed in an ovule. In sexual reproduction a male and a female gamete fuse to form a zygote. (Q.20) What are the various agents which are responsible for pollination? (Ans) Generally pollen grains have a tough protective coat which prevents them from drying up. Since pollen grains are light, they can be carried by wind or water. Insects visit flowers and carry away pollen on their bodies. Some of the pollen lands on the stigma of a flower of the same kind. (Q.21) How does seed dispersal help the plants? (Ans) Seed dispersal helps the plants to (i) prevent overcrowding, (ii) avoid competition for sunlight, water and minerals and (iii) invade new habitats. (Q.22)Show the diagram of the following parts of the plant. (i) Stamen (ii) Pistil

(Ans)

(Q.23) Where are the seeds formed in a plant? (Ans)

After fertilisation, the ovary grows into a fruit and other parts of the flower fall off. The fruit is the ripened ovary. The seeds develop from the ovules. The seed contains an embryo enclosed in a protective seed coat. (Q.24) What are the various ways of seed-dispersal to carry them to different places? (Ans) Seeds are carried away by wind, water and animals. For exampleWinged seeds of drumstick and maple disperse by winds. Fruits or seeds of coconut usually develop floating ability in the form of spongy or fibrous outer coat and are dispersed by water. Seeds of Xanthium and Urena are dispersed by animals. (Q.25) What are the two types of pollination? (Ans) Types of pollination: 1.Self pollination If the transfer of pollen occurs in the same flower. 2.Cross pollination - If the pollen is transferred from one flower to another flower of the different plant but of same species.

(Q.26) What do you understand by the term fertilisation? (Ans) Fertilisation is the process of fusion of male and female gametes. (Q.27) What will happen if all seeds of a plant were to fall at the same place and

grow there? (Ans) There would be severe competition for sunlight, water, minerals and space. (Q.28) What are the male and female reproductive part of a flower? (Ans) The male reproductive part is stamen and female reproductive part is pistil. (Q.29) Mention characterstics of asexual reproduction?
(Ans) Asexual reproduction

The off springs are genetically similar to the parents. Vegetative parts of the organisms are involved in this. The cell division involved here, is generally mitosis. Evolutionarily less advanced as they face extinction to changing conditions easily. (Q.30) Mention some difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
(Ans) Asexual reproduction

The off springs are exactly similar to their parents. Vegetative parts of the organisms are involved. The cell division involved is mitosis. Evolutionarily less advanced as they face extinction to changing conditions easily Sexual reproduction The off springs vary slightly from their parents but have the same overall genetic make up. Sexual organs and the accessory sexual organs are involved. The type of cell division involved, is reductional division or meiosis. Evolutionarily more advanced due to variations and consequent adaptations. (Q.31) How do pollen grains reach the female gamete present in the ovary? (Ans) Pollen grains reach the female gamete through wind or water or through insects and other small animals.
Forests: Our Lifeline (Q.1) What is the importance of forests in our life? (Ans) Forests serve as green lungs and water purifying systems in nature. (Q.2) What is the importance of forests for animals? (Ans) Forest is a natural habitat for animals. They live their life in forest fulfilling all their needs. (Q.3) Give some examples of plants that are found in forests? (Ans) Sal, Teak, Semal, Sheesham, Neem, Palash, Khair are some examples of plants that are found in forests. (Q.4) What is crown of the tree? (Ans) The branchy part of a tree above the stem is known as the crown of the tree.

What is the food of micro-organisms in soil? (Ans) Microorganisms feed upon the dead plants and animal tissues and convert them into a dark coloured substance called humus.
(Q.5)